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Lebow, H. I. (2021, July 2). How does PTSD affect the brain? the physical effects of trauma. Psych Central. https://psychcentral.com/ptsd/the-science-behind-ptsd-symptoms-how-trauma-changes-the-brain#next-steps

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John Hopkins medicine. (n.d.). Traumatic brain injury. Johns Hopkins Medicine. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/traumatic-brain-injury

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Memory is the record of our past without memory everything would be meaningless due to the fact that we have no context to base anything on. (Sousa, 2022)

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Sousa D. A. (2022). How the brain learns. Corwin. https://doiorg.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.4135/9781071855324

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As students learn they are able to ignore most what is going around them blocking out distractions this is done by sensory memory.

Incoming sensory is monitored for importance due to past memories. Most of the time the information is not important and is ignored. (Sousa, 2022)

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Short-term or working memory is the temporary place that information is stored before it is either forgotten or transferred into Long term memory.

This is where the conscious thought processes happens, what has captured attention and what we are working through with limited capacity.(Sousa, 2022)

As educators we have to remember to teach in small chunks so that our students are able to process everything and move it to long-term memory instead of just forgetting it.

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Long-term Memory happens when the information that is being processed in the working memory makes sense and/or has meaning. (Sousa, 2022)

If the information just makes sense there will most likely have no recollection how the information was obtained.

If both sense and meaning was established it is more likely that the information will be moved into Long-term memory

Long-term Memory can be split in to different types.

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Declarative memory is all about the facts.

There are two types of Declarative memory episodic and semantic.

Episodic memory is about our own personal history. What we can remember about the events of our lives.

Semantic memory is the knowledge and facts not related to events. (Sousa, 2022)

While episodic memory has meaning and sense to us semantic memory does not necessarily have meaning. Educators therefore have to make meaning possible when teaching by relating the information to personal experiences.

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Long-term Memory- Nondeclarative memory 

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Long-term Memory- Nondeclarative memory 

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Nondeclarative memory any memory that can not be declared or explained in a direct manor.

Nondeclarative memory has four types: Procedural, Perceptual representation system, Classical conditioning,

Nonassociative learning

Procedural memory are the things that we can do with little conscious effort

Perceptual representation system is the ability to recall the structures of words and pictures out of memory without explicit recall.

Classical conditioning is when a conditioned stimulus prompts an unconditioned response.

Nonassociative learning comes in two forms: habituation and sensitization. Habituation is when we learn to not to respond to things that require conscious attention. Sensitization is when we respond to wrong or threatening stimuli. (Sousa, 2022)

In education nondeclarative memory is important for fine and gross motor skills, and the skills that are needed to read quickly, and the knowledge of what we should do without a conscious thought. This is where early childhood teachers spend a lot of time focusing their efforts so that students are successful as they get older.

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Retention of memories requires the a learner to give conscious attention to what is being taught also there must be sense and meaning for it to be moved into long-term memory. (Sousa, 2022)

Teachers must give students small chances of information and provide a meaning behind the information being taught if not students will only keep the information long enough for it to be assessed and then it will be dropped from working memory.

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Transfer is the process that allows the brain to organize and reorganize when new stimuli is being processed creating new neural networks into new patterns. (Sousa, 2022)

Transfer in the brain is a two step process Transfer during learning and transfer of learning.

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Transfer during learning happens when the working memory reaches out the long-term memory to look for past learning that is similar or associated with the new learning.

This can be a positive transfer that allows previous learning to integrate with ease, or it can be a negative transfer when the previous learning interferes and makes it harder to learn (Sousa, 2022)

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The brain is wired to search out patterns to make the transfers of learning possible the brain looks for previous learning and then adds to the pattern of what is already there with the new learning. (Sousa, 2022)

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When Trauma happens to the brain whether it is physical or stressed based it changes the brain in complex ways. These impacts effect the ways the brain learns.

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Trauma can affect memories in different ways.

If it is a physical Trauma the brain can have significant memory loss or it can cause a loss of physical, visual, or other functions.

Stress induced trauma can cause memory loss, it can cause a person to be triggered into an emotional state without warning, it can also cause a person to act in a way that is normal.

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Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) are caused by an external, physical assault to the head that creates damage to the brain. This is one of the most common reasons that an adult has a disability or has passed away. There are two types of. TBI a closed brain injury or a Penetrating brain injury.

TBI's can cause minor to extreme cognitive effects, motor deficits, perceptual or sensory deficits, communication or language deficits, and many other deficits or difficulties.

Also, a TBI can cause a person's personality to change or cause them psychiatric issues.John Hopkins medicin. (n.d.). Traumatic brain injury. (John Hopkins medicine, n.d.)

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Trauma makes changes to your brain. Your brain rewires its self to make sure that you are safe. When your brain goes into overdrive with the rewiring do to stress it is called Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). These changes can become permanent if there is no treatment. Treatment takes time and lots of effort but over time it is posable to rewire the brain into a state of calm. (Lebow, 2021)

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In Education Procedural memories are more of a focus in early childhood though they are learned throughout a persons life time. Things like holding a writing utensils, using scissors, skipping, and even driving a car are all examples of procedural memories at work

Procedural memories are best learned by continuing to practice the fine or gross motor skills that are needed to complete the procedure. However, the brain cannot learn two of these at the same time. Therefore educators need to focus on teaching one at a time so that the brain can spend the effort needed to learn it to mastery.

When trauma happens and it affects procedural memory that person will have practice the skills again until mastery happens.

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Educators need to teach in short intervals during class period. When educators do this they keep the brain engaged and take advantage of prime-learning For example in a in a 90 minute period if a teacher chunks their teaching into 20 minute lessons taking advantage of primetime to downtime learning episodes students' brains will retain more of the information. Taking note that teacher directed learning should only take up one to two of the learning episodes. (Sousa, 2022)

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By increasing wait time a teacher can increase student participation, quality of answers, and students are able to provide higher order answers.

This is also good for learners with disabilities or trauma related memory issues who need longer times to formulate answers. (Sousa, 2022)