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Despite Neruda's early literary success, he still struggled financially, so he ended up working diplomat jobs in countries like Spain, Burma, Indonesia, and Singapore. While he was in Asia he was appalled by the treatment of natives especially workers shortly after that he got another diplomat job in Spain there, the Civil war broke out, and the government was over taken by  fascist military dictatorship. He declared himself communist then and embraced it more  after learning of the execution of his friend Garcia under the fascist ruler Francisco Franco. This will end up impacting Neruda's poetry, as he implemented the idea of resistance many times in his writing.

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Research your assigned category. Include a link to your source and a picture.

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Key elements
Communism- a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.
All power/say belongs to the government, Anti- democratic, Equality between all, No religion, Limit worker exploitation.

Fascism- The idea that the group is more important than the individual. Reject moderniity and embrace tradition, All power belongs to one person(dictator), Nationalism serves as religion, Aggressive-obey or else.
Father of Fascism: Benito Mussoliini Started in the early 1920s

Nationalism- an ideology that emphasizes loyalty, devotion, or allegiance to a nation or nation-state

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Mikayla Moore, Teagan Utschig, Meniah Lockett 

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Mikayla Moore, Teagan Utschig, Meniah Lockett 

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- established in April 14, 1931
- formed to build a "modern" Spain
- lasted until April 1, 1939 when General Francisco Franco brought an end to the Spanish Civil War

https://www.thespanishblog.com/2011/07/history-of-spain-the-second-spanish-republic/

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- The Failure of the Spanish Democracy; Spanish political parties disagreed with democratic norms and refused to compromise.
- The "Left Side" (or the "Republicans") was formed by the Spanish government and consisted of union workers, peasants, communists, and anarchists. Supported by the Soviet Union.
- The "Right Side" was the Nationalists or the rebel party made up of the bourgeoisie, landlords, and the general upper-class. Supported by Germany and Italy.

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- Spain, 1936-1939

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- Manuel Azaña, a "democratically elected Republican, became president of Spain in 1936.
- Some Spanish Generals based in Morocco formed a coup led by Francisco Franco.

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Communism is a political and economic system that shapes the way society is structured. 

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Communism is a political and economic system that shapes the way society is structured. 

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-Communism was created in 1848 by Karl Marx, who released his book, "The Communist Manifesto". He wrote it because he noticed that during the French Revolution struggles occurred between business owners and their workers due to the exploitation of the workers.

-  Everything was supposed to be equal, like money and goods, and you were supposed to work to benefit the whole country and not just yourself. The government owned all businesses and decided how to allocate resources.

-The biggest examples of real life communism are the former Soviet Union and still current day China.

-Pablo Neruda was a communist himself, so the ideology applies to him and his writing.

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What Is Communism?

Communism is a political and economic ideology that positions itself in opposition to liberal democracy and capitalism, advocating instead for a classless system in which the means of production are owned communally and private property is nonexistent or severely curtailed.

Understanding Communism

"Communism" is an umbrella term that encompasses a range of ideologies. The term's modern usage originated with Victor d'Hupay, an 18th-century French aristocrat who advocated living in "communes" in which all property would be shared, and "all may benefit from everybody's work." The idea was hardly new even at that time, however: the Book of Acts describes first-century Christian communities holding property in common according to a system known as koinonia, which inspired later religious groups such as the 17th-century English "Diggers" to reject private ownership.

The Communist Manifesto

Modern communist ideology began to develop during the French Revolution, and its seminal tract, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels' "Communist Manifesto," was published in 1848. That pamphlet rejected the Christian tenor of previous communist philosophies, laying out a materialist and-its proponents claim-scientific analysis of the history and future trajectory of human society. "The history of all hitherto existing society," Marx and Engels wrote, "is the history of class struggles."

The Communist Manifesto presented the French Revolution as a major historical turning point, when the "bourgeoisie" -the merchant class that was in the process of consolidating control over the "means of production" -overturned the feudal power structure and ushered in the modern, capitalist era. That revolution replaced the medieval class struggle, which pitted the nobility against the serfs, with the modern one pitting the bourgeois owners of capital against the "proletariat," the working class who sell their labor for wages.

In the Communist Manifesto and later works, Marx, Engels, and their followers advocated (and predicted as historically inevitable) a global proletarian revolution, which would usher in first an era of socialism, then of communism. This final stage of human development would mark the end of class struggle and therefore of history: all people would live in social equilibrium, without class distinctions, family structures, religion, or property. The state, too, would "wither away." The economy would function, as a popular Marxist slogan puts it, "from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs."

The Soviet Union

Marx and Engels' theories would not be tested in the real world until after their deaths. In 1917, during World War I, an uprising in Russia toppled the czar and sparked a civil war that eventually saw a group of radical Marxists led by Vladimir Lenin gain power in 1922. The Bolsheviks, as this group was called, founded the Soviet Union on former Imperial Russian territory and attempted to put communist theory into practice.

Prior to the Bolshevik Revolution, Lenin had developed the Marxist theory of vanguardism, which argued that a close-knit group of politically enlightened elites was necessary to usher in the higher stages of economic and political evolution: socialism and finally communism. Lenin died shortly after the civil war ended, but the "dictatorship of the proletariat," led by his successor Joseph Stalin, would pursue brutal ethnic and ideological purges as well as forced agricultural collectivization. Tens of millions died during Stalin's rule, from 1922 to 1952, on top of the tens of millions who died as a result of the war with Nazi Germany.

Rather than withering away, the Soviet state became a powerful one-party institution that prohibited dissent and occupied the "commanding heights" of the economy. Agriculture, the banking system, and industrial production were subject to quotas and price controls laid out in a series of Five Year Plans. This system of central planning enabled rapid industrialization, and from 1950 to 1965 growth in Soviet gross domestic product (GDP) outpaced that of the U.S. In general, however, the Soviet economy grew at a much slower pace than its capitalist, democratic counterparts.

Weak consumer spending was a particular drag on growth. Central planners' emphasis on heavy industry led to chronic underproduction of consumer goods, and long lines at understocked grocery stores were a fixture of Soviet life even during periods of relative prosperity. Thriving underground markets -termed the "second economy" by some academics-catered to demand for cigarettes, shampoo, liquor, sugar, milk, and especially prestige goods such as jeans smuggled in from the West. While these networks were illegal, they were essential to the party's functioning: they alleviated shortages that, left unchecked, threatened to spark another Bolshevik Revolution; they provided party propagandists with a scapegoat for shortages; and they lined the pockets of party officials, who would either take payoffs to look the other way or grow rich running illegal market operations themselves.

The Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, following a push to reform the economic and political system and provide greater room for private enterprise and free expression. These reform pushes, known as perestroika and glasnost, respectively, did not halt the economic decline the Soviet Union suffered in the 1980s and likely hastened the Communist state's end by loosening its grip on sources of dissent.

Communist China

In 1949, following more than 20 years of war with the Chinese Nationalist Party and Imperial Japan, Mao Zedong's Communist Party gained control of China to form the world's second major Marxist-Leninist state. Mao allied the country with the Soviet Union, but the Soviets' policies of de-Stalinization and "peaceful coexistence" with the capitalist West led to a diplomatic split with China in 1956.

Mao's rule in China resembled Stalin's in its violence, deprivation, and insistence on ideological purity. During the Great Leap Forward from 1958 to 1962, the Communist Party ordered the rural population to produce enormous quantities of steel in an effort to jumpstart an industrial revolution in China. Families were coerced into building backyard furnaces, where they smelted scrap metal and household items into low-quality pig iron that offered little domestic utility and held no appeal for export markets. Since rural labor was unavailable to harvest crops, and Mao insisted on exporting grain to demonstrate his policies' success, food became scarce. The resulting Great Chinese Famine killed at least 15 million people and perhaps more than 45 million. The Cultural Revolution, an ideological purge that lasted from 1966 until Mao's death in 1976, killed perhaps another 1.6 million people.

After Mao's death, Deng Xiaoping introduced a series of market reforms that have remained in effect under his successors. The U.S. began normalizing relations with China when President Nixon visited in 1972, prior to Mao's death. The Chinese Communist Party remains in power, presiding over a largely capitalist system, though state-owned enterprises continue to form a large part of the economy. Freedom of expression is significantly curtailed; elections are banned (except in the former British colony of Hong Kong, where candidates must be approved by the party and voting rights are tightly controlled); and meaningful opposition to the party is not permitted.

The Cold War

The U.S. emerged from World War II the world's richest and most militarily powerful nation. As a liberal democracy that had just defeated fascist dictatorships in two theaters, the country - if not all of its people - felt a sense of exceptionalism and historical purpose. So did the Soviet Union, its ally in the fight against Germany and the world's only revolutionary Marxist state. The two powers promptly divided Europe into spheres of political and economic influence: Winston Churchill called this dividing line the "Iron Curtain."

The two superpowers, both of which possessed nuclear weapons after 1949, engaged in a long standoff known as the Cold War. Due to the doctrine of Mutually Assured Destruction-the belief that a war between the two powers would lead to a nuclear holocaust-no direct military engagements occurred between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, and the Iron Curtain was largely quiet. Instead, they fought a global proxy war, with each sponsoring friendly regimes in post-colonial nations in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. The U.S. and Soviet Union both sponsored coups to install such regimes in various countries.

The closest the U.S. came to a direct military conflict with the Soviet Union was the 1962 Cuban missile crisis. The U.S. did fight a prolonged hot war in Vietnam, however, in which its military supported South Vietnamese forces fighting the Chinese- and Soviet-supported North Vietnamese army and South Vietnamese communist guerrillas. The U.S. withdrew from the war and Vietnam was united under communist rule in 1975.

The Cold War ended with the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991.

Why Did Communism Fail?

While there has been extensive study of the reasons for communism's failure, researchers have pinpointed a couple of common factors that contributed to its demise.

The first is an absence of incentives among citizens to produce for profit. The profit incentive leads to competition and innovation in society. But an ideal citizen in a communist society was selflessly devoted to societal causes and rarely stopped to think about his or her welfare. "At all times and all questions a party member should give first consideration to the interests of the Party as a whole and put them in the foremost and place personal matters and interests second," wrote Liu Shaoqi, the second chair of the People's Republic of China.

The second reason for communism's failure was the system's inherent inefficiencies, such as centralized planning. This form of planning requires aggregation and synthesis of enormous amounts of data at a granular level. Because all projects were planned centrally, this form of planning was also complex. In several instances, growth data was fudged or error-prone in order to make facts fit into planned statistics and create an illusion of progress.

The concentration of power into the hands of select few also bred inefficiency and, paradoxically enough, provided them with incentives to game the system for their benefit and retain their hold on power. Corruption and laziness became endemic features of this system and surveillance, such as the one that characterized East German and Soviet societies, was common. It also disincentivized industrious and hard-working people. The end result was that the economy suffered.

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What Is Communism? Learn Its History, Pros, and Cons

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Communism is a political and economic ideology that positions itself in opposition to liberal democracy and capitalism, advocating instead for a classless system in which the means of production are owned communally and private property is nonexistent or severely curtailed. "Communism" is an umbrella term that encompasses a range of ideologies.

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Political theory named after Karl Marx

Authored by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, formulated in the 1848 pamphlet “The Communist Manifesto”

focuses on the struggle between Rich, upper class bureaucrats and the working class.

Marx wrote that the power relationships between The employers and workers were inherently exploitative and would inevitably create class conflict.

He believed that this conflict would ultimately lead to a revolution in which the working class would overthrow the upper class and seize control of the economy.

Pablo Neruda became an outspoken Marxist and spoke against US corporations exploiting Chile

This led to charges of subversion causing him to have to make an escape from Chile by trekking through the Andes mountains.

As a consul in the Spanish Civil war, the thing he witnessed at the hands of fascists turned him into an ardent communist

Specifically the execution of Garcia Lorca, a spanish poet, by nationalist forces became a catalyst for his turn to communism and marxism.

His literary friends being radical leftists and del Carril were also contributing factors to him becoming a communist.

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1923- The military was beginning to fail while staged in Morocco, and the King at the time needed a solution to the failure. General Primo de Rivera stepped in and "staged a coup". The King gave the General permission and stepped in to help the country with the most pressing matters. Gernal Primo de Rivera was only to stay in office until the issue was resolved, but eventually was "sacked" by the King in 1930.

- Other generals became concerned with army reforms, the new constitution established freedom of speech and freedom of association, and the 1929 Wall Street Crash eventually led to the demise of Spain's economy and the fall of General Primo de Rivera's dictatorial government. King Alfonso XIII supported this government, and this led to a sign of oppression to the working class. This eventually allowed the Republican group to rise to power and overthrow the monarchy.

1931- Thus with the demise of the dictatorial government and the beginning of a new government form, the Second Spanish Republic was formed. The Republic passed reforms involving women's rights to vote, separation of church and state, etc. The Second Spanish Republic was based on removing religious involvement in the government to build a more "secular society", a society in which church and state are separate.

https://www.thespanishblog.com/2011/07/history-of-spain-the-second-spanish-republice
https://www.donquijote.org/spanish-culture/history/second-spanish-republic/

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http://countrystudies.us/chile/3.htm

Chile was developed into one of the most democratic nations in Latin America, and throughout history Chile depended on great external power for economic change and political influence: Relied on Britain, Spain, & US.

Since Chile was dependence, they relied very heavily on exports and the national economy toward the extraction of primary products has gone hand in hand with severe exploitation of workers. Beginning with the coerced labor of native Americans during the Spanish conquest.

Pablo himself was born in Chile and was a poet, diplomat, and a politician and was the most important Latin American poet during that time.

When communism was outlawed there was a warrant issued for Pablo's arrest, so his friends hid him in a basement and he later escaped Chile through the mountains. 3 years later he came back and was given a Nobel Prize and was invited to read before 70,000 people.

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The sickle and hammer represents solidarity between the working class.

https://newrepublic.com/article/148907/poet-partisan-world-pablo-neruda

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When the 20th-century came to Chile there were many changes in politics, societies, and economics. More so of there being reverse in those systems, rather than actual change.

Power struggles were a big problem in the upcoming 20th-century Chile. Mainly in the government stances, it was failed to bring social classes together. Not together as in one, but trying to find the similarities that connect them in a way.

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Influences from European countries had an influence on the way power was held in Chile, especially after leaders like Mussolini and Primo de Rivera.

Neruda not only took influence from 20th-Century Chile but left a big impact on them. When he died 3,000 mourners marched and shouted slogans against the military, bearing his name.

He would give lectures and poetry readings while also defending Republican Spain and Chile’s new centre-left government. Neruda left for a little while, but returned in 1943 and was elected senator in 1945. Giving him some connection and background to his country.

When he would create his poems, he would describe a “physical liaison” as well as invoking the sense of displacement that he felt when he left the wilderness of the Chilean city.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pablo-Neruda

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Taking place after WWII, the cold war is best described as a standoff between America and Russia and subsequently their allies, due to their rivaling political opinions of the 2 superpowers. After the fall of Nazi Germany, the Russians had begun installing the more socialist form of government, communism into eastern European countries. This rapid spread of communism resulted in the US getting involved as it was seen as anti-capitalist and exploitive, inspiring things such as McCarthyism and the red scare. From 1947-1989 the world was riddled with paranoia and conflict especially in east Asia and Latin America, best seen in countries such as Korea, Vietnam, and Cuba. With all of this considered it's understandable how the cold war had an effect on Pablos Writing.

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The Cold War's affect on Neruda's writing

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The Cold War's affect on Neruda's writing

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The Cold War had a heave influence on Neruda's writing. When the cold war hit Chile in 1947, Gabriel González Videla, the county's president- turned against his own people. The president treated workers unfairly, shut down the communist newspaper, jailed three hundred striking coal miners, and sent labor leaders to concentration camps. At the time Neruda was a senator and through his actions and writings he denounced the entire situation. Neruda stud his ground and raised his voice. He late got punished for this but then he responded by writing a book called Canto General.
link: https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2018/03/26/pablo-nerudas-poetry-of-resistance/

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Surrealism is a form of poetry as an artistic and literary movement. This form of poetry was found by a poet, Andre Breton, in 1924. Surrealistic poetry and mainly the same as regular surrealism by written words. The goal of surrealist art was to liberate the human thoughts and languages with experience. For instance, the idea of an unconscious mind would be used for surrealist art.
https://www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-what-is-surrealism

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Neruda used surrealism to challenge the reader into thinking more into the meaning of his poems and his world

He combines surrealist imagery and poetry to cause the reader to think and imagine the scene he is trying to set for his art.

His surrealist poems were called " Veinte poemas" because they consisted of magical imagery and were most time hard to understand.

His poem "enignmas" is said to be his most surrealist work.

https://allpoetry.com/Enigmas

His surrealism work was a very important piece to the Spanish surrealism movement because the magical elements he used in his work added a since of lightness to the otherwise dim world.

Sources - https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Pablo_Neruda

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Madrid is famous for its art scene

Spain has a lot of surrealism art

Some famous spanish surrealist artists/poets: Salvador Dali, Federico Garcia Lorca, ​​Joan Miró, Esteban Frances

During the Spanish civil war, surrealism art played a significant part due to the political inspiration behind the pieces

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-Spanish Civil War was instigated by Fascist leader Francisco Franco which had a major impact of Neruda's poetry
-  He allied his poetry with the international fight with fascism
- Known for his hate for fascism and facsist leaders