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Testing testing 1, 2

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FIVE THINGS!!!!

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1. There are 4 different ways cells can communicate with cell signaling

2. Those ways are contact dependent, paracrine, synaptic, and endocrine

3. Cell signaling allows organisms to communicate and or/alter their behavior in response to a message

4. Synaptic signaling generally refers to neurotransmitters

5. Receptors can be water soluble (cell surface) or water insoluble (intracellular)

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1. The Endocrine system is a system of the body

2. Cells can signal each other in 4 different ways

3. Cell receptors can be either cell surface receptors or inracellular

4. Cytokines play a key role in maintaining cellular functions like transcription of genes or coordinating responses against microorgansism

5. The name of the connection between neurons (nerve cells) is called a synapse

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I learned that there are four forms of cell signaling.

I learned that the space between nerve cells are called Synapses.

I learned that paracrine signaling is only for short distance signaling between cells communicating locally.

I learned that there are two types of cell receptors, and that they're defined by their reaction to water.

I learned that paracrine signaling is used to communicate for immune response in specific parts of the body.

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1) I learned that an Axon is a long projection of a neuron transmitting impulse

2) Cell signaling can be compared to a mail system through an analogy

3) Neurotransmitter is a messenger which sends signals through the synapse

4) Signaling molecules have 4 ways they can communicate

5) Surface cell receptors are water soluble and intracellular are hydrophobic

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1. The 4 different ways cells communicate.

2. What neurotransmitters are

3. What the Endocrine system is

4. The difference between cell surface receptors and intracellular receptors

5. Paracrine signaling is when cells communicate over short distances

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Cell signaling allows organisms to coordinate the activity of many different cell types.

Receptors for signal molecules can be either cell surface or intracellular.

Cell surface signal molecules are water soluble while intracellular signal molecules are hydrophobic.

Cells can communicate in 4 different ways: Contact-dependent, paracrine, synaptic, endocrine.

Paracrine cell signaling allows cells to communicate and change activity in nearby cells.

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I learned all four different types of signal molecules

I also learned how signaling between cells works.

I learned that there are two different types of receptors there are hydrophilic and hydrophobic receptors

I learned what synaptic signaling is

I also learned what the difference is between endocrine systems and paracrine cell signaling

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Hello. I hope that you are well. We have covered at least four topics. Discuss the Why? How? and What? of each...

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What? Why? How?

1. Macromolecules

2. Organelles

3. Transport (active, passive)

4. Cellular Signaling

Macromolecules:

Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. These provide stability and help maintain homeostasis in the human body. Found in food and drinks, they provide nutrients and other substances that we can't naturally produce.

Organelles:

Found inside cells, these organelles provide structure and allow cells to function. Examples are the nucleus, golgi apparatus, the mitochondria, and more.

Transport:

Different types of cellular transport include active, passive, and the sodium-potassium pump. Active transport requires energy, unlike passive transport. Passive transport contains diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. Active transport contains exocytosis, endocytosis, and protein pumps. The sodium-potassium pump maintains sodium and potassium concentration in cells.

Cell Signaling:

Cell signaling is the coordination of activity between a variety of cells. Different types of cell signaling are paracrine, contact-dependent, synaptic, and endocrine signaling.

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What? Why? How?

1. Macro molecules

There are four major macro molecules that our bodies use everyday and those are, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Our bodies use these molecules as nutrients to keep us alive, as they give us energy and help with other bodily processes. These processes include short term energy storage, long term energy storage, cell rebuilding, cell structure, and genetic information. All of those actions are how macro molecules keep us moving and breathing everyday.

2. Cell Organelles

Cell organelles are miniature organs that are located in cells, and they carry out processes for the cell itself. These organelles include the nucleus, which stores genetic information, the mitochondria, which produces energy, and the vacuole, to store excess nutrients, along with many more. All of the organelles work in conjunction to ensure that homeostasis is being kept inside the cell, so that our bodies can function as a whole.

3. Cell Transport

There are two main types of cellular transport, active and passive. Both of these have the main goal of importing and exporting molecules in and out of the cell to maintain homeostasis. The key difference between the two is that active transport uses energy, on the contrary passive, or simple, diffusion does not. Active transport includes protein pumps, exocytosis, and endocytosis, these go against the gradient, while passive transport includes simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis, and goes with the gradient. One example of a specific protein pump is a sodium potassium pump, that pushes out sodium and brings in potassium, further creating a balance. These processes make sure that the cell is the right size all the time, and ensure our cells don't die.

4. Cell Signaling

Cell signaling is the process by which cells communicate. They do this through signals that are sent by the signal cell, and receptors that receive the signals on the target cell. There are four types of signalling, and these are chosen based on the distance that the signal has to travel. This communication ensures that cells can properly cooperate with each other, and react to changes in the environment, so that homeostasis is maintained.

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What? Why? How?

1. Macromolecules

2. Organelles

3. Transport (Active/Passive)(Na+ K+ Pump)

4. Cell Signaling

Macromolecules are the building blocks of life; they help our bodies to function. Carbohydrates, Lipids, Protiens, and Amino Acids are the four major macromolecules. They are neccisary for humans because we need them in order to maintain life, each of them help in a different way. Carbohydrates are the source of short term energy, it comes from foods like bread. Lipids help our body have long term energy, they are normally found in waxy things. Protiens help our body produce enzymes which do pretty much everything, it can be found in meats. Finally Amino acids, they hold genetic material.

Organelles are basically the organs inside of a cell. Their purpose is to help the cell function the way it was intended to. They can store the genetic DNA, regulate what comes in and out the cell.

Transport takes place in the membrane, it keeps the components of a cell from its environment. It happens with active and passive transport.

Cell signaling is the way a cell communicates with the other cells in the body. There are 4 ways to signal contact dependent paracrine, synaptic, and endocrine. These all vary in the difference between the signaling.

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4 Topics;

1. Macromolecules

2. Cell Organelles

3. Cell Transport

4. Cell Signaling

Macromolecules are crucial for everyday life. There are four kinds of macromolecules; Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids. Each of these serve a very unique purpose so that the human body can function the way it needs to. Some of their uses include conserving energy, and storing genetic information. With these uses, macromolecules can help make us who we are.

Cell Organelles are unique entities found within all kinds of cells. To name a few, we have the mitochondria, the nucleus, the plasma membrane, and the vacuoles. While some of these organelles are membrane bound, there are some organelles that can be found in each and every cell.

Cell Transport help carry substrate in and out of the cell membrane. There are a variety of transport types. There is Passive Transport, and Active Transport. Passive Transport does not use ATP, while Active Transport does. Most polar molecules and ions require a protein channel during transport.

Cell Signaling allows organisms to coordinate the activity of a wide variety of different cell types. There are four different ways to communicate via signal molecules; Contact-Dependent, Paracrine, Sypnaptic, and Endocrine.

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What,Why and How?

1. Macro Molecules

There are four major macro molecules that our body utilize everyday to support and maintain our daily lives. These four are Carbohydarte, Lipids, Protiens, and Nucliec acids, our body uses each one of these macro molecules each in there own unique way. We use them for long and short terms energy aswell as cell structure and the storage of genetic information. With the usage of these macro molecules are bodys are able to do basic mundane task such as walking and breathing.

2. Cell Organelles

Cell organelles are the small organes and structures that make up and are located in the cell itself. These organelles are task specific to themselves such as the nucleus which holds all the genetic material for the cell but they all work in collaboration to maintain and operate the cell.

3. Cell Transport (Active/Passive)

Cell transport is a very important part of how our body maintains itself to operate efficiently. The difference between active and passive transport is that active transport requires energy and goes against the grain while passive transport is opposite needing energy is going with the grain. This is done by allowing only certain thing in or out of the cell to controls the balance of the cell.

4. Cell Siginaling

Cell signaling is very important to the body as this is how we get information via communication from one part of the body to another. This is done by the transfer of signals cells and receports that receive and interpret this signals. There are four different types of signals that is dependent via the distance that the signal needs to go. This is important to the body as this is how it maintain a lot of the balancing features of the body such as homestais.

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1. Macromolecules: Macromolecules have four different subcategories, it includes Lipids, Proteins/Amino Acids, Carbohydrates, and Nucleic Acids. Why are these important? Because carbs help the body with nutrients so that the body can have the energy we need. This can be said for Proteins as well because it is on our food chart, humans need protein as a source of energy. The body gets these things by eating and consuming various food sources that contain Carbs, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids. All of which help their bodies in their own ways.

2. Organelles: There are many organelles in cells. They all work together to keep the cell alive and functioning. For example there are the Nucleus, the Mitochondria, and Ribosomes. Ribosomes can be found in many places in the cell. The Mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cells which gets the cell functioning with energy.

3. Active and Passive Transport: Passive Transport does not need energy to transport, it includes Osmosis, Facilitated Diffusion, and Diffusion. It goes from high to low in the gradient. Active transport needs ATP to function, including protein pumps, endocytosis and exocytosis. Low to high gradient.

4. Cell Signaling:Four types of cell Signaling, Paracrine, Endocrine, Autocrine, and Synaptic. Paracrine is close by Signaling, Synaptic Signaling is neuron cells that transmit signals to each other, Autocrine system is when the cell signals to itself and takes on its on development, Endocrine- the opposite of Paracrine, which is long distance signal travel for the cells.

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1. Macromolecules

There are 4 major macromolecules. These Include:

Carbohydrates: act as short term energy

Lipids: Act as long term energy

Proteins: Used to create some type of support in the body and help the body function correctly

Nucleic Acid: Used to make genetic information

Each macromolecule is used by the human body to keep the body in balance or homeostasis.

2. Organelles

Inside the cells are organelles which carry out certain tasks to insure the survival of the cell. Depending on what thing the cell makes up (plant or animal) determines what organelles are found in it. For example, in plant cells you will find the Cell Wall and the Chloroplasts. These are not located inside of an animal cell. There are 2 types of organisms. Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic. Eukaryotic cells are complex and include a nucleas, while a prokaryotic cell is simple and does not include a nucleus.

3. Cell Transport

In the cell, things cross the cell membrane through 2 types of transport. There is active transport which uses ATP to push molecules across the membrane. Passive transport is the the transport of molecules across the membrane without the use of energy. Sodium Potassium pumps use energy to push Sodium and Potassium with the use of energy.

4. Cell Signaling

Cell signaling is used in organisms to coordinate different types of cells. There are 4 types of cells signaling. Each have different ways of communicating, whether that is through direct contact or through sending something to activate the response.

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Cell Signaling -

Cell Signaling is the process in which cells communicate with each other as to perform needed functions. This is done through various means, such as Autocrine signaling, which is signaling within a cell, Paracrine signaling, which is the signaling from one cell to a neighboring cell, Endocrine signaling, which is signaling from one cell to another anywhere in the body, usually carried out through the bloodstream, and Cell to Cell contact signaling, which is where cells must be touching to share information. Any information sent out by a cell through any of these means is presented as a ligand, and is taking in by a cells various receptors, either internal or external receptors based on the type of signaling.

Cell Transport -

Cell transport is the movement of things in and out of the cell membrane, letting in needed resources for the cell to function, or sending out needed resources for other cells. This is done in various ways. For examples, there are many different kinds of what we call passive transport, which is when things move in and out of the cell without any form of energy input, it is simply moved. The rest fall into a category we refer to as active transport, which is when things are moved in and out of a cells membrane with the help of energy.

Organelles -

Organelles are basically a cells organs. We understand that our organs, like your brain or your heart are what allow us to do what we do, and cells have those too. Cells have their own set of organs that facilitate their actions and allow them to perform operations mentioned above. Different cells may have various organelles, some without some that other may have, but they all fulfill the same basic functions. Things like the nucleus, acting as a center the cells and almost like a brain, to the cell membrane, acting as a barrier protecting the cell and a glue to hold everything together, everything has a function, and these are just a few of many organelles that make our cells work.

Macromolecules -

Macromolecules are the basics of our body. They are by no means the smallest pieces of us, but they facilitate certain body functions, letting us and our cells do what we do. These range from carbs, acting as short term energy and having many other functions that I don't have time to mention, to lipids, acting as a longer term storage for energy, and having many functions within our cells, proteins, which build our tissue and work to fix what's broken, among many other things, and nucleic acids, which holds genetic information and works to make us who we are. The tiny molecules are the building blocks of most of our functions, and without them we just don't function.

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Cell signaling:

Cell signaling is how cells communicate between a target cell and an initial cell. There are a few types of cell signaling: Juxtacrine signaling(contact dependent), synaptic signaling( a type of juxtacrine signaling that a neuron does),paracrine signaling(secretes a chemical signal), endocrine signaling(hormonal), autocrine signaling(Cell sends a message to itself). These signaling methods require receptors and differ based upon the distance a signal has to travel. Cell signaling is used in order for the cells to communicate functions amongst each other.

Macromolecules:

There are 4 macromolecules: Proteins, Lipids, Carbohydrates, and Nucleic Acids. Proteins are made of Amino Acids and contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen. Carbohydrates are made of monosaccharides and are made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. carbs provide energy for the body. Lipids are made of fatty acids and are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Lipids provide insulation and long term energy for our body. Nucleic Acids are made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus and make up DNA. These macromolecules are building blocks for processes(Ex. DNA replication with nucleic acids) in the body.

Active/passive:

Active transport is transport against the concentration gradient across the cell membrane that requires ATP. Passive Transport is with the concentration gradient and is without energy. Passive transport has facilitated diffusion, diffusion and It helps even out the molecules in and out of the membrane. These transports help the body maintain homeostasis by regulating molecules and processes in the body.

Organelles:

Organelles within a cell are like organs in a body. They each have a specific function and help the cell work as a whole. there are Lysosomes, Nucleus's, Vacuoles, and ERs. Organelles help the cell also maintain homeostasis. One example of this is a vacuole which holds waste and removes waste or water. It regulates how much water is in a cell by removing excess nutrients/water.

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topic 1- Macromolecules

What - Macromolecules are Lipids, carbohydrates, amino acids, and proteins. Each has a different function.

How- Lipids are fatty acids that hold long term storage. Carbohydrates are things like bread and is used for short term storage. Proteins consist of things like the hemoglobin. Amino acids hold our DNA applications.

Why-These macromolecules all have different functions that help our body and help us maintain homeostasis.

Topic 2- Organelle

What- An organelle is a structure/ structures that perform many functions in a cell.

How- organelles can create proteins, ribosomes and energy to in their functions

Why- We need organelles so we can keep the cell alive.

Topic 3- Cell transport

What- There is active and passive transport

How- one requires energy( active)- protein pumps, endocytosis, exocytosis one doesn't (passive) - diffusion, facilitated diffusion and osmosis

Why- helps with the movement of molecules

Topic 4- Cell signaling

What- allows organisms to coordinates the activity of wide variety of different cell types.

how- using signaling molecules in 4 different ways and differs in distance-

contract dependent

paracrine

synaptic

endocrine

Why- important for cell differentiation and growth. And also helps cells work normally.

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Macromolecules, Organelles, Cell transport, cell signaling 

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Macromolecules, Organelles, Cell transport, cell signaling 

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Macromolecules=

~Macromolecules are separated into four different categories Carbohydrates, DNA/ RNA, Protein and lipids. Why= Macromolecules is what makes our body run. They code our DNA, provide our cells with nutrients which then help our body which then generate energy and allow us to maintain healthy and moveable.

Organelles= Organelles are our cells "body parts". MAkes our cells work, w/o each body part of our cells wouldn't be able to generate energy or have us be able to move

Active/ Passive= In Active it has ATP and passive is no energy. Passive is Made up of osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion.

Important because it helps our cells travel across the body. Helps regulate our cells and helps concentration gradient

Cell Signaling= There are four types of cell signaling Contact-dependent, Paracrine, Synaptic, Endocrine. They are all different because of the distance. Some have to be close and in contact and others are far apart. This is how cells communicate with each other and the environment. W/o this they cant send signals to each other which causes them to not be able to communicate and cant perform their job.

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Topic 1- Macromolecules

What: Macromolecules are molecules with a lot of connecting monomers in them. Some examples are Nucleic Acids, Proteins, Lipids, and Carbohydrates.

Why: Macromolecules are essential and found literally everywhere. The uses of each macromolecule allow the human body to function and maintain homeostasis. Without them we could not survive.

How- Carbohydrates are used for energy along with Lipids, lipids are also found in the cell membrane. Proteins are found in hair, nails, meat, and enzymes. Enzymes are essential for chemical reactions within the body. Nucleic Acids are found in DNA and RNA. These are how macromolecules allow us to function.

Topic 2- Organelles

What: Organelles are basically organs for our cells. They are only found in eukaryotic cells and are NOT found in prokaryotic cells.

Why: Organelles are used to help the cell function which in turn helps us function and not die.

How: Ribosomes for example allow the creation of RNA. The mitochondria literally gives us energy. Without them we literally wouldn’t survive.

Topic 3- Active/Passive transport

What- Active and passive transport allows IONs and molecules and stuff to move in and out of the cell membrane.

Why: Active and passive transport allows the needed stuff to get in our cells so we can survive.

How: Active transport uses energy, Passive does not. They travel through protein channels (?) and allows the necessary things to get in and out the cell.

Topic 4: Cell signaling

What: Cell signaling is how our cells communicate with each other.

Why: Cell signaling is important for messages to get passed around so the cells can function correctly.

How: there are four types, Contact dependent, parcirine, endocrine, and synaptic. Each of them allows the cells to communicate with each other.

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1. Macromolecules

I learned that there are 4 main types of macromolecules: Lipids, Carbohydrates, Protein, and Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates are used for energy and structure. You get these by consuming foods in your body. They are important because without them your body can't function

Lipids are the fatty acids and the waxes, You can slo get these by eating. They are important for insulation, support especially for your cell membrane

Proteins are your amino acids!

Nucleic Acids are you DNA and RNA

2. Organelles

Organelles are what is inside the cells and they work together for the function of life

Mitochondria- the powerhouse of the cell

Vacuole- keeps water out in cells and can be used as storage

Nucleus- contains chromosomes

Cell membrane - helps transport what goes in or out of the cells

3. Active/ Passive Transport

Passive Transport is Osmosis, Facilitated Diffusion, and Diffusion

They are Passive because they don't require energy. They go from high to low on the concentration gradient

Active Transport includes Protein Pumps, Endocytosis, and Exocytosis. These are Active because they require energy. They go from low to high on the concentration gradient

4. Cell Signaling

Four types of Cell signaling:

Paracrine Signaling- when cells communicate near each other

Endocrine Signaling- when cells communicate in long distances

Autocrine Signaling- when cells signal for it helps with the development

Synaptic Signaling- When the nerve cells transmit signals. The process is called synapse which is when the junction of 2 neurons which allow a signal to pass between them

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Macromolecules:

There are four types of macromolecules. These consist of carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. The four types of macromolecules are essential for our everyday lifes as they provide us with long and short term energy as well as store our genetic information.

Organelles:

Organelles are the many internal parts of our bodies that each have their own function. The type of cell may change the organelles found within it. A couple examples of organelles include the mitochondria, the vacuole, and the chlroplast. For instance, the mitochondria is responsible for making ATP in a process called cellular respiration while the vacuole serves as a storage unit. Additionally, the chloroplasts is responsible for making glucose by utilizing sunlight. Ultimately, the many organelles found within a cell help them function properly.

Cell Transport:

Cell transport is responsible for moving subtrates in and out of the cell membrane. Cell transport consist of both active and passive tranport. Active transport uses ATP while passive transport doesnt require energy. Additionally, ATP moves substrates from low to high concentration yet passive tranport does the complete opposite by moving subtrates from a high to low concentration.

Cell Signaling:

There are four different types of cell signaling. This consist of paracrine, endocrine,synaptic, and autocrine. Cell signaling is ultimately the way cells communicate. The type of cell signaling utilized depends on the distance between the cell that is sending the signal and the targeted cell. Additionally, cell signaling helps maintain homeostasis.