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She was born on October 10, 1830 in the Royal Palace of Madrid. She was baptized in the chapel of the same the day after her birth, her godparents being her uncles: the King of the Two Sicilies, Francisco I and his wife María Isabel de Borbón, after that, on October 13, 1830 and in accordance with the Pragmatic Sanction of 1830, his father ordered that, until the eventual birth of a male child, the honors corresponding to the princes of Asturias be kept to the heir Infanta.

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On June 20, 1833, she was sworn in as crown princess in the church of San Jerónimo el Real in Madrid, the traditional place of the oath of the princes of Asturias.
Isabel II ascended to the throne of Spain on September 29, 1833 after the death of her father, without having yet reached the age of three, which is why it was necessary to appoint her mother as regent of the kingdom.

His birth and subsequent ascension to the throne caused the beginning of a long dynastic conflict, since his uncle, the infant Carlos María Isidro de Borbón, until then first in the succession to the crown, did not accept that Isabel was named Princess of Asturias and later Queen from Spain. Infante Carlos' opposition to the Pragmatic Sanction led him into exile abroad. The division between Elizabethan and Carlist ended up causing the First Carlist War.

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During the first years of her reign, while Isabel was a child, the regency was assumed by her mother, María Cristina de Borbón-Dos Sicilias; her regency would last until 1840 and would coincide with the First Carlist War (1833-1840). From October 17, 1840 to July 23, 1843, the regency was assumed by General Baldomero Espartero, who was finally also forced to leave office (due to the Bombardment of Barcelona in 1842, which meant the loss of his political support ). From that day on, the provisional government exercised the regency until, once again, the Cortes decided to bring forward the queen's coming of age by one year, scheduled for when she was 14 years old. Thus, on November 8, 1843, Elizabeth II was declared of legal age by 193 votes in favor compared to 16 against. Two days later, Isabel II swore the Constitution in solemn session before the Cortes.

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When Isabel II was 16 years old, the Government arranged a marriage with her cousin, the infant Francisco de Asís de Borbón, Duke of Cádiz. The spouses were first cousins ​​by double means, since his father, the infant Francisco de Paula, was the brother of Fernando VII, while his mother, Luisa Carlota de Borbón-Dos Sicilias, was the sister of the regent María Cristina. The marriage broke down very soon, and she would never be happy. The Queen's wedding was a matter of national and international importance, since the different European countries maneuvered so that the nationality of the new king did not harm their alliances and interests. There were numerous candidates rejected mostly by different pressure groups. The wedding took place on October 10, 1846 in the Throne Room of the Royal Palace in Madrid, the same day that Isabel turned 16. It was a double wedding, since at the same time his sister, the Infanta Luisa Fernanda de Borbón, married Prince Antonio de Orleans, Duke of Montpensier and the youngest son of Louis Philippe I of France.

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Infant Francisco de Asís de Borbón, Duke of Cádiz

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Infant Francisco de Asís de Borbón, Duke of Cádiz

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Infante Luis Fernando, stillborn (May 20, 1849).

Infante Fernando Francisco, died five minutes after birth (July 12, 1850).

Infanta María Isabel Francisca de Asís Cristina Francisca de Paula Dominga (1851-1931), Princess of Asturias (1851-1857 and 1875-1880), Countess of Girgenti, later known as La Chata, married (1868-1871) with Cayetano de Borbón -Two Sicilies (1846-1871), Count of Girgenti, without descendants.

Infanta María Cristina (1854-1854), born (January 5, 1854) and died with two days of life (January 7, 1854).

Infanta Margarita (1855-1855), born premature (September 23, 1855) and died with one day to live (September 24, 1855).

Infante Francisco de Asís Fernando (1856-1856), stillborn (December 21, 1856).

Infante Alfonso Francisco de Asís Fernando Pío Juan María de la Concepción Gregorio Pelayo (1857-1885), Prince of Asturias (1857-1874), later King Alfonso XII (1874-1885), married (1878-1878) with María de las Mercedes de Orleans (1860-1878) and later (1879-1885) with María Cristina de Habsburgo-Lorena (1858-1929), with descendants from his second marriage.

Infanta María de la Concepción Francisca de Asís (1859-1861), died prematurely (October 21, 1861).

Infanta María del Pilar Berenguela Isabel Francisca de Asís Cristina Sebastiana Gabriela Francisca Caracciolo Saturnina (1861-1879), deceased single and without issue (August 5, 1879).

Infanta María de la Paz Juana Amelia Adalberta Francisca de Paula Juana Bautista Isabel Francisca de Asís (1862-1946), married (1883-1946) with Luis Fernando de Baviera (1859-1949), with descendants.

Infanta María Eulalia Francisca de Asís Margarita Roberta Isabel Francisca de Paula Cristina María de la Piedad (1864-1958), Duchess of Galliera, married (1886-1930) with Antonio de Orleans y Borbón (1866-1930), Duke of Galliera, with offspring.

Infante Francisco de Asís Leopoldo María Enrique (1866-1866), born (January 24, 1866) and died when he was three weeks old (February 14, 1866).

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Elizabeth II reigned during a transitional period in Spain in which the monarchy yielded more political power to the parliament, but put continuous obstacles to the participation of citizens in government affairs. In the field of the fight for democratic freedoms, his reign was a failure; Institutions were also distorted and electoral corruption spread. No party that had organized elections lost them in that period. If there were changes, it was due to the interference of a military caste that changed governments based on pronouncements or coups of one sign or another. According to authors such as Jesús Cruz, the reign of Isabel II could be classified as one of the most corrupt in the history of Spain.
Easily manipulated by her ministers and by the religious "clique" of the court (composed mainly of Father Claret, her confessor, Father Fulgencio, her husband's confessor, and Sister Patrocinio), the Queen frequently interfered in the politics of the nation (on one occasion she ran for president of the government), which made her unpopular among politicians and ended up causing her end when leading to the Revolution of 1868. This was mainly contributed by episodes such as the night of San Daniel (April 10, 1865): in moments of enormous economic crisis, the queen, whose personal generosity was beyond controversy, ordered that real estate assets be alienated for the nation's relief; The Republican leader, Emilio Castelar, in the newspaper article titled El trago, declared that in reality Elizabeth II, burdened by debts, reserved 25% of the proceeds from the sale of assets that, for the most part, were not hers , but of the nation; the government ordered the dismissal and expulsion of Castelar as a university professor, which also led to the resignation of the rector of the Central University; Student demonstrations in support of those resigned culminated on April 10 with the veteran Civil Guard in the street: eleven dead and 193 injured, including passers-by elderly, women and children.

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The Queen of sad destinies, as she has also been called, had to face the Revolution of 1868 (known as La Gloriosa), which forced her to leave Spain by train from San Sebastián where she spent the summer. Isabel II went into exile in France, where she received the protection of Napoleon III and Eugenia de Montijo, and established her residence in the Parisian Palace of Castile until her death; on June 25, 1870, he abdicated in Paris in favor of his son, the future Alfonso XII. Meanwhile, thanks to the support of various groups in the government, Prince Amadeo of Savoy, a member of the Italian royal family, was chosen to replace her on the throne as Amadeo I of Spain; Amadeo was the son of Víctor Manuel II, King of Italy since 1861 and belonging to the House of Savoy, and of María Adelaida of Austria (great-granddaughter of Carlos III of Spain).

Elizabeth II lived the rest of her life in France; From there he witnessed the First Republic, the reign and death of his son Alfonso XII in 1885, the regency of his daughter-in-law, María Cristina de Habsburgo-Lorena and the beginning of the personal reign of his grandson, Alfonso XIII. Since she was overthrown in 1868 she stopped living in common with her husband, who went to live in Épinay-sur-Seine, where he died in 1902. Elizabeth II died in the Palace of Castile in Paris in 1904 and was buried in the Monastery of El Escorial in front of the remains of her husband.