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Summers are hot (March–June) 40°C

Winter (December–February)

significantly cooler 7°C to 23°C

Fog and frost: A dense, chilly fog often blankets the plains in the mornings, sometimes persisting late into the day. Ground frost can also occur. This fog and the associated cold waves can impact agriculture and local communities.

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The Terai grasslands in India are a narrow, subtropical belt of savanna and tall grasslands located at the foothills of the Himalayas. This unique and highly threatened ecosystem is a continuation of the Indo-Gangetic Plain and stretches across several Indian states.

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Flooding of rivers deposits nutrient-rich silt called the alluvial soil

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The annual floods of the monsoon season are vital for maintaining the expansive tall grasslands, allowing them to regenerate and thrive.

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Producers include tall grass species like the Tripidium bengalense (baruwa) and Saccharum spontaneum (kans grass).

Also, large forest trees such as sal (Shorea robusta), and the cotton tree (Bombax ceiba) are common

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Nilgai prefer grass but also eat leaves flowers and fruits of trees like Acacia. Threat: Overgrazing by cattle often leaves little food for the nilgais, and they compensate by raiding crops. Thus farmers find them as a nuisance.

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Eat snakes and rodents controlling these populations

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Lesser adjutants thrive in a Jharkhand district, finds study

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The lesser adjutant stork is thriving in the Bokaro district of Jharkhand with 385 individuals sighted at 14 different locations, notes a study by Mithilesh Dutta Dwivedi, an enthusiastic birder who has been monitoring the bird population of Jharkhand since 2012 as part of his Ph.D. research.

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Pangolins are vital to healthy ecosystems because they act as natural pest controllers by eating vast numbers of ants and termites, and as ecosystem engineers who aerate soil and cycle nutrients by digging burrows. Their abandoned burrows provide shelter for other animals, increasing biodiversity. As an indicator species, their presence signals a well-functioning, balanced environment, making their conservation crucial for the overall health of their habitats.

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One Health and Development Initiative (OHDI)

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Why Pangolins? - One Health and Development Initiative (OHDI)

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This article discusses the reasons why the Pangolin needs to be urgently protected and why OHDI chooses to work in this area

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Along with beautiful insects there are some harmful ones such as the aphids and termites which destroy crops and forests

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Nepal’s Hidden World of Insects and Spiders

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When people think of Nepal, towering peaks, fluttering prayer flags, and exotic birds often come
to mind. Yet, tucked within its forests, grasslands, and alpine meadows lies another vibrant world
that often goes unnoticed—the world of insects and spiders.
For years, there has been a lack of awareness and funding for research on these creatures in
Nepal. Only recently, with initiatives such as the annual butterfly count, is public attention slowly
turning toward the incredible diversity of insects that thrive in this Himalayan nation.

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The decline of snake populations can trigger a "trophic cascade." A decrease in snake predators leads to a rise in the rodent population, which can cause crop damage and increase the risk of infectious diseases spread by rats and mice

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Polypedates teraiensis is found in this region, eats insects

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Terai Tiger Project:

A project run by the Wildlife Trust of India works to mitigate human-wildlife conflict, particularly in the sugarcane fields where tigers and people often encounter each other.

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Converting grassland areas as protected areas for tigers, snakes and pangolins will ensure that their population thrives.

Incentives and educational initiatives to locals will change them from poachers to protectors.

Since the farmers will loose farming land or will not be able to use grassland for grazing they need to be provided alternative such as cultivating fodder grass in their villages or alternate farming to prevent shifting cultivation. (Farmers keep shifting their crops from one land to other to get more nutrients for crops.) Farmers can be educated about how to cultivate plants which can add nutrients to the soil such as the legumes. Starting poultry can give manure and a good side income for the farmers.

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1. “Nepal’s Hidden World of Insects and Spiders.” Heaven Himalaya, heavenhimalaya.com/nepal-insects-and-spiders/. Accessed 25 Aug. 2025.

2. Tandon, Aditi. “Lesser Adjutants Thrive in a Jharkhand District, Finds Study.” Mongabay, 24 Sept. 2024, india.mongabay.com/2024/09/lesser-adjutants-thrive-in-a-jharkhand-district-finds-study/.

3. “Terai-Duar Savanna and Grasslands: EBSCO.” EBSCO Information Services, Inc. | Www.Ebsco.Com, www.ebsco.com/research-starters/earth-and-atmospheric-sciences/terai-duar-savanna-and-grasslands. Accessed 25 Aug. 2025.