# data[].attributes.headline
Truman’s Committee on Civil Rights -  1946

# data[].attributes.subject
Truman’s Committee on Civil Rights -  1946

# data[].attributes.body
Established by President Harry S. Truman. This committee was tasked with examining civil rights issues in the United States and recommending actions to address racial discrimination and inequality. The committee's work laid the groundwork for the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s, including important legislative changes such as the Civil Rights Act of 1957 and the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The committee's findings and recommendations helped to shape national policies aimed at promoting equality and ending segregation.

# data[].attributes.headline
Integration of Major League Baseball -  April 15, 1947

# data[].attributes.subject
Integration of Major League Baseball -  April 15, 1947

# data[].attributes.body
Jackie Robinson made history by becoming the first African American player to break the color barrier in Major League Baseball (MLB). Robinson signed with the Brooklyn Dodgers, and his debut marked the end of racial segregation in professional baseball. Despite facing intense racism and discrimination, Robinson's talent, courage, and resilience paved the way for future generations of African American athletes. His integration into MLB symbolized a significant step forward in the broader struggle for civil rights in the United States, challenging segregation in sports and society at large. Robinson's impact transcended baseball, inspiring social change and fostering greater opportunities for African Americans in various fields.

# data[].attributes.headline
Truman's Committee on Civil Rights (1946)

# data[].attributes.subject
Truman's Committee on Civil Rights (1946)

# data[].attributes.body
President Harry S. Truman established the Committee on Civil Rights to address issues of racial discrimination and inequality in America. The committee's report, "To Secure These Rights," laid the groundwork for future civil rights legislation and helped to raise awareness of systemic racism.

# data[].attributes.body
Issued by President Harry S. Truman on July 26, 1948. This landmark executive order abolished racial discrimination in the United States Armed Forces and led to the desegregation of the military. It stated that "there shall be equality of treatment and opportunity for all persons in the armed services without regard to race, color, religion or national origin." Executive Order 9981 marked a significant milestone in the civil rights movement, challenging institutionalized racism within the military and setting a precedent for broader desegregation efforts in American society. It was a crucial step towards promoting equality and justice for all citizens, regardless of race or ethnicity, within the armed forces.

# data[].attributes.headline
Brown vs. Board of Education - Dec 9, 1952 – May 17, 1954

# data[].attributes.subject
Brown vs. Board of Education - Dec 9, 1952 – May 17, 1954

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Brown v. Board of Education in PBS' The Supreme Court

# data[].attributes.headline
Murder of Emmett Till - August 28, 1955

# data[].attributes.subject
Murder of Emmett Till - August 28, 1955

# data[].attributes.body
Emmett Till, a 14-year-old African American boy, was brutally murdered on August 28, 1955, in Money, Mississippi, after allegedly whistling at a white woman. His killers, Roy Bryant and J.W. Milam, abducted, beat, and shot him, leaving his body in the Tallahatchie River. Till's death galvanized the Civil Rights Movement, sparking national outrage and protests. Despite overwhelming evidence, Bryant and Milam were acquitted by an all-white jury. Till's legacy symbolizes the ongoing struggle against racial injustice in America.

# data[].attributes.headline
Montgomery Bus Boycott -  1 December 1955

# data[].attributes.subject
Montgomery Bus Boycott -  1 December 1955

# data[].attributes.body
The Montgomery Bus Boycott began on December 1, 1955, after Rosa Parks, an African American woman, refused to give up her seat to a white passenger on a segregated bus in Montgomery, Alabama. Her arrest sparked a coordinated protest led by civil rights leaders, including Martin Luther King Jr. The African American community boycotted the city's bus system, demanding an end to segregation. Lasting for over a year, the boycott was a pivotal moment in the Civil Rights Movement, leading to the Supreme Court's ruling that segregated buses were unconstitutional. The Montgomery Bus Boycott demonstrated the power of nonviolent resistance and marked a significant victory in the fight for civil rights.

# data[].attributes.body
The Southern Manifesto was a statement issued by members of the United States Congress, primarily representing Southern states, in March 1956. It opposed racial integration and condemned the Supreme Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education, which declared segregation in public schools unconstitutional. The manifesto argued for the preservation of states' rights and resistance to federal desegregation efforts. It reflected the widespread resistance to racial equality in the Southern states during the Civil Rights era.

# data[].attributes.headline
Creation of FBI COINTELPRO Program - 1956

# data[].attributes.subject
Creation of FBI COINTELPRO Program - 1956

# data[].attributes.body
The FBI COINTELPRO (Counter Intelligence Program) was created in 1956 as a covert operation aimed at surveilling, infiltrating, discrediting, and disrupting domestic political organizations considered to be subversive or radical. Initially targeting communist groups, COINTELPRO expanded its scope to include civil rights organizations, black nationalist groups, feminist organizations, and others perceived as threats to the status quo. Under COINTELPRO, the FBI engaged in illegal activities such as wiretapping, infiltration, and spreading disinformation to undermine and neutralize perceived threats to the government and established order.

# data[].attributes.headline
Formation of Southern Christian Leadership Conference (one term) - January 10, 1957

# data[].attributes.subject
Formation of Southern Christian Leadership Conference (one term) - January 10, 1957

# data[].attributes.body
The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) was established on January 10, 1957, in response to the Montgomery Bus Boycott and other civil rights efforts in the American South. Founded by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and other prominent African American ministers and civil rights leaders, the SCLC aimed to coordinate and mobilize nonviolent protests and direct action campaigns against racial segregation and discrimination. With a focus on Christian principles of love, justice, and nonviolence, the SCLC became a leading organization in the Civil Rights Movement, organizing events such as the Birmingham Campaign and the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. Through its efforts, the SCLC played a crucial role in advancing the cause of civil rights and challenging institutionalized racism in the United States.

# data[].attributes.body
The Little Rock Nine were a group of African American students who, in 1957, faced intense opposition when they attempted to integrate into Little Rock Central High School in Arkansas. Their enrollment, following the landmark Brown v. Board of Education ruling, marked a pivotal moment in the Civil Rights Movement. Despite encountering violent resistance and government opposition, federal intervention eventually ensured their safe entry into the school, underscoring the ongoing struggle for equal rights in education.

# data[].attributes.body
The Greensboro Sit-Ins were a series of nonviolent protests that began on February 1, 1960, when four African American college students from North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University sat down at a segregated lunch counter at Woolworth's in Greensboro, North Carolina. Their actions sparked a wave of sit-ins across the Southern United States, challenging racial segregation and discrimination in public places. Lasting until July 25, 1960, these sit-ins played a significant role in the Civil Rights Movement, leading to the desegregation of many establishments and inspiring further activism for social change.

# data[].attributes.headline
Formation of Student Non-Violence Coordinating Committee (one term) -  April 1960

# data[].attributes.subject
Formation of Student Non-Violence Coordinating Committee (one term) -  April 1960

# data[].attributes.body
In April 1960, the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) emerged as a pivotal organization in the American Civil Rights Movement. Comprised primarily of young African American activists, SNCC aimed to mobilize students in the struggle against racial segregation and discrimination through nonviolent means. The formation of SNCC marked a significant shift towards youth-led activism and played a crucial role in organizing sit-ins, freedom rides, and voter registration drives across the United States.

# data[].attributes.body
Ruby Bridges was the first African-American child to desegregate the all-white William Frantz Elementary School in New Orleans on November 14, 1960. At just six years old, she became a symbol of the civil rights movement as she bravely endured harassment and threats to attend school. Her actions paved the way for further desegregation efforts in education and left a lasting impact on the fight for equality in America.

# data[].attributes.body
The Freedom Riders, comprising interracial groups of activists, embarked on bus journeys across the segregated American South, beginning on May 24, 1961. Their aim was to challenge racial segregation in interstate travel facilities, particularly bus terminals. Facing violent opposition, including mob attacks and arrests, the Freedom Riders drew national attention to the injustice of segregation and played a pivotal role in the civil rights movement.

# data[].attributes.body
Bloody Sunday, which occurred on January 30, 1972, in Derry, Northern Ireland, was a tragic event marked by the shooting of unarmed civil rights protesters by British soldiers. The demonstrators were participating in a march against internment without trial. The incident resulted in the deaths of 13 individuals, further escalating tensions during the Troubles in Northern Ireland.

# data[].attributes.body
The Children's March on May 2, 1963, was a pivotal event during the Civil Rights Movement in Birmingham, Alabama. Thousands of children, inspired by Martin Luther King Jr. and other civil rights leaders, defied city ordinances and peacefully marched against segregation and racial injustice. Despite facing violent opposition from authorities, their bravery and determination garnered national attention and ultimately contributed to the desegregation of Birmingham and the broader civil rights struggle.

# data[].attributes.headline
Assassination of Medgar Evers - June 12, 1963

# data[].attributes.subject
Assassination of Medgar Evers - June 12, 1963

# data[].attributes.body
The assassination of Medgar Evers on June 12, 1963, marked a pivotal moment in the Civil Rights Movement. Evers, a prominent civil rights activist, was shot in the back outside his home in Jackson, Mississippi, by a white supremacist named Byron De La Beckwith. His death galvanized support for the civil rights cause, leading to increased awareness and activism against racial injustice in the United States.

# data[].attributes.headline
March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom - August 28, 1963

# data[].attributes.subject
March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom - August 28, 1963

# data[].attributes.body
The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, held on August 28, 1963, was a historic civil rights event where over 200,000 demonstrators gathered in the nation's capital to advocate for economic and civil rights for African Americans. The event culminated in Martin Luther King Jr.'s iconic "I Have a Dream" speech, which called for an end to racial segregation and discrimination in the United States. The march played a pivotal role in advancing the Civil Rights Movement and ultimately led to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.authors[].name
Educational Videos for Students (Cartoons on Bullying, Leadership & More)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom | Black History Fun Facts for Students Cartoon

# data[].attributes.headline
16th Street Baptist Church Bombing -  September 15, 1963

# data[].attributes.subject
16th Street Baptist Church Bombing -  September 15, 1963

# data[].attributes.body
The 16th Street Baptist Church Bombing on September 15, 1963, was a tragic event during the Civil Rights Movement in Birmingham, Alabama. A bomb planted by white supremacists exploded, killing four African American girls and injuring many others. This heinous act galvanized support for the Civil Rights Movement and highlighted the urgency for racial justice in the United States.

# data[].attributes.body
The 24th Amendment, ratified on January 23, 1964, abolished the poll tax in federal elections, ensuring that voting would not be hindered by financial barriers. This landmark amendment was a significant step towards securing voting rights for all citizens, particularly African Americans in the South who were disproportionately affected by the poll tax. By eliminating this discriminatory practice, the 24th Amendment promoted greater inclusivity and equality in the electoral process.

# data[].attributes.body
Freedom Summer, which took place in the summer of 1964, was a pivotal civil rights campaign in the United States. It aimed to register as many African American voters as possible in Mississippi, where racial discrimination and voter suppression were rampant. The project involved hundreds of volunteers, mostly college students, who faced violence, intimidation, and arrests as they worked to empower disenfranchised communities and challenge systemic racism.

# data[].attributes.headline
Murders of Chaney, Goodman, & Schwerner - June 21, 1964

# data[].attributes.subject
Murders of Chaney, Goodman, & Schwerner - June 21, 1964

# data[].attributes.body
The murders of James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner on June 21, 1964, were a pivotal event during the Civil Rights Movement in the United States. The three young civil rights activists were working to register African American voters in Mississippi when they were abducted by members of the Ku Klux Klan, beaten, and murdered. Their deaths sparked national outrage, leading to increased attention on civil rights issues and ultimately contributing to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which aimed to end segregation and protect voting rights.

# data[].attributes.headline
Civil Rights Act of 1964 - July 2, 1964

# data[].attributes.subject
Civil Rights Act of 1964 - July 2, 1964

# data[].attributes.body
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was landmark legislation enacted on July 2, 1964, by the United States Congress. It aimed to end segregation and discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. The act outlawed unequal application of voter registration requirements, racial segregation in schools, public accommodations, and employment practices. It was a pivotal moment in the Civil Rights Movement and represented a significant step toward achieving equality and justice for all Americans, regardless of their race or background.

# data[].attributes.headline
Assassination of Malcolm X - Feb. 21, 1965

# data[].attributes.subject
Assassination of Malcolm X - Feb. 21, 1965

# data[].attributes.body
Malcolm X, a prominent figure in the Civil Rights Movement, was assassinated on February 21, 1965, while giving a speech at the Audubon Ballroom in Harlem, New York City. Three gunmen rushed the stage and shot him multiple times, resulting in his death. Malcolm X was known for his advocacy of black empowerment, self-defense, and separatism, as well as his critique of mainstream civil rights leaders and their approach to racial equality. His assassination marked a tragic loss for the movement and sparked widespread shock and mourning among his supporters.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Ali (2001) - Malcolm X's Assassination Scene (3/10) | Movieclips

# data[].attributes.headline
March from Selma to Montgomery - March 21, 1965-March 25, 1965

# data[].attributes.subject
March from Selma to Montgomery - March 21, 1965-March 25, 1965

# data[].attributes.body
The March from Selma to Montgomery, spanning from March 21 to March 25, 1965, was a pivotal event in the Civil Rights Movement. Led by figures like Martin Luther King Jr. and John Lewis, the march aimed to secure voting rights for African Americans in Alabama. Despite facing violent opposition, including the infamous "Bloody Sunday" confrontation on March 7, 1965, the marchers persevered. Their efforts galvanized national support and ultimately contributed to the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, marking a significant victory in the fight for civil rights and equality.

# data[].attributes.headline
Formation of the Equal Opportunity Employment Commission (one term) - July 2, 1965

# data[].attributes.subject
Formation of the Equal Opportunity Employment Commission (one term) - July 2, 1965

# data[].attributes.body
The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) was established on July 2, 1965, as part of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Its creation aimed to address workplace discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. The EEOC enforces federal laws that prohibit employment discrimination, investigates complaints, and works to ensure equal employment opportunities for all.

# data[].attributes.headline
Voting Rights Act of 1965 - August 6, 1965

# data[].attributes.subject
Voting Rights Act of 1965 - August 6, 1965

# data[].attributes.body
The Voting Rights Act of 1965, signed into law on August 6, 1965, by President Lyndon B. Johnson, aimed to overcome legal barriers at the state and local levels that prevented African Americans from exercising their right to vote. It prohibited racial discrimination in voting, particularly targeting the measures used in the South to disenfranchise African American voters, such as literacy tests and poll taxes. The act authorized federal oversight of voter registration in areas with a history of discrimination and provided for the enforcement of voting rights through federal intervention. This landmark legislation significantly expanded access to the ballot for African Americans and played a pivotal role in advancing civil rights and democracy in the United States.

# data[].attributes.body
The Watts Riots were a series of violent disturbances that erupted in the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles, California, from August 11 to August 16, 1965. Triggered by a confrontation between the police and an African American motorist, the riots reflected deep-seated racial tensions and socioeconomic inequalities. The unrest resulted in widespread looting, arson, injuries, deaths, and significant property damage. It drew national attention to issues of racial injustice, police brutality, and urban poverty, prompting calls for social and economic reforms.

# data[].attributes.headline
Formation of the Black Panthers - October 15, 1966

# data[].attributes.subject
Formation of the Black Panthers - October 15, 1966

# data[].attributes.body
The Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, commonly known as the Black Panthers, was founded on October 15, 1966, in Oakland, California, by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale. The organization emerged in response to police brutality and systemic racism faced by African Americans in the United States. Initially focused on monitoring police activity and advocating for community self-defense, the Black Panthers soon expanded their platform to address broader social issues such as poverty, healthcare, and education. They adopted a revolutionary socialist ideology and implemented programs aimed at empowering marginalized communities. The Black Panthers became a symbol of resistance against racial oppression and played a significant role in the civil rights and Black Power movements of the 1960s and 1970s.

# data[].attributes.body
Loving v. Virginia was a landmark civil rights case that struck down state laws banning interracial marriage in the United States. It originated when Richard Loving, a white man, and Mildred Jeter, a woman of African American and Native American descent, were convicted of violating Virginia's anti-miscegenation law by marrying in 1958. The case reached the Supreme Court, which ruled unanimously on June 12, 1967, that such laws violated the Equal Protection and Due Process Clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment. This decision legalized interracial marriage nationwide, affirming the principle of equality under the law and advancing civil rights in the United States.

# data[].attributes.headline
Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. - April 4, 1968

# data[].attributes.subject
Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. - April 4, 1968

# data[].attributes.body
On April 4, 1968, civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. He was standing on the balcony of the Lorraine Motel when he was fatally shot by James Earl Ray. King's assassination had a profound impact on the civil rights movement and the nation as a whole, leading to widespread mourning, protests, and a renewed determination to continue his work for racial equality and social justice.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. – April 4, 1968

# data[].attributes.headline
Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy - June 6, 1968

# data[].attributes.subject
Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy - June 6, 1968

# data[].attributes.body
Robert F. Kennedy, a prominent American politician and Senator, was assassinated on June 6, 1968, in Los Angeles, California. Kennedy had just won the California Democratic primary election for the presidency when he was shot multiple times by Sirhan Sirhan, a Palestinian immigrant. Kennedy died the following day from his injuries. His assassination occurred during a period of intense social and political turmoil in the United States, marked by the civil rights movement, the Vietnam War, and other significant events. Kennedy's death had a profound impact on the nation, leaving many mourning the loss of a leader who had inspired hope for social change and unity.

# data[].attributes.headline
Murder of Fred Hampton - December 4, 1969

# data[].attributes.subject
Murder of Fred Hampton - December 4, 1969

# data[].attributes.body
Fred Hampton, a prominent leader in the Black Panther Party, was killed during a police raid on December 4, 1969, in Chicago, Illinois. Hampton was known for his activism and advocacy for social justice, particularly in addressing issues of police brutality and systemic racism. The circumstances surrounding his death remain controversial, with many alleging that law enforcement officials targeted him due to his political beliefs. Hampton's death further fueled tensions between the Black Panther Party and law enforcement agencies, and it continues to be a symbol of the challenges faced by civil rights activists during that era.

# data[].attributes.body
"Freedom" refers to the state of being free from coercion, oppression, or restraint, allowing individuals to act and express themselves according to their own will and without undue interference. It encompasses various aspects such as political, social, and personal liberties, including the right to speech, assembly, religion, and self-determination. Freedom is a fundamental human value sought after and protected in societies worldwide.

# data[].attributes.body
African Americans in Montgomery, Alabama, led by Rosa Parks, boycotted the city's segregated bus system, demanding an end to racial segregation on public transportation. The boycott, which lasted over a year, led to the Supreme Court ruling that segregated buses were unconstitutional, marking a significant victory in the fight for civil rights.

# data[].attributes.body
Over 100 Southern politicians signed the Southern Manifesto, denouncing the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education and vowing to resist racial integration in schools. This document symbolized the resistance to desegregation efforts in the South and contributed to the continuation of segregationist policies.

# data[].attributes.body
Six-year-old Ruby Bridges became the first African American child to desegregate an all-white elementary school in the South, facing violent protests and enduring threats to her safety. Her bravery highlighted the injustice of segregation and inspired further efforts to integrate schools across America.

# data[].attributes.headline
Murders of Chaney, Goodman, & Schwerner (1964)

# data[].attributes.subject
Murders of Chaney, Goodman, & Schwerner (1964)

# data[].attributes.body
Civil rights activists James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner were murdered by members of the Ku Klux Klan in Mississippi while participating in voter registration efforts. Their deaths shocked the nation and underscored the dangers faced by those fighting for racial equality in the South.

# data[].attributes.body
The Watts Riots erupted in Los Angeles following an altercation between police and a black motorist, exposing longstanding grievances of racial discrimination and police brutality in African American communities. The riots highlighted the urgent need for addressing economic and social inequality in urban areas.

# data[].attributes.body
The Voting Rights Act of 1965 was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson, aimed at overcoming legal barriers that prevented African Americans from exercising their right to vote. This landmark legislation significantly increased African American voter registration and representation, empowering marginalized communities politically.

# data[].attributes.body
Fred Hampton, a prominent leader of the Black Panther Party, was killed in a raid by the FBI and Chicago police, raising concerns about government surveillance and suppression of Black activism. His death further fueled distrust of law enforcement and fueled calls for justice and accountability.