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This is an image found on a blog written by a High-school English teacher in Luxembourg. This image shows a sign in her school with four languages. At this stage children should know Luxembourgish, French and German. Many go on to learn English. The reason was never mentioned but there is a fourth language - Romanian on the sign.

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Chelsea Elzinga, on "Feeling Language In Luxembourg"

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Cynthia Han

Horner , K. & Weber, J. J., 2008. The language situation in Luxmbourg. Current issues in language planning , 9(1), pp. 69-128.

Riding , S., 2019. financial times. [Online]
Available at: https://www.ft.com/content/fe07a56a-2b92-11e9-9222-7024d72222bc#comments-anchor
[Accessed 26 November 2020].

Skutnabb-Kangas, T. e. a., 1991. Trilingual education in the grand durchy of luxembourg. In: O. García, ed. bilingual education. Amsterdam/ Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing company, pp. 109-116.

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If not indigenous to the region, where do the speakers come from; when did they come etc. - C.H

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If not indigenous to the region, where do the speakers come from; when did they come etc. - C.H

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In 1684, under the main French occupation French became more generally spoken, particularly after the French Revolution of 1789.
Luxembourg achieved freedom in the London Treaty of 1839 and French turned into the managerial, administrative and, political language. Industrialisation, an increase of German and Italian immigrants, and a mass migration of Luxembourgers to France and the USA evoked another phonetic move. World war 2 and German occupation during both World wars resulted in the German language becoming increasingly used. (Horner & Weber, 2008)

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why does the three languages of Luxembourg co-exist? Has this been in existence for a long time? - C.H 

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why does the three languages of Luxembourg co-exist? Has this been in existence for a long time? - C.H 

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Historically the official language of Luxembourg is French and German. Luxembourg frequently changed between French and German rule and, at some point it was divided into parts and only in 1890 did it gain independence. Followed by a series of reoccupation in world war two in 1984 Luxembourgish was made the national language.

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In which social demain (e.g. home, education, friends/peers) is the language used

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In which social demain (e.g. home, education, friends/peers) is the language used

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Luxemburgish is most popular in the home setting. The presence of many foreigners at work, many of whom who speak German, French or English means that the use of Luxemburgish at work is less practical. Luxemburgish is taught in schools and is popular with friend and Peers.

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Is the language still transmitted inter-generationally?

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Is the language still transmitted inter-generationally?

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Luxembourgish is a language that is transmitted from one generation to the next. Luxembourgish is spoken and taught in schools, spoken at home and is part of the popular language. Many people can easily switch between French, German and Luxembourgish. There is a desire to have Luxembourgish recognised as an official E.U. language.

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How many speakers are there? How many speaker numbers developed over time?

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How many speakers are there? How many speaker numbers developed over time?

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Accordingly, to the 2018 study of the ministry of national education, Luxembourgish is used by 77% of the population. About 390,000 people speak Luxembourgish worldwide. Luxembourgish was placed on the UNESCO list of endangered languages in 2010. Luxembourgish only became an official language in 1984. The government is trying to promote the use of the old language. The approach is to try to have the language co-exist with French and German. Luxembourgish has many challenges in a country with an influx of many foreign people. There is a risk that the language will be diluted over time. It is said that it is not an easy language for foreigners to learn. It is possible to get by in Luxembourg using French and German and not using Luxembourgish. The number speaking Luxembourgish appears to be static or possibly showing a slight increase. Some people want Luxembourgish to be the only official language in Luxembourg as a means of ensuring the survival of the language.

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1.	Luxembourgish is one of the three official national languages of Luxembourg. It is an old traditional language that overtime has been enriched by words from other languages especially French. It is said that most people in Luxembourg are trilingual. Luxembourgish is frequently spoken in the streets, in shops and at home.  It is most associated with the Moselle region, but it is not confined to any one region. It is a language popular in poetry, drama and increasingly fiction. Because of the cross- border nature of work in Luxembourg, Luxembourgish is less spoken at work. 

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Where is the language spoken (within the region)?

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Where is the language spoken (within the region)?

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Luxembourgish is one of the three official national languages of Luxembourg. It is an old traditional language that overtime has been enriched by words from other languages especially French. It is said that most people in Luxembourg are trilingual. Luxembourgish is frequently spoken in the streets, in shops and at home.  It is most associated with the Moselle region, but it is not confined to any one region. It is a language popular in poetry, drama and increasingly fiction. Because of the cross- border nature of work in Luxembourg, Luxembourgish is less spoken at work.

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What kinds of attitudes do its speakers and non-speakers have towards the language? - C.H

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What kinds of attitudes do its speakers and non-speakers have towards the language? - C.H

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The social presence of English is increasing due to its growing importance and influence in Europe.
This can be seen in the attitudes of the young generation that in particular shows a clear preference for English (and indirectly German due to its close relationship with Luxembourgish).

According to Riding (2019) A Large percentage of the population of Luxembourg are foreign immigrants. These non speakers who wants to immigrate to Luxembourg are required to speak Luxembourgish. It is not only the most spoken language and also one that holds the most importance in the hearts of Luxembourgers. Luxembourgish has an important role in the culture and national identity of Luxembourg and Luxembourgers" are becoming more attached to it and are using it increasingly in writing, especially in digital communications".

A petition was filed calling for Luxembourgish to be made the principal national language which obtained 14,683 signatures. This shows that for many natives they have a deeper connection with Luxembourgish compared to French and German.

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Is the language formally taught in the education system? If not, why not? - C.H

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Is the language formally taught in the education system? If not, why not? - C.H

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The native language of Luxembourg is Luxembourgish, however, natives rarely write in it.
According to García (1991) this is because Luxembourgish is generally a spoken language and not normally used in literature. The Luxembourg education system particularly focuses on German and French as the taught languages. Although most textbooks are printed in German, a large proportion of Luxembourgish children do not understand standard German when they start school. The children therefore first learn in Luxembourgish then are introduced to German in the first year of primary school, they then are introduced to French as they progress. As students enter secondary school the more subjects are taught through French and German gradually disappears except for German language classes.

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 Are there any language based grassroots social movements involving the language?

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 Are there any language based grassroots social movements involving the language?

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Yes. There is a ‘Profile of Language Education Policy’. The basic principles adopted for this policy are:

Training in languages should be viewed holistically and thus cover all the languages traditionally spoken in Luxembourg (mother tongues, vehicular languages), the languages of recently arrived or long-established minorities and foreign languages;

The purpose of language training is to develop individual potential within a general context of plurilingualism.

This policy draws attention to many aspects including, taking into account students individual linguistic situation, valuing every pupil’s plurilingual profile; co-ordinating all bodies and organisations involved in language education, along with many more.

In many ways, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg provides an example of an ambitious and successful language education policy. It has long been "Europe's best pupil" in languages. This Language Education Policy Profile outlines prospects for change, based in particular on the guidelines proposed by the Council of Europe. (Council of Europe).

The Country Report summarises the linguistic situation in Luxembourg with the words: "Plurilingualism is perhaps the true mother tongue of Luxembourgers" (page 34).

The project set out in this Profile is to expand the implicit content of this statement and link plurilingual training

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Are there any recent issues relating to this language?

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Are there any recent issues relating to this language?

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A recent issue that cropped up in Luxembourg was the debate of whether Luxembourgish would become the official language in Luxembourg or not. In 2016, there was a petition to make Luxembourgish the main official language of Luxembourg.The petition spoke about how they want to “save the Luxembourgish language before it disappears”(KING and SMITH-MEYER).However, if they changed the official language it would mean translating all the country's laws. Public support for the elimination remains marginal.

Another petition was made to safeguard the country as multilingual. Luxembourgish is still not an official EU language.

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Consider EU and national ways of classifying the language, e.g is it regional or national.

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Consider EU and national ways of classifying the language, e.g is it regional or national.

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All three languages are national languages. French and German both belong to different nations (France and Germany) and are both considered national languages in their respective countries. Luxembourgish is considered the national language of Luxembourg.

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Introduction: Sandwiched between France and Germany, Luxembourg has long defined itself as combining aspects of both cultures while not being rooted in either one. Luxembourg's  three official languages are Luxembourgish, German and French. Luxembourg is the only country in the EU with three official languages. Locals tend to be fluent in all three languages. It can become confusing how easily Luxembourgers switch from one language to another. The Luxembourg parliament, for instance, debates issues in Luxembourgish but tables legislation in French. In Luxembourg trilingualism is a major object of the education system and it is considered a fact of life to be trilingual. 

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Introduction: Sandwiched between France and Germany, Luxembourg has long defined itself as combining aspects of both cultures while not being rooted in either one. Luxembourg's  three official languages are Luxembourgish, German and French. Luxembourg is the only country in the EU with three official languages. Locals tend to be fluent in all three languages. It can become confusing how easily Luxembourgers switch from one language to another. The Luxembourg parliament, for instance, debates issues in Luxembourgish but tables legislation in French. In Luxembourg trilingualism is a major object of the education system and it is considered a fact of life to be trilingual. 