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Isabel I (Castilla) and Fernando II (Aragón) ⚭ (1469).

Pope Alexander VI -> Catholic Monarchs (1496).

Isabel I ☠ (1504) and Fernando II ☠ (1516).

5 🧒 Isabel, Juan, Juana I, Maria and Catherine.

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UNIFICATION

Complete repopulation and end rule of Muslims in Granada.

Unify Christian Kingdoms, bring 🕊 and spread Catholicism.

INTERNATIONAL POLICY

Stop 🇫🇷.

⬆ 🇪🇸 importance in 🇪🇺 ⚭ his 🧒 with sons of other 🫅.

NATIONAL POLICY

⬆ 👑 power.

⬇ power of Nobles, Parliament and ⛪.

Make ✡ and ☪ convert ⛪.

EXPANSION

Permission to Christopher Colombus 🧳 🇮🇳.

Expand Africa: Canary Islands, Melilla and Oran.

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Explore 🌍 1400s -> Age of Exploration.

Was possible because advances in 🚢 and 🗺.

New charts about 🌬 and 🌊 helped explores.

In 1492 Christopher Colombus persuaded Isabel I to travel.

2 caravels (Niña and Pinta). 1 Larger carrack (Santa María).

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Europeans ☠ Aztecs, Mayas and Tainos.

Americas -> Spain: Metals and food.

Spain -> Americas: Metals, cows, wheat, coffee and sugar.

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Fernando II -> ☠ (1516).

Carlos I -> 👑 (1516).

Holy Roman Emperor -> Calos V (1520).

Included: 🇩🇪, 🇳🇱, 🇧🇪, 🇮🇹 and Americas.

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He 🚫 speak 🇪🇸 -> He born in Flanders.

🚫 understand 🇪🇸 culture or politics.

His advirsos were 🚫 🇪🇸.

He ⬆ taxes on Castilla.

Wars against 🇹🇷, 🇫🇷, Catholic and Protestantism.

Rulers thought 🇪🇸 empire too big.

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Result of problems he had 👑 Carlos I abdicate (1556).

Divided empire with his brother Fernando and his son Felipe II

Felipe II:

Ruled from Madrid.

Spoke only 🇪🇸.

Defended ⛪ faith.

Extend Empire -> War and marriage.

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An 🇮🇹 cultural movement spread 🇪🇺.

Repopulation, exploration in Americas, Hispano-Muslim and Flemish culture were important in 🇪🇸 Renaissance.

Ex: Don Quijote de la Mancha by Cervantes.

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17th century 3 Habsburgs 👑.

Felipe III, Felipe IV and Carlos II.

🇪🇸 lost territories and there were plagues 💰 crises ...

⬆ number poverty and beggars.

🧕 -> Domestic work.

(Excepcion Luisa Roldan, 1st sculptor documented 🇪🇸.

Some 🧕 took family business.

(Ex: María de Quiñones).

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Felipe III -> 👑 🇪🇸, 🇵🇹 and ther empires (1598).

Felipe III named valido (minister), validos had power and 💰, 🚫 rule well.

🇪🇸 💰 ⬇, fewer metals from colonies.

Between 1609 - 1613 expulsion ☪ meant population ⬇.

30 Years War (1618 - 1648) 🇪🇸 support Holy Roman Emperor.

Consequences War: Population ⬇, ⬆ cost and ⬆ taxes.

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Felipe III ☠ (1621) Felipe IV -> 👑.

Continued with validos.

🇪🇸💰 worse, lost dominance 🇪🇺.

1640 -> 🇵🇹 independence (1640 - 1668).

Cataluña independence (1640 - 1652).

1648 -> 30 Years War end.

🇳🇱 independent.

1652 -> Revolt Cataluña end.

1665 -> Felipe IV ☠ Carlos II -> 👑.

1668 -> 🇪🇸 recognised 🇵🇹 independence.

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Calos II -> 👑 (1665) was a child

his mother ruled.

Continued with validos.

Currency los value and 💰 ⬇.

2 wars 🇫🇷.

Carlos II ⚭ 2 times -> 🚫 🧒.

Last Habsburg 👑 🇪🇸.

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Golden Age 16th c. -> 17th c.

👍 times for 🇪🇸 🎨.

Impressive works (literature, art and architecture).

Boroque style popular 17th c. (art, architecture, sculpture and literature).

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Characteristics: realism, mix light and dark.

Evoke emotions.

Themes: religion, royal families, history and mythology.

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Printing press (1440) easier acces -> literature.

Themes: realism, religion, adventure, romance and values.

NOVELISTS -> Miguel de Cervantes, María de Zayas, Baltasar Gracián.

POETS -> Leonor de la Cueva, Luis de Góngora, Francisco Gómez de Quevedo, Garcilaso de la Vega.

PLAYWRIGHTS -> Lope de Vega, Ana Caro, Calderón de la Barca.

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Buildings dramatic and oval shapes.

Ex: José Benito de Churriguera.

Ex: Diego Silero, Francisco de Mora and Juan Gómez de Mora.

(La casa de la panadería).

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From 1600s to 1800s The Age of Reason (Enlightenment)

Enlightenment:

Educating people.

Improving political, social and 💰 situation.

Some 🇪🇸 👑 (1700s) influenced with this.

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After Carlos II ☠ no heir to throne.

🇫🇷 Bourbons and 🇦🇹 Habsburgs want the throne.

Beginning of War of Succession (1701 - 1715).

War end after Treaties of Utretcht and Rastatt (1713 - 1714).

🇪🇸 lost Gibraltar, Menorca, territories in 🇮🇹 and Southern 🇳🇱.

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FELIPE V (1700 - 1746) -> Founded National Library, Real Academia Española and Real Academia de la Historia.

FERNANDO VI (1746 - 1759) -> Introduced reforms and founded botanical gardens.

CARLOS III (1759 - 1788) -> Was reformist, introduced changes in trade and agriculture.

CARLOS IV (1788 - 1808) -> Was 🚫 reformist and handed power to Manuel Godoy (his valido).

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Life 🇪🇸 improved in 18th century:

💰 prosperity.

Population ⬆.

Better harvest.

Positive social changes.

🧕 worked in agriculture and trade.

🧕 could learn to read and write.

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Francisco de Goya (1746 - 1828) 🇪🇸 🧑‍🎨.

Was the 🧑‍🎨 of Carlos III and Carlos IV.

He represented lives of people and historical events.