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According to the ABO blood grouping system, there are four blood groups namely,

A

B

AB

O

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Transport of oxygen to organs and removal of carbon dioxide from the organs

and tissues

Transport of soluble excretory materials to organs of excretion

Transport of nutrients

Transport of hormones from the glands where they are produced to target organs

Defence against foreign invasions

Aids in osmoregulation

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-transport Oxygen
-transport Carbon dioxide

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- many enzymes and regulators mediate this chain mechanism (Thrombus).
- Clot is made by meshwork of the sticky fibrin threads (fibrin).

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- Clot is made by Platelets.

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- Blood clotting is a chain like mechanism which helps to prevent from over bleeding through inner or out damages of the body and it is very important to keep the life of the body.
- It happens in two stages; They are

Temporary clotting

Permanent clotting

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- It activated in lymphatic tissue
- If any antigens are in our blood It will neutralize their function then it triggers Phagocytosis
- That time it divides into two cells; they are

Plasma cells

Memory B cells

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- It matures from Thymus gland
- If the tissue part of our body is affected by antigen It will act against them.
- that time it divides into three cells; They are

Cytotoxic T-cells

Memory T-cells

Helper T-cells

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Some migrate into tissue and become macrophages

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Some migrate into tissue and become macrophages

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They are,
-actively phagocytes

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They are,
-actively motile
-phagocytic

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Protect body from foreign materials

- Ones it activated it kills antigens.
- In this time Lymphocytes divide into two types
1. Effector cells
2. Memory cells
Effector cell

It fight with antigens

Memory cells

It remain in lymphatic tissues

If our body is affected by the same infection next time this memory cell produce next generation of effector cells with same characters as before.

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Large mononeuclear cells

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Basophils are characterised by its S shaped nucleus.

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Eosinophils are characterised by its nucleus with two oval lobes connected by a thin chromatin thread.

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Neutrophils are characterised by its multilobed nucleus with 3-5 lobes.

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-Larger than Erythrocytes
-Have nuclei
-Amoeboid movements
-Normal 8000/mm³, Bacterial infections up to 25000/mm³, Viral infections below 5000/mm³

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-biconcave and disc shaped
-no nucleus in mature cells
-formation is regulated by erithropoietin

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Blood and its components