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The Things They Carried:
" The guy's dead, he kept saying, which seemed profound - the guy's dead. I mean really."
(O'Brien 12-13)
Shows how he had a wake up call when his soldier died and snapped back into reality. He saw death right in front of him seeing how someone can just be there and then not. Just dead.

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In "The Things They Carried"

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A really deep effect of war is definitely mental instability. A lot of soldiers may suffer through this because they could possibly be living the war in their mind.

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In "The Things They Carried" and "Love" it's mentioned that Lieutenant Cross is struggling with the reality that Martha, the girl he's madly in love with, is not in love with him and will never love him. This struggle leads to Cross taking blame for Ted Lavender's death.

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In "On the Rainy River", Tim O'Brien explores a kind of emotional wall that is put up between soldiers and the masses. He expresses his anger at the American people, saying he "detest[s] their... simple minded patriotism" and how they are "sending [him] off to fight a war they [don't] understand" (45). He is angry at their unwillingness to learn or to listen.

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One effect of war is never forgetting. For example, Jimmy Cross never forgets about the death of Ted Lavender. He remembers it and thinks about it even years later. He says he still feels guilty.
"But the thing about remembering is that you don't forget. You take your material where you find it, which is in your life, at the intersection of past and present." (34)

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An example of moral dilemma is when Strunk stepped the rigged mortal round he begged Jensen not to kill him. This was a moral dilemma for Jensen because a soldier's first take would be to put him off his misery. Strunk wasn't ready to die yet, which most likely broke Jensen heart. When he died, it was described like a weight being lifted.

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This novel displays many hardships that soldiers in Vietnam had to face. In particular, during the first chapter, Lieutenant Cross lost one of his soldiers. He let his emotions and feelings towards someone else affect the way he was commanding his men. He takes this quite hard and feels very guilty, which in turn leads him to decide to burn his distractions, so to speak. However, h moves past this dilemma, and takes on the full role of lieutenant.

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(On The Rainy River) Moral dilemma is displayed when we see that when O´Brien was first drafted, he is very conflicted about whether to go to war, or run away to Canada. He drives up to the boarder of Canada and the US, but has to stay for a few days because he can not make up his mind for so long.

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In the chapter "Enemies", two squad members, Lee and Jensen, get into a fist fight over a stolen jack knife. Their fight is a physical representation of inner conflict. They later make it up in the chapter "Friends", but towards the end, Lee ends up dying, and Jensen feels the weight of regret. The chapter titles "Enemies" and "Friends" are representative of how anyone, even your friends, can be your possible enemy.

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Cross had this illusion of being in love with this girl that he'll never be with in actuality. This made him prioritize her over his men which cause 2 of them to die because of it. After the second one he did eventually prioritize his men over the girl but he still loved her.

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In the second chapter Tim O'Brien and Jimmy Cross talk about their memories of the war and they say they won't forget any events that occurred.

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Cross struggles with holding on to the illusion of Martha loving him because he has experienced the reality of Martha not loving him.Also he sees that Martha will never love him when Lavender dies because of his negligence and he blames himself.

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Rat looses Lemon, his best friend, in a way that was accidental. The two are playing and Lemon steps on a mine and blows up. Rat is traumatized and upset. He soon comes across a baby water buffalo, which he shoots up in a very inhumane way. He inflects his anger on the innocent, young buffalo to show what has happened to his own innocence.

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"Stories are for eternity, when memory is erased, when there is nothing to remember except the story" (38)
Here O'Brien is is emphasizing the importance of stories. O'Brien believes even after people don' t actually remember the war they will remember the story and what the war was like.

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Moral dilemma is displayed in the soldiers' attitudes toward the war, particularly Tim O'Brien's. He explicitly states, "I was drafted to fight a war I hated" (40). He does not believe in the war, and he describes it as being a "wrong war" (44), but he sees no real escape. His anger and fear attached to the war is ultimately trumped by his fear of shame. He calls himself a coward for not running away.

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[Enemies] "Like fighting two different wars, he said.  No safe ground: enemies everywhere." (63)
Shows the effect that war is not only just a physical battle where you fight, hurt others, and get hurt, but is also a war in one's mind.  He may go against his morals and do things he never thought he would.  He has to fight himself to help the overall meaning of the war.

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(CH7) After losing his closest friend, Rat Kiley depicts a young boy that has lost his color & hopes in the face of brutal death of a loved one.

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In "The Things They Carried", we see how Cross has trouble with determining illusion over reality. In the beginning of the war, we see Cross living in this "illusion" where he believes that Martha is his greatest strength and gives him courage, but in actuality, she ends up being his weakness that ended up with someone dead. We see how Cross's thoughts go from hopeful to hopeless as he realizes the reality of war.

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In "Spin" , O’brien talks about a balanced thought of his memories and then it quickly turns into an unbalanced disillusionment of his time in the war. In conclusion, The war isn’t sweet and happy. People start off that way an transform into something different. Even though there are happy times in the war (Azar giving a one-legged boy a candy bar) , it doesn't change the fact that the men are still at war doing and experiencing  devastating things. (a soldier shot the child but ran out of ammo which caused him to not be able to finish the job) “The war wasn't all terror and violence. Sometimes things “could get almost sweet… You could put a fancy spin on it, you could make it dance.”

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" Stories are for those late hours in the night when you can't remember how you got from where you were to where you are. Stories are for eternity....except the story"(38).

O'Brien is explaining through Jimmy is that the little moments of war that no one but you can understand are the moments that stick with you forever.

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The effects of the war have a very large impact on the way these soldiers live their lives. A result from war is fear. These soldiers have to live their lives with the burden of fear and sorrow. In the story two friends get in a fight and have to live together both fearing what the other might do for revenge.

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During the first chapter, Cross has a soldier who dies and he feels guilty about it. In the next chapter, Cross is talking to O'Brien and they are reminissing about the war, then a picture of Ted comes up and Cross says that he still feels guilty for Teds death. This is an example of the effects of war because still many years after the war, Cross till feels guilty for Teds death.

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During the first chapter, Cross is in love with this girl who doesn't love him back. He imagines that they are gonna date and get married when in reality she doesn't like him.

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When a soldier looks back on the war he gets glimpses of heroic moments. As O'Brien put it, what seemed to happen fills the gaps between what actually happened. Certain parts of a memory can be fragmented and replaced with a biased version. In reality, what actually happened is usually cowardice and fear.

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"In a true story nothing is ever absolutely true," (82).

O'Brien explains how the important part of a war story is not the details but the emotions the reader experiences.

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loss of innocence was conveyed when he was drafted and he wanted to run to Canada but instead he realized and knew that the grown up thing to do is go to war and fulfill his responsibilities.

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When Tim O'Brien received his draft notice, he believes he is too good for the war and thinks about moving to Canada to escape it. His moral dilemma is either going to war against his beliefs or running away and feeling shame for not serving his country.

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In enemies, Jensen was paranoid of Strunk killing him in his sleep and being attacked by the Vietnamese. The effects of war caused Jensen and Strunk to fight in the first place. The mentally affected them in a way that made him over react and fight Strunk over a jackknife and it made him paranoid of the fact that Strunk may try to kill him in his sleep.

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Rainy River:
" All I could do was cry. Quietly, not bawling, just the chest-choking."
(O'Brien 57)
This quote shows many internal conflicts (character vs himself) because he is fighting himself whether he should move to Canada because he doesn't want to go to war. He doesn't want to be seen as a coward but he also had that thought that if he went there then he would just sentence himself to death. He is lost in his thoughts.

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A moral dilemma would be in the chapter "On The Rainy River" when Jimmy was at the peak of his life and then he suddenly gets a draft notice and instead of just accepting it he left it in his pocket the whole time he was trying to escape but he doesn't know what he should do.

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The theme of Moral Dilemmas is displayed in chapter 4 when O'Brien gets his draft notice.O'Brien fights between leaving for Canada or staying and fighting in a war that he fears and is fearful of dying in.

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In "On the Rainy River," Cross struggles with choosing whether he wants to go to the war or escape to Canada.
If he went to Canada, he would be called a coward for not going to war. If he went to war, he might die or see something he can't forget. He was also afraid of being called a coward if he came back from the war alive.
"I survived, but it's not a happy ending. I was a coward. I went to the war." (61)

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A clear effects of war is "Enemies" where Jensen had a fight with Strunk. He was cautious in everything he did. He couldn't handle all the death that he saw and in his mind even his friends are his enemies. His mental state was what was effected by the war. Even though Strunk was joking when he said he was crazy for hitting himself with the barrel of the gun, he wasn't wrong.

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“The bad stuff never stops happening: it lives in its own dimension, replaying itself over and over. But the war wasn’t all that way”   (32)

Memories are a negative effect of war. Memories can plague a person and can always linger in the back of ones mind. War memories can have a negative effect on veterans and can completely disrupt one's life.

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Cross is forced to carry the emotional weight of having men die on his watch long after the war.

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Throughout this novel, there are plenty of examples of a "loss of innocence". However, one in particular stood out to me. When Tim O'Brien received his draft notice, he was forced to have to rise above everything he knew and loved, and go to war. This sacrifice required O'Brien to grow up faster than he was supposed to. He had to leave behind his family, friends, home, job, school, his "innocence", and become the soldier he was told to be.

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[Spin] "I feel guilty sometimes.  Forty-three years old and I'm still writing war stories...But the thing about remembering is that you don't forget." (34)
Writing stories is the way Tim O'Brien can understand and process his experiences from the war. All of his memories stay with him, and he wants to share them because the message and meaning behind them is important.

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In the Chapter "Friends" the effect of shame is shown. Jensen was so ashamed of punching Strunk he decided he wanted to break his own nose.

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1. The bond that Jensen and Strunk that is formed after they argue over the jackknife. The boys understand the hardships of war, and it changes the way they view their life.

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Kiowa felt no remorse for Lavender when he was killed and was jealous of Cross for feeling something for his death. The war has bent Kiowa's emotions to where he could no longer mourn for another soldiers death. Kiowa knows that if it wasn't Lavender, it could have been him instead.

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An example of loss of innocence is when O'Brien has to make the decision of running away to Canada or going to Vietnam. He has to accept this role or leave everything behind.

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One example of loss of innocence is Norman Bowker carrying of a Viet Cong's severed thumb. In the first chapter, Bowker carries what is said to be a severed VC thumb. "The thumb was dark brown, rubbery to the touch, and weighed 4 ounces at most. It had been cut from a VC corpse, a boy of fifteen or sixteen..."  (O'Brien) 13

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In "On the Rainy River" , O'Brien is torn between going to war or leaving to go to Canada. Both things will change his life forever. He calls himself weak when he makes his decision about whether he will go to the war or not. “I survived, but it's not a happy ending. I was a coward. I went to the war.”

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(Spin) When O Brien was talking about how he is still writing about the war. One of the effects of war is that he could barely thing about anything other than war. War had completely taken over his brain and it was all he could think about.

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The baby water buffalo that Rat Kiley kills in "How to Tell a True War Story" symbolizes loss of innocence as babies are often portrayed to be as naïve to the world around them, and since Kiley has experienced such a deep set trauma from his best friend being killed in front of him, his killing of the baby water buffalo is him figuratively murdering the concept of innocence to alleviate the pain he's experiencing.

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(CH1) Cross holds onto the idea that he has Martha; this takes away the burdens of war by giving him a distraction. The fact that it is a fantasy does not matter to Cross. This is shown by his endless thoughts of her, which end up consuming him.

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In the chapter "Love", Martha is a symbol of pureness and innocence, everything before war. But after war when Jimmy went to meet up with her again, she wasn't that same girl he was in love with. He was he in love with the pure girl from the picture that he carried throughout the war.

L.N

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The effects of war is such an umbrella term and there are plenty of effects that the book has shown so far. One effect of war that has been shown in the book so far is paranoia. On page 63 O'Brien writes "Jensen couldn't relax. Like fighting two wars, he said. No safe ground: enemies everywhere." This shows how Jensen is now paranoid and reacts to the incident between him and Strunk.

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Shame is an effect of war that we see in "On the Rainy River". Shame was seen on both conflicting sides of O'brien as he was thinking about either going to the war or dodging it. O'brien feels shame about running away from the draft and disappointing those that he would have left behind. But at the same time, O'brien feels ashamed about going through with the war, something that he has been against since the beginning. Shame is the reason why he goes to war

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Guilt is a large effect of the war, when strunk died in chu lai dave felt a relief about the fact that he did not go through with their pact and he never killed him after his injury. But i feel if he did kill him or end his misery he would have felt just as guilty or more.

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Loss of Innocence is shown when the soldier is in the boat. He is forced to make the hardest decision he has ever had to make. He is forced to grow up because he knows that if he really wanted to he could escape to Canada, but he can not handle the weight of that cowardliness. He has always been someone who follows the rules and does what is expected of him, but now he wants to do the exact opposite.