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Widely known as being the oldest city in the United States, St. Augustine was esablished by the Spanish as a response to Fort Caroline, built by the French Huguenots in present day Jacksonville. The timeline will discuss the discrimination and the establishment of minority groups in North America. St. Augustine, is the first to do so. (Yasmeen Ibrahim)

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The lives of Native Americans following the colonization of their lands by early European settlers resulted in dramatic changes to their lifestyle, culture and diet. Using Bioarcheology, scientists were able to discover the effects of colonialism on the natives' food sources and consumption habits. They discovered that the bone structure of the Native American was far weaker after the Europeans came due to the "more homogeneous and less nutritious" diet focused on corn, rather than a variety of proteins and nutrients (Scientific American) Eating too much corn results in major tooth decay, weaker bones and can be connected to malnutrition.

In short, mission communities and the European colonization of Native Americans drastically changed living and food conditions for the worse. Overpopulated towns resulted in food shortages and a higher percentage of illness as well as unsafe drinking water as Native Americans were forced to live in areas close to missions and colonies due to the increase of forced labor.

It is evident that Europeans had the capability to change the chemical-make up, bone structure, and livelihood of anyone they colonized.

(Yasmeen Ibrahim)

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Located in Virginia and founded by the London Trading Company, Jamestown is the first colony to have been established  in the United States. Named after King James, the British wanted to follow in the footprints of their Spanish counterpart in their search for gold.
(Yasmeen Ibrahim)

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John Smith's "General History of Virginia" (1624) 

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John Smith's "General History of Virginia" (1624) 

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Smith's recollection of Virginia is a grim story of the struggles the British had faced in new territory.

One of the main reasons the early settlers survived was the natives. However, though Smith acknowledges the help that the natives had provided the British, he still refers to them as "savage" and "barbarians" and highlights the white males as the victims and the Native Americans as threats.

(Yasmeen Ibrahim)

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Pocahontas was a very important helper and guide during the first expeditions in the New World. She was a part of the Powhatan people living in Colonial America, serving as the middle-(wo)man between the Native Americans and the British.

She was revered by the British and displayed as a poster child of Jamestown and the London Trading Company. Pocahontas's work however, was in the best interest of her community and tribe as she established allies and acted as both a "pawn and a player."

She died in the UK at age 21.

(Yasmeen Ibrahim)

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Unable to keep up with the labor-intensive demands of the rising tobacco industry, Africans were purchased for Jamestown settlers and came from flourishing lands and culture. These Africans were surprised and shocked at the poor quality of life in the American colony. It had always been said that Africans derived from primitive communities and had been civilized by whites. However, could a colony like Jamestown be the true "savage land?"

African and Native Americans were now the second class citizens of the colonies.

(Trey Turney)

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William Bradford "Of Plymouth Plantation" (1620) 

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William Bradford "Of Plymouth Plantation" (1620) 

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William Bradford wrote "Of Plymouth Plantation" in 1620 to document the early accounts of the pilgrims. It is one of the most accurate accounts of these early settlers.

Bradford talks about how the settlers oppressed the native people. This shows that Bradford suppressed the minority group of Native Americans. Not just Bradford, but most if not all settlers of the New World oppressed the native peoples after the natives had helped the settlers survive in the New World.

(Trey Turney)

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Compact with Indians and the first Thanksgiving (1621) 

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Compact with Indians and the first Thanksgiving (1621) 

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In the early 1620's, the first Thanksgiving was celebrated between the Native Americans and the settlers of the New World. While the celebration was joyous for most, few saw what events were about to occur between the natives and the settlers. After Thanksgiving, the natives and the settlers made a compact to help each other out in times of need. This compact was crucial for the settlers as they got lots of help from the natives. However, the natives suffered from disease and starvation, and the settlers did not uphold their side of the compact. As a whole, the settlers showed once again how they oppressed the Native American population by not living up to their end of the compact.

(Trey Turney)

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Slave Trade (Coming from Africa to America) 

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Slave Trade (Coming from Africa to America) 

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When one thinks about the slave trade, the mind instantly correlates the connection between the white owner and black slave. However, from the 10th through the 16th century, this was not case. Back then, the slave trade consisted of a wide range of ethnicities, religious backgrounds, and nationalities. It was the boom of the Atlantic slave trade, deriving primarily from West African nations and those of darker skin tones in the years following, that contributed to a synonymous idea of blackness and slavery, resulting in modern day racism and discrimination towards a specific skin tone.

One might even argue that racism as a concept is as a result of the colonialism of the New World by Europeon Settlers as they developed the "ideology of black inferiority and white supremacy" to justify their inhumane actions (Arnesen)

(Yasmeen Ibrahim)

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Boats and boating--Equipment and supplies

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The Salem Witch Trials occurred in 1692 and were written about in the 1950's in the play "The Crucible". The Salem Witch Trials as a whole express both racism and sexism in Colonial America. Specifically, the character Tituba, both a woman and an African American, is the lowest and most vulnerable figure in the story. The trials questioned minorities of witch craft, specifically women, but also blacks. The males in the Salem Witch Trials personify the suppression of minority groups by accusing them of deviancy.

(Trey Turney)

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Fort Most was created on the East Coast of America in the early 1700's. This was one of the earliest Black settlements in Colonial American history. At the time, slaves in British-controlled Virginia could escape to Florida and find safe haven in Spanish-American lands. The best example of such a haven was Fort Mose, a fort in present day Florida that was home to a fully African American town. The people of Fort Mose had their own military, houses and farms. Throughout most of the history of minority groups in Colonial America, the narrative has been one of enslavement and oppression. For Fort Mose, for a time at least, it was one of freedom and independence, similar to Thomas Paine's struggle for independence from Great Britain.

Someone like Tituba could flee from persecution to a safe haven like Fort Mose, finding like-minded individuals to form a strong community.

(Trey Turney)

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Thomas Paine's "Common Sense" serves as a call to action to the American public against the British. It served as another form of Anti-British propaganda.

In the document, Paine writes in simple words and plain language so that everyone in the colonies could understand the grievances towards the British. Thus, this document was able to unite the whole of America as a minority group within the vast British Empire for the first time in history.

(Trey Turney)