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https://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/csas/PDF/1_37_2_22.pdf

https://www.weforum.org/stories/2023/05/future-of-jobs-in-the-age-of-ai-sustainability-and-deglobalization/

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https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2022/06/politics-at-the-bench-the-pakistani-judiciarys-ambitions-and-interventions?lang=en

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Judiciary’s Role in Upholding the Constitution and the Rule of Law in Pakistan: A Critical Analysis

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The judiciary in Pakistan plays a crucial role in ensuring that the Constitution is followed and that the rule of law is maintained.

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Integrating Technology for Efficient Case Management

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Integrating Technology for Efficient Case Management

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The integration of technology into Pakistan's judicial system can significantly enhance accessibility and accountability. By adopting digital platforms for document submission, evidence presentation, and real-time case updates, the judiciary can provide a more streamlined and user-friendly process for both legal professionals and the public. Virtual hearings, for example, would allow cases to be heard promptly without the need for physical presence, overcoming geographical and logistical barriers. Additionally, the use of artificial intelligence and data analytics can help identify patterns in case management, predict case durations, and optimize resource allocation, ensuring that the judicial system works more efficiently and meets the demands of a growing population.

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With over 2 million cases pending across the country, litigants often face waiting periods of 3 to 5 years, sometimes even longer, before receiving a resolution. As of 30th June, 2023, there was a net pendency of 2,175,634 (2.17 Million) cases in the country, out of which 387,465 (0.38 Million) cases were pending in the Superior courts (i.e. Supreme Court, Federal Shariat Court and the High Courts) while 1,788,124 (1,78 Million) cases were pending in the District Judiciary.

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Trust Deficit in Pakistan's Legal System

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Trust Deficit in Pakistan's Legal System

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In Pakistan, a deep mistrust pervades the legal system. Only 21% of people trust the prosecution of corrupt officials, while just 23% have confidence in law enforcement. Law graduates often lack practical training, and 68% of urban Pakistanis distrust the judiciary due to delays.

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The disparity between legal theory and practice in Pakistan dates to independence in 1947. Despite democratic and Islamic ideals in its Constitution, enforcement falters due to colonial-era laws, weak institutions, and political interference. Pakistan ranks 129 out of 140 on the Rule of Law Index (2023). Events like the 2007 judicial crisis highlight how political meddling undermines justice, leaving the system misaligned with its theoretical principles.

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In 1999 HRCP recorded 350 encounters in which 527 “suspects” were killed across Pakistan. Approximate numbers of extralegal killings from 2000 to 2003 were as follows: In 2000, killings in police encounters were 192, and 107 in 2001 and 236 in 2002. 195 people were reported to have lost their lives in 24 encounters with police during 2003. One hundred and five people were killed in 134 encounters in Punjab alone during 2004. The pattern continued during 2005-2008. The data at HRCP collected from newspapers revealed that 166 encounters took place during November, 2004 to August, 2005 with 252 killings and 35 police officials killed. Media reports 26 put the death tolls in police encounters for 2006, 2007 and 2008 at 171, 234 and 259, respectively, (Human Rights Commission of Pakistan). These actions clearly violate constitutional rights such Article 10A guaranteeing the right to a fair trial, Article 9 ensuring the right to life and liberty, and the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) mandating due process in criminal investigations.

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A critical issue relating to enforcement of human rights is that all fundamental rights, except for the inviolability of the dignity of human person (Article 14 (1) of the Constitution), are subject to law and there are provisions in the Constitution itself and laws have been made that deny or curtail the duly recognized rights. For instance, the Constitution says all citizens are equal before the law, but the law of evidence denies this right to women and the Hudood Ordinances deny this equality to Non-Muslim citizens. By denying certain high offices to non-Muslims and by providing for the state's proactive role in enabling the Muslims to follow their creed and making no such commitment regarding Non-Muslims, the Constitution itself lays the foundations of discrimination. (DAP, Vol 4)

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Pakistan's legal system retains significant influences from British colonial laws introduced during their rule over the Indian subcontinent. Despite independence, many colonial-era laws persist, impacting the functionality and efficiency of the legal framework. Efforts to modernize face challenges due to outdated statutes, insufficient legal training, and institutional weaknesses. Reforming these laws to align with Pakistan’s current social, economic, and political realities is crucial for ensuring justice and effective governance. Enhanced legal education and training are essential to equip a new generation of experts to address contemporary challenges.

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The superior judiciary has moved beyond just arbitrating political disputes to playing a tutelary role of its own within the political system: constraining the authority and vetoing the policies and actions of elected institutions in order to shape politics and policies in line with its own preferences. This newfound initiative has meant the judiciary frequently opposed, constrained, and undermined elected and unelected institutions. Opposition parties and state officials hoping to challenge civilian and military governments have turned to the increasingly assertive courts.

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The shortcomings of Pakistan’s legal system have created a fertile ground for rampant crime. With widespread corruption in law enforcement and a judiciary overwhelmed by over 2.2 million pending cases, justice is often delayed or denied. The lack of accountability for criminal acts, particularly those committed by powerful individuals, allows lawbreakers to act with impunity. Police brutality and extrajudicial killings, where the law is frequently disregarded, further undermine the legal framework, fostering a culture of lawlessness. The system’s inefficiency in ensuring timely trials and punishing offenders has led to increased criminal activities, as many feel the law is unable to protect them or punish wrongdoers.

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Pakistan's Anti-Terrorism Act (ATA) and it's Misuse

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Pakistan's Anti-Terrorism Act (ATA) and it's Misuse

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Pakistan's Anti-Terrorism Act (ATA) 1997, intended to combat terrorism, is often misapplied, targeting citizens in non-terrorism cases. This misuse undermines its purpose, violating constitutional guarantees like Article 10A (right to a fair trial) and exposing a stark gap between the law's intent and its implementation.

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Military and Intelligence: Shaping Pakistan's Judiciary

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Military and Intelligence: Shaping Pakistan's Judiciary

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Military and Intelligence agencies' interference in Pakistan's judiciary is a major factor contributing to the gap between legal theory and practice. From the historical validation of martial law under the "Doctrine of State Necessity" to recent instances of intelligence agencies pressuring judges, the independence of the judiciary is often compromised. The recent allegations from Islamabad High Court judges about surveillance and threats from intelligence agencies further illustrate this issue. In the letter to Supreme Judicial Council, the six Islamabad High Court judges claimed that the country’s intelligence agencies were pressurizing judges through abduction and torture of their relatives and secret surveillance their homes.

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Systemic inefficiency in Pakistan’s judiciary is driven by a massive backlog of cases and outdated legal procedures. Over 2.6 million cases were pending in 2023, creating significant delays and straining court resources. Corruption and the involvement of intermediaries further worsen this inefficiency. Bribery is common, with intermediaries demanding kickbacks to expedite cases, which not only delays proceedings but also undermines the integrity of the judicial process. Research from the Transparency International Pakistan highlights that corruption within the judiciary, especially at lower levels, contributes significantly to the delays and the public’s lack of trust in the system. Despite efforts like the National Judicial Automation Program (NJAP), which aims to digitize case management, rural areas still face implementation challenges, limiting the impact of reforms. These inefficiencies, coupled with corruption, exacerbate the gap between legal theory and its application in practice.

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Human Rights Watch (HRW) reported that between March 2011 and June 2022, 8,463 complaints had been received by Pakistan's Commission of Inquiry on Enforced Disappearances. The Missing Persons Case in Pakistan highlights the grave issue of enforced disappearances, particularly in conflict zones like Balochistan. Thousands of individuals, including political activists and journalists, have gone missing, allegedly at the hands of state security agencies. Despite interventions by the Supreme Court and the formation of a commission to investigate, delays, lack of accountability, and political resistance have hindered justice. Families continue to demand answers, while the issue reflects a glaring disparity between legal ideals of human rights and the reality of their enforcement.

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The Salman Taseer case (2011) highlights the disparity between legal theory and practice in Pakistan, particularly in the context of blasphemy laws. Salman Taseer, the Governor of Punjab, was assassinated by his bodyguard, Mumtaz Qadri, for speaking out against the misuse of the blasphemy laws and advocating for the pardon of Aasia Bibi, a Christian woman accused of blasphemy. Despite constitutional guarantees of freedom of speech (Article 19) and equality before the law (Article 25), the blasphemy laws, under Section 295-C of the Pakistan Penal Code (PPC), are often misused to target minorities and silence dissent. While Qadri was convicted and executed, his actions were widely celebrated by certain segments of society, reflecting the gap between the theoretical protections offered by the law and their implementation in a socio-political environment shaped by extremism. The case underscores the challenges of upholding constitutional principles in the face of cultural and religious pressures.

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The Safia Bibi case (1983) exposed the grave disparity between legal theory and practice in Pakistan. Safia, a blind domestic worker, was raped by her employer and his son but was convicted of zina (adultery) under the Hudood Ordinances when she became pregnant and failed to provide four male witnesses to prove the assault. Despite constitutional guarantees of equality (Article 25) and dignity (Article 14), Islamic laws as implemented at the time, such as Section 375 of the Pakistan Penal Code (PPC) defining rape, failed to protect victims. Instead, victims like Safia were further criminalized, reflecting systemic injustice. Public outrage led to later reforms, including the Protection of Women Act (2006), which separated rape from zina and allowed forensic evidence. However, this case remains a symbol of the deep divide between Pakistan's constitutional principles and the flawed application of Islamic law in practice

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 Economic Barriers in Pakistan's Legal System

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 Economic Barriers in Pakistan's Legal System

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Economic inequality significantly hampers access to justice in Pakistan, widening the gap between legal theory and its practical implementation. According to the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan (HRCP) in their 2023 report, over 40% of Pakistanis perceive the justice system as inaccessible due to financial constraints, highlighting how high legal fees and inadequate legal aid services exclude marginalized communities from seeking redress【HRCP, 2023】. Additionally, systemic corruption exacerbates inefficiency, with intermediaries often demanding bribes to expedite cases, further disadvantaging the poor and perpetuating delays【Effective Thoughts, 2023】. The judiciary’s severe shortage of judges, with only 19 judges per million people compared to higher ratios in countries like the US and UK, leads to overwhelming case backlogs and prolonged litigation【Wooqlaw.com, 2023】. These factors collectively undermine public trust in the legal system and illustrate how economic disparities and systemic inefficiencies prevent the realization of Pakistan's legal ideals, perpetuating inequality and injustice.

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The judiciary in Pakistan largely remained a reactionary institution as it endeavored for the self-preservation rather than upholding the constitutionalism and enforcing the rule of law. Political influence on Pakistan’s judiciary continues to play a pivotal role in the ongoing disparity between legal theory and practice. The judiciary’s independence has often been compromised by political parties seeking to sway decisions in their favor. This influence is evident in the way political actors seek to control judicial appointments, extend the tenure of favorable judges, or dismiss those they oppose.

For instance, the Shehbaz Sharif government had planned to extend the tenure of Chief Justice Qazi Faez Isa,such moves reflect the broader pattern of political interference in judicial matters, which has weakened the rule of law. When the PTI was in power, they similarly attempted to extend the retirement age for judges, hoping to retain those aligned with their political agenda.

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AI conducts research by using machine learning and natural language processing (NLP) to analyze large datasets, summarize information, and identify patterns. It can rapidly sift through research papers, legal texts, and historical records, helping researchers by accelerating tasks like literature reviews and hypothesis generation. A study in Nature Communications shows that AI can generate research summaries 30 times faster than humans.

AI also provides a very structured approach by organizing vast amounts of data, identifying key patterns, and automating tasks, enabling faster progress in research. By streamlining processes like data sorting and literature reviews, AI allows researchers to focus on deeper analysis and decision-making. This structured method accelerates the research cycle, improving efficiency and accuracy in problem-solving​.

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Expert Intelligence (EI) plays a crucial role in research by providing deep contextual understanding, critical analysis, and nuanced interpretation that data alone cannot offer. EI enables experts to draw meaningful connections, synthesize complex information, and evaluate research from ethical, cultural, and historical perspectives. This human judgment ensures that research is not just a series of facts but a thoughtful and well-rounded exploration of the issue at hand.

However, EI has its challenges. It is subject to biases, limited by time and resources, and dependent on individual expertise, which can vary. The World Economic Forum’s Future of Jobs Report 2023 underscores the evolving landscape of expertise, noting that 23% of global jobs are expected to change in the next five years, highlighting the increasing demand for adaptable human expertise as technology reshapes industries and job functions. As expertise becomes more fluid, EI will need to evolve to keep pace with technological and societal shifts.

Despite these challenges, EI remains indispensable in research for its ability to add depth, creativity, and ethical grounding that machines cannot replicate.

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AI vs EI: A Comparison with Literary Sources in Research

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AI vs EI: A Comparison with Literary Sources in Research

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In legal research, AI enhances efficiency by quickly analyzing vast datasets, extracting relevant legal precedents, and identifying patterns across case law, statutes, and regulations. AI tools like LexisNexis and Westlaw accelerate the discovery of relevant cases, saving significant time for legal professionals. However, AI lacks the ability to interpret legal subtleties, apply contextual judgment, and address ethical concerns inherent in law. Expert/ Emotional Intelligence (EI) steps in to provide the necessary context, offering critical analysis and understanding of how laws evolve in response to societal changes. Legal experts can draw connections between case law and real-world circumstances, ensuring that research reflects both legal principles and their societal implications.

Literary sources, such as law reviews and academic journals, provide the foundational theories and critical insights that AI can analyze but cannot generate on its own. According to Harvard Law Review (2021), while AI processes vast amounts of legal information, it is EI that ensures the research is grounded in practical, ethical, and contextual relevance. In combination, AI, EI, and literary sources create a holistic and efficient approach to legal research.

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Limitations of AI in Legal Research: A Contrast with Literary Sources

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Limitations of AI in Legal Research: A Contrast with Literary Sources

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Studies show that over 60% of legal professionals feel AI tools lack the critical thinking necessary to handle complex legal arguments, particularly those that require moral or ethical judgment (source: Deloitte). Moreover, AI systems are prone to perpetuating biases in their training data, potentially leading to biased legal outcomes. A 2021 study by Stanford University highlighted that AI systems used in legal contexts can sometimes reinforce societal biases, which could exacerbate existing disparities in legal proceedings.

In contrast, literary sources—such as legal textbooks, academic articles, and historical case studies—offer a depth of analysis that AI cannot match. These sources provide not only the legal rules and precedents but also the interpretation and application of those rules within real-world scenarios. Human expertise, honed through years of study and practice, remains essential to interpreting these sources effectively. AI lacks the human judgment required to apply these legal principles in complex and evolving cases. Therefore, while AI can accelerate the research process, it is the nuanced understanding of legal professionals, guided by scholarly resources, that ensures the law is applied justly and accurately.

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https://worldjusticeproject.org/rule-of-law-index/global

https://irss.academyirmbr.com/papers/1695987513.pdf

https://worldjusticeproject.org/sites/default/files/documents/Pakistan_Report_2017_Final-Online%20Version-Reduced.pdf

file:///C:/Users/PMLS/Downloads/22.+The+Prevalence+of+Corruption+in+Pakistan's+Judicial+and+Law+Enforcement+Sectors.pdf

http://www.ljcp.gov.pk/reports/bar1.pdf

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/374371941_The_Impact_of_Colonial-Era_Laws_on_Pakistan's_Legal_System_A_Historical_Analysis_of_the_British_Colonial_Influence_on_Pakistan's_Legal_System_and_Its_Ongoing_Effects

https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/migration/pk/DAP-Vol4-TheRuleofLaw.pdf

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Conducting Periodic Reviews of Outdated Laws

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Conducting Periodic Reviews of Outdated Laws

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Regular reviews of outdated laws not only help in keeping the legal framework relevant but also ensure that laws are in sync with the values and norms of modern society. As Pakistan continues to evolve, many laws that were introduced during colonial times or by military regimes no longer serve the current needs of the population. These outdated laws often create discrepancies in legal interpretation and practice, leading to confusion, delays, and unequal treatment under the law. A well-structured review process can identify and amend these provisions, ensuring that laws are fair, just, and aligned with international human rights standards.

Additionally, regular law reviews can foster public trust in the legal system. When citizens see that the laws are being updated to reflect their rights and address modern challenges, it boosts confidence in the fairness and integrity of the judiciary. Ultimately, such reforms can help bridge the gap between legal theory and practice, ensuring that the legal system truly serves the needs of all Pakistanis.

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Monitoring and Evaluation of Judicial Performance

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Monitoring and Evaluation of Judicial Performance

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Regular monitoring and evaluation of judicial performance are essential for ensuring that the judiciary remains effective, efficient, and accountable. Judicial performance evaluation allows for a transparent assessment of judges based on clear and objective criteria such as case handling time, the quality of judgments, and adherence to ethical standards. By instituting a formal system for assessing judicial performance, Pakistan can identify areas where the judiciary may be underperforming, whether due to workload issues, lack of resources, or personal biases. This process also ensures that judges are held accountable for their actions, fostering public trust in the judicial system and ensuring that justice is dispensed fairly and promptly.

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Ensuring Equal Access to Justice for All Citizens

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Ensuring Equal Access to Justice for All Citizens

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Equal access to justice is a fundamental principle that ensures fairness and equity in a society. In Pakistan, disparities in access to legal resources, education, and representation often prevent marginalized groups from seeking justice. To reduce these disparities, it is crucial to implement reforms that make the judicial system more inclusive and accessible to all citizens, regardless of their socio-economic background. This can be achieved through measures such as providing free legal aid to the poor, ensuring that legal services are available in rural areas, and removing financial or social barriers that hinder people from pursuing their cases.

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DALL·E 2024-12-07 03.01.16 - A diverse group of people representing different socio-economic backgrounds, ethnicities, and genders standing together in front of the Supreme Court 