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Africa is, in short, a critical site of the human drama, the original homeland, as modern archaeology and genetics tell us, of humanity and it continues to be the continent that hundreds of millions of people in all their marvelous and sometimes bewildering complexities, colors, and cultures still call home.

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African countries have launched various tourism-enhancing initiatives such as the recent regional cooperation mechanisms and visa simplification schemes, including the launch of the single visa and e-visa scheme in Southern African Development Community member states; the single visa for the East African Community, the Kavango Zambezi single tourist visa in Zimbabwe and Zambia, and non-visa travel requirement for African Union nationals in Ghana. Notwithstanding the laudable initiatives and the seeming growth of international tourism in Africa, the continent accounts for only 5.8% of the world’s incoming tourists and 3.5% of global tourism revenue. In fact, Africa saw a decrease in international tourist arrivals between 2014 and 2015. While there is strong regional growth all over the world (Europe, the Americas and Asia and the Pacific all recorded around 5% growth and the Middle East 3% growth) between 2014 and 2015, Africa had an estimated 3% decrease, mainly as a result of low tourism arrivals in North Africa, which constitute more than one third of arrivals into Africa. In North Africa arrivals reduced by 8% and in Sub-Saharan Africa by 1%, reaching a total of 53 million for the entire continent.  Results were influenced by exchange rates, oil prices and natural and manmade crises in many parts of the world”. Additionally, security concerns related to terrorism and political instability account for the reduction in international tourist arrivals, even though tourism resorts are not the most dangerous areas.

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Egypt and Morocco, two North African countries, are topmost in the list of African countries most visited by international tourists. The double-digit growth provides yet further evidence of the continent’s enormous tourism potential. The hospitality sector has grown rapidly and expanded into new African markets. Nigeria, in sub-Saharan Africa, tops hospitality rankings, followed closely by Egypt and Morocco. One of largest hotel development projects is also found in Sub-Saharan Africa: the Grand Hotel Oyala Kempinski (in Equatorial Guinea) with 451 rooms capacity. With 20 million people employed in the tourism industry, the sector now constitutes 7.1% of jobs and 8.1% of Africa’s total GDP. Through historic monuments such as the pyramids of Egypt, Robben Island in South Africa, cave churches in Ethiopia, cave paintings in Tassili N’Ajjer in Algeria and Tsodilo in Botswana, and Gorée Island in Senegal, Africa boasts a wealth of attractions for international tourists.

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International tourism demand in Africa has grown rapidly , making the continent the
second fastest growing tourist destination in the world. In 1995, the continent
receives only 3.6% of world tourist arrivals; by 2010, the figure has increased to 5.2%. According to Africa Tourism Monitor (2016, para. 3-4), “In 2014, a total of 65.3 million
international tourists visited the continent around 200,000 more than in 2013. Back in 1990,Africa welcomed just 17.4 million visitors from abroad. The sector has therefore quadrupled in size in less than 15 years. Africa’s strong performance in 2014 (up 4%) makes it one of the world’s
fastest-growing tourist destinations, second only to Southeast Asia (up 6%)".

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Combustion of wood and charcoal are used for cooking and this results to a release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which is a toxic pollutant in the atmosphere. Also, due to the poor supply of power, most homes have to rely on fuel and diesel in generators to keep their electricity running.Air pollution in Africa is coming to the forefront and must not be ignored. For example, in South Africa the mercury levels are severe due to coal combustion and gold mining.

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The rise in vehicle emissions and the trend towards greater industrialization means the urban air quality in the continent is worsening. This is also the case in many megacities in Nigeria where the key contributors to poor air quality include vehicle emissions, industrial emissions and solid waste burning.

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The current methods create too much pressure on other environmental aspects, such as forests, and are not sustainable. There are also ecological causes of the poor soil quality. Much of the soil has rocks or clay from volcanic activity. Other causes include erosion, desertification, and deforestation. Another source of soil degradation is the improper management of waste, lack of facilities and techniques to handle waste lead to the dumping of waste in soil, therefore causes soil degradation by process such us leaching.

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Mercury is absorbed from the air into the soil and water. The soil allows the crops to absorb the mercury, which humans ingest. Animals eat the grass which has absorbed the mercury and again humans may ingest these animals. Fish absorb the mercury from the water, humans also ingest the fish and drink the water that have absorbed the mercury. This increases the mercury levels in humans. This can cause serious health risks

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Low education and little government intervention also contributes to deforestation. Madagascar's forest loss is partially caused by citizens using slash-and-burn techniques after independence from the French. In 2005, Nigeria had the highest rate of deforestation in the world, according to the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO).

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Forests also help the environment. It is estimated that the green belt of Africa contains over 1.5 million species. Without the forest habitat to protect the species, the populations are at risk. The livelihoods of millions of people and species are at risk with deforestation. The act is a domino effect that affects multiple aspects of a community, ecosystem, and economy.

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As a result, forested areas are decreasing daily, as for example, in the region of equatorial evergreen forests. According to the United Nations Environment Programme, Africa's desertification rate is twice that of the world's.

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Deforestation in Nigeria is caused by logging, subsistence agriculture, and the collection of wood for fuel. According to the gfy, deforestation has wiped out nearly 90% of Africa's forest. West Africa only has 22.8% of its moist forests left, and 81% of Nigeria's old-growth forests disappeared within 15 years

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There are three major linguistic phyla native to Africa: Niger–Congo languages (including Bantu) in West, Central, Southeast and Southern Africa; Nilo-Saharan languages (unity debated) spoken from Tanzania to Sudan and from Chad to Mali; Khoisan languages (probably no phylogenetic unit, see  Khoe languages), concentrated in the Kalahari Desert of Namibia and Botswana. In addition, the Afroasiatic languages are spread throughout Western Asia, North Africa, the Horn of Africa and parts of the Sahel. The Afroasiatic homeland may be either in Western Asia or in Africa.
More recently introduced to Africa are Austronesian languages spoken in Madagascar, as well as Indo-European languages spoken in South Africa and Namibia (Afrikaans, English, German), which were used as lingua francas in former European colonies.

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The Bantu farmers from West Africa's inland savanna progressively expanded over most of Africa. But there are also several Nilotic groups in South Sudan and East Africa, the mixed Swahili people on the Swahili Coast, and a few remaining indigenous Khoisan (San and Khoikhoi) and Pygmy peoples in southern and central Africa, respectively. Native Bantu-speaking Africans also predominate in Gabon and Equatorial Guinea, and are found in parts of southern Cameroon. In the Kalahari Desert of Southern Africa, the distinct people known as the "San" have long been present. Together with the Khoikhoi, they form the Khoisan. The San are the pre-Bantu indigenous people of southern Africa, while Pygmies are the pre-Bantu indigenous African peoples of Central Africa.

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Meaning: The number of people living in each unit of area (such as a square mile)

The current population of Africa is 1,387,658,373 as of Tuesday, December 21, 2021, based on the latest United Nations estimates.

Africa population is equivalent to 16.72% of the total world population.

Africa ranks number 2 among regions of the world (roughly equivalent to "continents"), ordered by population.

The population density in Africa is 45 per Km² (117 people per mi²).

The total land area is 29,648,481 Km2 (11,447,338 sq. miles)

43.8 % of the population is urban (587,737,793 people in 2019)

The median age in Africa is 19.7years.

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Subregions in Africa

The current population of Africa is 1,387,658,373 as of Tuesday, December 21, 2021, based on the latest United Nations estimates.

Africa population is equivalent to 16.72% of the total world population.

Africa ranks number 2 among regions of the world (roughly equivalent to "continents"), ordered by population.

The population density in Africa is 45 per Km² (117 people per mi²).

The total land area is 29,648,481 Km2 (11,447,338 sq. miles)

43.8 % of the population is urban (587,737,793 people in 2019)

The median age in Africa is 19.7years.

Population of Africa (2019 and historical)

Africa Population Forecast

Notes

The Africa Population (Live) counter shows a continuously updated estimate of the current population of Africa delivered by Worldometer's RTS algorithm, which processes data collected from the United Nations Population Division.

The Population of Africa (1950 - 2019) chart plots the total population count as of July 1 of each year, from 1950 to 2019.

The Yearly Population Growth Rate chart plots the annual percentage changes in population registered on July 1 of each year, from 1951 to 2019. This value can differ from the Yearly % Change shown in the historical table, which shows the last year equivalent percentage change assuming homogeneous change in the preceding five year period.

Definitions

Year: as of July 1 of the year indicated.

Population: Overall total population (both sexes and all ages) in the region as of July 1 of the year indicated, as estimated by the United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World Population Prospects: The 2019 Revision. For forecasted years, the U.N. medium-fertility variant is used.

Yearly % Change: For 2019: percentage change in total population over the last year (from July 1, 2018 to June 30 2019). For all other years: latest year annual percentage change equivalent assuming homogeneous change in the preceding five year period, calculated through reverse compounding.

Yearly Change: For 2019: absolute change in total population (increase or decrease in number of people) over the last year (from July 1, 2018 to June 30 2019). For all other years: average annual numerical change over the preceding five year period.

Migrants (net): The average annual number of immigrants minus the number of emigrants over the preceding five year period (running from July 1 to June 30 of the initial and final years), or subsequent five year period (for 2016 data). A negative number means that there are more emigrants than immigrants.

Median Age: age that divides the population into two numerically equal groups: half of the people are older than the median age indicated and half are younger. This parameter provides an indication of age distribution.

Fertility Rate: (Total Fertility Rate, or TFR), it is expressed as children per woman. It is calculated as the average number of children an average woman will have during her reproductive period (15 to 49 years old) based on the current fertility rates of every age group in the countries within Africa, and assuming she is not subject to mortality.

Density (P/Km²): (Population Density) Population per square Kilometer (Km²).

Urban Pop % : Urban population as a percentage of total population.

Urban Population: Population living in areas classified as urban according to the criteria used by each country.

Africa's Share of World Pop: Total population as a percentage of total World Population as of July 1 of the year indicated.

World Population: Total World Population as of July 1 of the year indicated.

Global Rank: Position held by Africa in the list of all regions worldwide ranked by population (from the highest population to the lowest population) as of July 1 of the year indicated.

See also

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Population of Africa (2021) - Worldometer

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Subregions in Africa The current population of Africa is 1,387,658,373 as of Tuesday, December 21, 2021, based on the latest United Nations estimates. Africa population is equivalent to 16.72% of the total world population. Africa ranks number 2 among regions of the world (roughly equivalent to "continents"), ordered by population.

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As of 2019, the total population of Africa is estimated at 1.3 billion, representing 16 percent of the world's population. According to UN estimates, the population of Africa may reach 2.49 billion by 2050 (about 26% of the world's total) and 4.28 billion by 2100 (about 39% of the world's total).

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 Cuisines of Africa use a combination of plant and seed based, and do not usually have food imported. 

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-  In some parts of the continent, the traditional diet features an abundance of root tuber products.
- Eating habits of the different African regions vary greatly. Milk, curd and whey would make the bulk of the diet in some areas while in others milk cannot be produced due to diseases in cattle.
- Grains are staple food in the Eastern African diet, where they use cattle, sheep and goats as coin and rarely, if ever, eat their meat. While, Central Africa residents not only eat beef and meat with gusto, when available, but hunt for other meats at the forest as well.

https://africa-facts.org/african-cuisine/

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personal transport in Africa is a blend of different modes.

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- Some of the most popular are motorcycle taxis, commuter taxis, personal vehicles, auto-rickshaws, and non-motorized means like cycling and walking.
- The continent’s transit sector is evolving with the emergence of new transport modes such as Bus Rapid Transit, light rail systems, and e-ridesharing.
- Governments are revising transport policies in order to better integrate non-motorized and motorized transport modes, like creating dedicated city walkways and building more efficient mass transit networks like Bus Rapid Transit.

https://www.britannica.com/place/Africa/Transportation

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Fes is a northeastern Moroccan city often referred to as the country’s cultural capital.

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- It’s primarily known for its Fes El Bali walled medina, with medieval Marinid architecture, vibrant souks and old-world atmosphere.

- With historic monuments around every corner of the twisty, narrow alleyways and a skyline punctured by domes and minarets, this is Morocco's finest historic city.

https://regiopia.com/africa/morocco/fez/sights.html

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Nigeria’s largest city, sprawls inland from the Gulf of Guinea across Lagos Lagoon. 

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Must see attractions in Lagos :
- Lekki Conservation Centre
- Nike Art Gallery
- Lekki Market
- National Museum

https://theculturetrip.com/africa/nigeria/articles/20-unmissable-attractions-in-lagos/

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Lake Nakuru national park is one of the popular tourist destination in Kenya situated near Nakuru town.

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- Famous for millions of flamingoes nesting along the shores of Lake Nakuru.

- Lake Nakuru national park is made up of many attractive physical features such as Makalia falls, lake Nakuru and hills.

- Best place to view many birds as it is always crowded by a huge population of birds.

https://realafrica.co.uk/attractions/rift-valley-lakes-including-lake-nakuru-national-park-13

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Casablanca is the main gateway to Morocco. This bustling city is Morocco's business powerhouse and industrial center.

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- The modern Hassan II Mosque is one of the city's best places to visit, and a tour of the building is worth an overnight stay in town.

-Next, admire Downtown Casablanca's Architecture

- Also, explore Casablanca's Medina

https://www.planetware.com/tourist-attractions-/casablanca-mar-c-cas.htm

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Nairobi, city, capital of Kenya. It is situated in the south-central part of the country. The city evolved from a humble camp for railway workers in 1899 to the

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- Nairobi's rich history and tribal culture is brought to life in its excellent museums.

- This cosmopolitan capital is one of the only cities in the world with a safari park in its borders.

- A mere 15-minute drive from the skyscrapers of the city center, you can enjoy a classic African wildlife experience at Nairobi National Park.

https://www.planetware.com/tourist-attractions-/nairobi-ken-nrb-nairobi.htm

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South Africa
Namibia
Botswana
Lesotho
Eswatini

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Ethiopia
Tanzania
Kenya
Uganda
Mozambique
Madagascar
Malawi
Zambia
Somalia
Zimbabwe
Rwanda
Burundi
South Sudan
Eritrea
Mauritius
Djibouti
Comoros
Seychelles

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Nigeria
Ghana
Ivory Coast
Niger
Burkina Faso
Mali
Senegal
Guinea
Benin
Togo
Sierra Leone
Liberia
Mauritania
Gambia
Guinea - Bissau
Cabo Verde

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Democratic Republic of Congo
Angola
Cameroon
Chad
Congo
Central African Republic
Gabon
Equatorial Guinea
Sao tome and Principe

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Egypt
Algeria
Sudan
Morocco
Tunisia
Libya

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Kruger Park is South Africa's most exciting African safari destination.

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Kruger National Park is the flagship of wildlife tourism in South Africa and one of the world’s favourite safari destinations.

- Located in the heart of the safari hub in the north-eastern corner of the country, the iconic national park offers visitors 2-million hectares of unrivaled beauty and outstanding fauna and flora diversity.

https://kruger-national-park-guide.com/attractions-kruger-park

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known as "The City of Gold" is the financial and industrial metropolis of South Africa, built on a rich history of gold mining.

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top tourist attractions in Johannesburg :
- The Apartheid Museum
- Gold Reef City
- Lion & Safari Park Day Trip
- Pretoria

https://www.planetware.com/tourist-attractions-/johannesburg-saf-gp-jo.htm

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Cairo is one of the world's great megacities. Its sheer noise, pollution, and traffic can make a first visit here difficult to navigate, but Egypt's capital has

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Attractions in Cairo :
- Pyramids of Giza
- Egyptian Museum
- Al-Azhar Mosque

https://www.planetware.com/tourist-attractions-/cairo-egy-cai-cai.htm

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Marrakesh is a city that effortlessly combines the ancient and the new.

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- Marrakesh is the gateway into the High Atlas region, Morocco's major activity area, with hiking, mountain biking, climbing, and many other active things to do.

- Marrakesh's souqs are the best place to visit in Morocco, offering the full scope of the country's artisan work

-  The medina's scatter of richly decorated heritage buildings

https://www.touropia.com/tourist-attractions-in-marrakech/

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In 2019, air pollution killed 1.1 million people across Africa, according to a study published in The Lancet Planetary Health in October 2021. More than 350 million African children live in households that use solid fuels, mostly wood and coal, for cooking and heating. The emissions from these solid fuels are the main causes of indoor air pollution

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There is a common relationship between air pollution and population. Africa widely diverse between areas that are overpopulated versus areas that are scarcely populated. In regions where there is little industrial development and few people, air quality is high. Vice versa, in densely populated and industrialized regions the air quality is low. Addressing the air pollution in big cities is often a big priority, even though the continent as a whole produces little air pollutants by international standards. Even so, air pollutants are causing a variety of health and environmental problems. These pollutants are a threat to the population of Africa and the environment they try so hard to sustain.

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In many countries, the use of leaded gasoline is still widespread, and vehicle emission controls are nonexistent. Indoor air pollution is widespread, mostly from the burning of coal in the kitchen for cooking. Compounds released from fuel stations and nitrogen and hydrocarbon released from airports cause air pollution. Carbon dioxide other greenhouse gases in the air causes an increase of people with respiratory issues.

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Seasonal variations in pollution also exist with the highest levels of air pollution occurring during the dry season (November to March in the north, May to September in the south).

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The World Health Organization reports of the need to intervene when more than one third of the total Disability Adjusted Life Years was lost as a result of exposure to indoor air pollution in Africa. Fuel is needed to power lights at night. The fuel being burned causes great emissions of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Because of the increased Urbanization in Africa, people are burning more and more fuel and using more vehicles for transportation.

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It is expected that Africa could represent the half of the world's pollution emissions by 2030, warns Cathy Liousse director of research of atmospheric sounding of the CNRS, along with many other researchers. According to the report, sub-Saharan Africa is experiencing a fast increasing pollution, derived from many causes, such as burning wood for cooking, open burning of waste, traffic, agri-food and chemical industries, the dust from the Sahara carried by the winds through the Sahel area, all this reinforced by a greater population growth and urbanisation.

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The air in Africa is greatly polluted due to multiple reasons stated below. The primitive method of farming that takes place in most areas in Africa is certainly a causal factor. The United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that 11.3 million hectares of land are being lost annually to agriculture, grazing, uncontrolled burning and fuelwood consumption.

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Degradation of African soil causes decreased food production, damaging ecological effects, and an overall decrease in the quality of living in Africa.This issue would lessen if fertilizers and other cropping supplies were more affordable and thus used more.The United Nations has commissioned a Global Assessment of Human Induced Soil Degradation (GLASOD) to further investigate the causes and state of the soil. Access to information collected is freely available, and it is hoped that awareness will be raised among politicians in threatened areas

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The erosion caused by rains, rivers and winds as well as over-use of soils for agriculture and low use of manures have resulted in turning the soils infertile, as for example, in the plains of the Nile and the Orange River. A main cause of soil degradation is lack of manufactured fertilizers being used, since African soil lacks organic sources of nutrients. The increase in population has also contributed when people need to crop, as a source of income, but do not take measures to protect the soil,due to low income.

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Many African nations have begun to implement restoration projects to reverse the effects of deforestation. These projects have been shown to improve the environment in many ways and the livelihood of the people living near them. For example "Reforestation and agroforestry schemes can help, for instance, to sequester carbon, prevent flooding, enhance biodiversity, rehabilitate degraded lands, provide a local energy supply for the rural poor and improve land use and watershed management.

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Deforestation is an issue, and forests are important in Africa, as populations have relied heavily on them to provide basic needs. Woods are used for shelter, clothing, agricultural elements, and much more. Woodland supplies are also used to create medicines and a wide variety of food. Some of these foods include fruits, nuts, honey, and much more. Wood is crucial for economic gain in Africa, especially in developing countries.

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Ethiopia's government, along with organizations like Farm Africa, is starting to take steps to stop excessive deforestation.

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. Deforestation also lowers the chance of rainfall; Ethiopia has experienced famine and droughts because of this. 98% of Ethiopia's forests have disappeared over the last 50 years. Within 43 years, Kenya's forest coverage decreased from about 10% to 1.7%. Deforestation in Madagascar has also led to desertification, soil loss, and water source degradation, resulting in the country's inability to provide necessary resources for its growing population. In the last five years, Nigeria lost nearly half of its primary forests.

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The rate of illegal logging, which is another main cause of deforestation, varies from country to country, such as 50% in Cameroon and 80% in Liberia. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, deforestation is primarily caused by the needs of the poor citizens, along with unsupervised logging and mining. In Ethiopia, the main cause is the country's growing population, which induces an increase in agriculture, livestock production, and fuel wood.

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The large scale felling of trees and the resulting decreases in forest areas are the main environmental issues of the African Continent. Rampant clearing of forests and land conversion goes on for agriculture, settlement and fuel needs. Ninety percent of Africa's population requires wood to use as fuel for heating and cooking.

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Deforestation

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. There are 46 countries including Madagascar, and 53 including all the island groups.

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Cape Town is the oldest and second largest city in South Africa.

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- The city is known for its harbour, for its natural setting in the Cape Floristic Region, and for landmarks such as Table Mountain and Cape Point.

https://www.capetown.travel/type/top-attraction/

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- Africa has a rich tradition of arts and crafts. African arts and crafts find expression in a variety of woodcarvings, brass and leather artworks.

-African arts and crafts also include :
1. sculpture
2. paintings
3. pottery
4. ceremonial and religious headgear
5. dress

-Certain African cultures have always emphasized personal appearance, and jewelry has remained an important personal accessory.

- In many traditional arts and craft traditions in Africa, certain themes significant to those particular cultures recur, including a couple, a woman with a child, a male with a weapon or animal, and an outsider or a stranger.

https://www.africaguide.com/culture/artcraft.htm

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The man who never lied.

Lion and Jackal.

The Tortoise with a Pretty Daughter.

The Woman with Two Skins.

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- The majority of Africans are adherents of Christianity or Islam. African people often combine the practice of their traditional belief with the practice of Abrahamic religions. Abrahamic religions are widespread throughout Africa.

- Folktales also play an important role in many African cultures. Storytelling affirms pride and identity in a culture. In Africa, stories are created by and for the ethnic group telling them. Different ethnic groups in Africa have different rituals or ceremonies for storytelling, which creates a sense of belonging to a cultural group. Storytellers had certain commands to start and end the stories, "Ugai Itha" to get the audience's attention and begin the story, and "Rukirika" to signal the end of a tale.

https://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/african-folklore.html

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1. Niger-congo languages (spoken in West, Central, Southeast and Southern Africa.)

2. Afroasiatic languages  (Western Asia, North Africa, the Horn of Africa and parts of the Sahel.)

3. Indo-European languages (South Africa & Namibia)

4. Nilo-saharan languages (are spoken from Tanzania to Eritrea and Sudan and from Chad to Mali.)

5. Austronesian languages  (Madagascar )

6. Khoe-kwadi languages (Namibia & Botswana)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Africa

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Women's traditional clothes in Ethiopia are made from cloth called schema and are used to make habesha kemis. Men often wear knee-high socks, while women might not wear socks at all. Men, as well as women, wear shawls, and the netela. Traditional male clothing is usually light, consisting of a two-part apron. In the Muslim parts of Africa, daily attire also often reflects Islamic tradition.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothing_in_Africa

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Culture of Africa is varied and manifold, consisting of a mixture of countries with various tribes that each have their own unique characteristic from the continent of Africa.

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Africa, the second largest continent (after Asia), covering about one-fifth of the total land surface of Earth. The continent is bounded on the west by the Atlantic Ocean, on the north by the Mediterranean Sea, on the east by the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean, and on the south by the mingling waters of the Atlantic and Indian oceans.