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In Sudan, 97% of the population are Muslims, predominantly Sunni. Islam spread to the region after Prophet Muhammad's death in the 7th century, but only became dominant after the decline of the medieval Nubian kingdoms in the 14th century. Sufism, a mystical branch of Islam, arrived in Sudan in the 16th century, blending with local traditions and emphasizing spiritual paths led by charismatic sheikhs. While Sudanese Islam is generally tolerant, Salafism is growing due to influences from Saudi Arabia. Politically, Islam is deeply entrenched, with sharia law implemented since 1983 and significant ties between Sufi brotherhoods and political parties (Discover Sudan, 2024).

Discover Sudan. (2024). Islam in Sudan. https://discoversudan.de/en/travel/sudan/islam-sudan

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Language culture in Sudan reflects a rich blend of traditional influences, predominantly shaped by Arabic. Arabic, both Standard and Sudanese dialects, is the primary language used in education, media, and daily communication. Alongside Arabic, indigenous languages such as Nubian and Beja contribute to the cultural tapestry, preserving traditional expressions and oral histories. These languages often incorporate Arabic vocabulary and are used in various cultural practices, including music and storytelling. This linguistic diversity underscores the influence of Arabic culture while maintaining the unique heritage of Sudan’s indigenous languages (El-Tayeb, 2020).

El-Tayeb, A. (2020). The impact of Arabic on indigenous languages in Sudan. Journal of Sudanese Studies, 45(3), 78-92.

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Abreh, a traditional Sudanese drink, is made by fermenting sorghum with spices and water, creating a refreshing beverage that holds cultural importance in Sudan. This drink is especially significant during the holy month of Ramadan, when Muslims fast during daylight hours. The preparation of abreh, also known as hulu-mur, is a communal activity due to its labor-intensive process. Typically, groups of women often neighbors or relatives collaborate by rotating between each other’s homes to make hulu-mur. They continue this process until they have enough hulu-mur sheets to last through Ramadan (Sudan Memory, 2022).

Sudan Memory. (2022). Abreh: Traditional Sudanese drink. https://www.sudanmemory.org/cms/104/

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Cupping therapy, known as Hijama, is a traditional Sudanese practice valued for its healing properties. The method involves applying heated cups to the skin to create suction, which is thought to remove toxins and enhance blood flow (Ibrahim, 2021). Hijama is frequently used to relieve pain, reduce inflammation, and address various health issues, including respiratory and muscle-related conditions. It remains an integral part of Sudanese culture, often used in conjunction with other traditional and modern medical approaches. Its ongoing use demonstrates how cultural practices are incorporated into modern healthcare (Ibrahim, 2021).

Ibrahim, A. (2021). Traditional healing practices in Sudan: The role of cupping therapy. Journal of Sudanese Medicine, 15(4), 210-223.

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Common Health Issues that Sudanese Refugees Face..

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Common Health Issues that Sudanese Refugees Face..

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Sudanese refugees coming to Australia frequently experience serious mental health issues, especially Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) from their past trauma and displacement. They may suffer from flashbacks, intense anxiety, and emotional numbness, which can impact their health and ability to settle into Australian life. Effective treatment for PTSD requires care that is sensitive to their cultural needs, including trauma-informed counseling that respects their background. Access to specialized mental health services and support is essential for helping them overcome these challenges and adjust to their new environment (Brown, 2023).

Brown, T. (2023). Mental health challenges and treatments for Sudanese refugees in Australia. Journal of Refugee Studies, 36(1), 112-127.

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Sudanese refugees in Australia face significant challenges with social inclusion and discrimination, which are crucial social determinants of their health. Despite many years in Australia, these refugees often struggle with a sense of belonging and cultural identity, hindered by systemic racism and negative media portrayals. Discrimination affects their integration by limiting access to education, employment, and social interactions. This ongoing exclusion, especially for younger refugees caught between their heritage and a society that views them as outsiders, leads to identity conflict and psychological issues. Media stereotypes, such as labeling Sudanese youth as "African gangs," worsen feelings of exclusion and hinder their successful integration into Australian society. (Sabitra Kaphle et al., 2024). These systemic barriers perpetuate cycles of discrimination and impact the well-being of both current and future generations. Social inclusion and non-discrimination are vital for refugee health. When refugees are included and treated fairly, they can access essential services like healthcare and education, leading to improved mental and physical health. Promoting inclusion and challenging discriminatory practices are essential for refugees to adapt and thrive in their new environment (Sabitra Kaphle et al., 2024).

Sabitra Kaphle, Fanany, R., Kelly, J., Rawal, L., & Grish Paudel. (2024). Living at the Fence – Navigating Complexities While Settling in New Country: Lived Experiences of South Sudanese Refugees in Australia. Journal of Intercultural Studies, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/07256868.2024.2307947

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Competency Framework  Domain 1: Clinical Expert

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Competency Framework  Domain 1: Clinical Expert

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For me, the most relevant idea is to understand the cultural, religious, and personal factors that affect Sudanese refugees’ health. I have developed my understanding of how migration and trauma impact their well-being and the importance of using culturally appropriate care methods. Having learned this, I now feel better prepared to adapt my approach to meet their needs. This understanding is useful to me in the workplace because it helps me provide more respectful and effective care. Previously, I thought a general approach was enough which was probably due to a lack of specific awareness.

Cultural Diversity in Health & Education. (2019). Culturally responsive clinical practice: Working with people from migrant and refugee backgrounds. https://culturaldiversityhealth.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Culturally-responsive-clinical-practice-Working-with-people-from-migrant-and-refugee-backgrounds-Jan2019.pdf