# data[].attributes.body
Information:

The behaviorist theory says that children learn their first language through stimulus, response, reinforcement, postulating imitation, and association as the essential processes. Children were taught by assuming they are a clean slate where they learn based of experience and exposure. Children were to be praised when they said a word correctly.

Quotes:

"To learn the word ball, the child would first associate the word ball with the familiar spherical object, the stimulus" pg.61

"Behaviorists assumed that the child's mind was a tabula rasa, a blank slate awaiting the scripture of experience." pg.61

"Behaviorist theory does not explain how any novel utterance is produced, even those that are grammatically correct. But most utterances we produce in conversation or writing are in fact original" pg.61

# data[].attributes.body
Information:

The Innatist Theory believes that children construct grammar through hypothesis testing.Children gradually revise their hypotheses based on grammatical rules.

Noam Chomsky contributed to this study by focusing on the syntax.

Quotes:

"For example, a child may hypothesize the rule that all plural nouns end with an -s. Therefore, when they come to a word such as child, they form the plural as childs, or when they come to the word man, they say mans for the plural". Pg. 61

"Chomsky's contribution to the study of child language was his new way of looking at syntax. Researchers applied his methods to describing children's interim grammar at different ages and stages of language development." pg. 61

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Language Acquisition Theories | Explained | Noam Chomsky

# data[].attributes.body
Information:

The Interactionist theory says that caregivers play a vital role in adjusting language to facilitate language acquisition for children. The theory shows the importance of both nature and nurture in the process. Overall, interactions at home from infancy determine the child's initial language acquisition before they begin school.

Quotes:

" The interactionist view thus takes into consideration the importance of both nature and nurture in the language acquisition process" pg. 62

"Interactions do not necessarily lead to immediate understanding. Rudimentary understandings must be developed and refined overtime, often through misunderstandings." pg.62

"Children are constantly constructing meaning as they interact with people and the

world around them, and through these interactions, they gradually sort out the

nuances and multiple meanings of words and phrases. The interactionist perspective

acknowledges the important roles of both the child and the social environment

in the language acquisition process" pg. 63

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Theories of language development: Nativist, learning, interactionist | MCAT | Khan Academy

# data[].attributes.body
Information:

The L2 behaviorist perspective was widely used in the 1960s to teach English to L2 learners. One popular method was the audiolingual method, which used tape recordings and pattern drills for students to memorize. When students had errors, the errors were corrected immediately so that there wouldn't be any additional confusion later on in their English learning process.

Quotes:

"For behaviorists, the process involved in second or foreign language learning consisted of imitation, repetition, and reinforcement of grammatical structures" pg. 65

"Students are first taught to listen and speak and then to read and write based on the assumption that this is the natural sequence in first language acquisition" pg.65

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Behaviorism and Second Language Acquisition

# data[].attributes.body
Information:

The L2 Innatist perspective uses creative construction theory when teaching English to L2 students. Children are given visual aids and asked questions about the pictures. The studies done with this method showed that L2 learners made similar errors to L1 learners when initially being taught this format.

Quotes:

"Just as Chomsky’s theories inspired psycholinguists to record

and describe the developing grammars of young first language learners, they

also influenced research on second language acquisition" pg. 65

"Children were asked questions about the pictures in

ways that elicited the use of certain grammatical structures. Children’s grammatical

errors were then examined to determine whether they could be attributed

to influence from the first language or whether they were similar to the types of

errors young, native English-speaking children make." pg.65

"English language learners creatively construct

the rules of the second language in a manner similar to that observed in first

language acquisition" pg.66

# data[].attributes.body
Information:

Stephen Krashen is a researcher who developed five hypotheses about second language acquisition. The five hypotheses are the acquisition/learning hypothesis, monitor hypothesis, natural order hypothesis, input hypothesis, and the affective filter hypothesis. Krashen also suggests to give students individual quiet time so they can listen and think about the language they are learning.

Quotes:

"For a student to use the monitor, three conditions are necessary: sufficient

time, focus on grammatical form, and explicit knowledge of the rules" pg.66

"According to the natural order hypothesis,

language learners acquire (rather than learn) the rules of a language in a predictable

sequence" pg.67

"Three constraints underlie Krashen’s definition of input: (1) it must be understandable, thus the term comprehensible input; (2) it must contain grammatical structures that are just a bit beyond the acquirer’s current linguistic knowledge (abbreviated as i + 1, with i meaning input and +1 indicating the ideally challenging level); and (3) it must be part of naturally flowing language used for authentic, purposeful communication" pg.67

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Stephen Krashen's Theories (5 hypotheses)

# data[].attributes.body
Information:

The L2 interactionist perspective values social interactions among peers to help develop a better understanding of a second language. This interaction can be between a native and a non-native speaker, where the communication allows the non-native speaker to modify their speech to those of the native speakers. This process, in my opinion, can also help the native speaker possibly learn a second language with which they may not be familiar, ending in a win-win situation.

Quotes:

" They focus on the ways in which native speakers modify their speech to try to make themselves understood by English-learning conversational partners" pg.68

"Interactionists are also interested in how non-native speakers use their budding knowledge of the new language to get their ideas across and to achieve their communicative goals. This trial-and-error process of give-and-take in communication is referred to as the negotiation of meaning" pg.68

"A second language learner’s output facilitates acquisition in at

least two ways. First, it can serve to elicit requests for clarification, thus requiring

repetition or paraphrasing that is more understandable. In addition, as learners

speak or write in the new language, they have to actively select the grammar,

vocabulary, and linguistic style that will best express their ideas" pg.68