# data[].attributes.headline
Restrictive measures, such as travel limitations and restrictions on public transport, have halted daily activities.

# data[].attributes.subject
Restrictive measures, such as travel limitations and restrictions on public transport, have halted daily activities.

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Fear of these conditions has reduced physical contact between couples, weakening their bonds.

# data[].attributes.subject
Fear of these conditions has reduced physical contact between couples, weakening their bonds.

# data[].attributes.headline
Social distancing has contributed to an increase in violence, bad temper, conflict, theft, murder, suicide, sabotage, and a disregard for the law.

# data[].attributes.subject
Social distancing has contributed to an increase in violence, bad temper, conflict, theft, murder, suicide, sabotage, and a disregard for the law.

# data[].attributes.headline
Financial and economic burdens have had an impact on families, leading to increased dissatisfaction in couples.

# data[].attributes.subject
Financial and economic burdens have had an impact on families, leading to increased dissatisfaction in couples.

# data[].attributes.headline
The pandemic has disrupted students' lives in many ways, causing anxiety for students and parents.

# data[].attributes.subject
The pandemic has disrupted students' lives in many ways, causing anxiety for students and parents.

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Quarantine measures were implemented to disrupt the virus transmission chain, which led to social isolation.

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Quarantine measures were implemented to disrupt the virus transmission chain, which led to social isolation.

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Masks — Teaches how to properly place on a mask that covers your nose, mouth and chin.

Outdoors rather than indoors — Avoid the 3Cs: spaces that are closed, crowded or involve close contact in gatherings.

Hygiene — Regularly and thoroughly clean your hands with either an alcohol-based hand rub or soap and water.

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(July 21, 2020 onwards) Creation of COVID-19 Vaccines

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(July 21, 2020 onwards) Creation of COVID-19 Vaccines

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(July 9, 2020) Airborne spreading of COVID-19

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(July 9, 2020) Airborne spreading of COVID-19

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(MAY 9, 2020) Saliva-Based Diagnostic Tests for At-Home Use

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(MAY 9, 2020) Saliva-Based Diagnostic Tests for At-Home Use

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(March 31, 2020) Implementation of Face Shields for Eye Protection

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(March 31, 2020) Implementation of Face Shields for Eye Protection

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The Philippine Commision government offered $4624.39 to nipa or wooden houses;

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The Philippine Commision government offered $4624.39 to nipa or wooden houses;

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likewise, medical officers were distributed in Lumbang.

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(November 2021) Variant Omicron B.1.1.529

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(November 2021) Variant Omicron B.1.1.529

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Government order 66 has been appealed to burn cholera-suspected/infected people and/or other objects

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Government order 66 has been appealed to burn cholera-suspected/infected people and/or other objects

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Fever or chills, Cough, Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing, Fatigue, Muscle or body aches, Headache, New loss of taste or smell, Sore throat, Congestion or runny nose, Nausea or vomiting, Diarrhea

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(1902): The agricultural industry is devastated by the ineffectiveness and lifting of quarantine

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(1902): The agricultural industry is devastated by the ineffectiveness and lifting of quarantine

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Poor economic conditions due to Cholera and famine caused by the intense battles

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Physical contact with an infected surface

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Physical contact with an infected surface

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The coronavirus can also spread if a person touches a surface that has the virus and then touches their own face.

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Releasing droplets of respiratory fluids that land on nearby people's faces, and the infected person's droplets may be inhaled by others.

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Genetic analysis indicates that the virus originated in bats and jumped to humans via unknown intermediate hosts in the Wuhan seafood market in China.

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(1902, MAY): Infected food from Manila was brought to local feasts in Binan

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(1902, MAY): Infected food from Manila was brought to local feasts in Binan

# data[].attributes.body
The novel coronavirus, commonly referred to as COVID-19, has rapidly spread worldwide, impacting over 200 countries and territories. This virus belongs to the Betacoronavirus group, which includes the virus that caused the 2003 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) outbreak. Due to the similarity, the virus was named SARS-CoV-2.

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(1899): No rice due to the destruction of  irrigation system by the battle between U.S. forces and defence perimeters around Calamba 

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(1899): No rice due to the destruction of  irrigation system by the battle between U.S. forces and defence perimeters around Calamba 

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Hence, rice is only available from the U.S. commissary.

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4. Continuous Learning during the pandemic

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4. Continuous Learning during the pandemic

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The government implemented online classrooms using applications with features that facilitate real-time updates, assignments, and communication between students and teachers in a simulated physical classroom.

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3. Integrity in providing supplies for citizens

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3. Integrity in providing supplies for citizens

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Widespread food distribution has been a priority to address the needs of those who are most vulnerable to catching the virus, including those who may not have adequate shelter, food, water, medicine, or other essential needs.

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(1902, APRIL 7): Cholera has been discovered in Laguna following suspected cases and death.

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(1902, APRIL 7): Cholera has been discovered in Laguna following suspected cases and death.

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2. Agile Treasury Operation during the pandemic

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2. Agile Treasury Operation during the pandemic

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The government ensured that cash was available to pay for public services, processing, and disposing payments, all while maintaining social distance by encouraging the use of cashless payment options. The high usage of digital wallets and delivery platforms such as GCASH, GRAB, SHOPEE, LAZADA, and FOODPANDA during the pandemic has been a classic example of this approach.

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(1902, APRIL 19): Restrictions to trade and travel have been lifted, but ports in the region remained closed due to cholera.

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(1902, APRIL 19): Restrictions to trade and travel have been lifted, but ports in the region remained closed due to cholera.

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(2020-2022): The Governance Global Practice

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(2020-2022): The Governance Global Practice

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With its particular objective to lessen the COVID-19’s impact on businesses, jobs, and the most vulnerable members of society.

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1. Prioritization of Health Response Measures 

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1. Prioritization of Health Response Measures 

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To ensure quick, equitable, and effective distribution of the vaccine to the willing members of the population, designated sites such as hospitals, barangays, and malls were used as vaccination sites and making ambulances readily available for the transportation of individuals diagnosed with severe symptoms of the COVID-19 virus.

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(1902-1904): Secretary Worcester mobilized the razing and moving of civilians to safer areas—detention camp.

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(1902-1904): Secretary Worcester mobilized the razing and moving of civilians to safer areas—detention camp.

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024). Cholera - Vibrio cholerae infection. https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/index.html

History.com editors. (2023, March 27). Cholera. History. https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/history-of-cholera

Alanagreh, L., et al. (2020). The Human Coronavirus Disease COVID-19: Its Origin, Characteristics, and Insights into Potential Drugs and Its Mechanisms. Pathogens, 9(5), 331. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9050331

Staff, A. (2021, April 24). A Timeline of COVID-19 Developments in 2020. AJMC. https://www.ajmc.com/view/a-timeline-of-covid19-developments-in-2020

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic. (2024). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/symptoms-causes/syc-20479963#:~:text=COVID%2D19%20is%20caused%20by,infected%20but%20has%20no%20symptoms.

Cascella, M., et al. (2023). Features, evaluation, and treatment of coronavirus (COVID-19). StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554776/

Advice for the public on COVID-19 – World Health Organization. (n.d.). https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public

Country policy responses. (n.d.). https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/coronavirus/regional-country/country-responses/lang--en/index.htm

World Bank Group. (2023). Governance & Institutions COVID-19 Response Resources. In World Bank. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/governance/brief/governance-institutions-covid-19-response-resources

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(1902, NOVEMBER - 1904, FEBRUARY): The total mortality rate in the Philippines is 4,386 out of 109,461

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(1902, NOVEMBER - 1904, FEBRUARY): The total mortality rate in the Philippines is 4,386 out of 109,461

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(1902, APRIL 16): General Malvar surrendered due to the cholera threat, concentration in zones, and scarcity of food supplies 

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(1902, APRIL 16): General Malvar surrendered due to the cholera threat, concentration in zones, and scarcity of food supplies 

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(1914): Evacuating residents from sources of infection 

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(1914): Evacuating residents from sources of infection 

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(SEPTEMBER AND OCTOBER): Decline in morbidity and mortality cases

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(SEPTEMBER AND OCTOBER): Decline in morbidity and mortality cases

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(1899-1923): Advancements in public health intervention and sanitation

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(1899-1923): Advancements in public health intervention and sanitation

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Thus, Cholera did not rapidly spread in western Europe and North America (History.com editors, 2023).

# data[].attributes.headline
Sanitation education is being neglected 

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Sanitation education is being neglected 

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Superstitious beliefs and lack of faith in the medical intervention made Filipinos not convinced of the education being provided

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(1905) - contaminated/infected food and water supplies

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(1905) - contaminated/infected food and water supplies

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Supplies of food and water tested positive for typhoid, cholera, yellow fever, and malaria

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(1902, APRIL 24) American troops sent to guard against infection of the Manila water supply

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(1902, APRIL 24) American troops sent to guard against infection of the Manila water supply

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However, they are carriers of Cholera, so it spreads rapidly.

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(Before 1900s): Quarantine has been implemented due to rampant cases of cholera, smallpox, dysentery, malaria, tuberculosis, and other deadly diseases

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(Before 1900s): Quarantine has been implemented due to rampant cases of cholera, smallpox, dysentery, malaria, tuberculosis, and other deadly diseases

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The following causes led to the malignancy of the epidemic:

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The following causes led to the malignancy of the epidemic:

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American troops, infected with cholera, started the spread in the following (Laguna, Batangas, and Tayabas):

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American troops, infected with cholera, started the spread in the following (Laguna, Batangas, and Tayabas):

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Nueva Caceres, in the Southeastern part of Luzon

Pagsanjan and Majayjay in Laguna

Mariquina valley east of Manila

Coastal towns of (lake) Laguna de Bay

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First cholera cases were discovered in Farola district near Pasig river

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First cholera cases were discovered in Farola district near Pasig river

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Dehydration due to constant diarrhea (watery stool defecation)

Vomiting

According to Agoncillo and Guerrero, the historians, war-torn communities are dying due to hunger and/or cholera which led to the severity of the symptoms and its persistence to spread nationwide.

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IMPACT ON SOCIETY (SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, ETC.)

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IMPACT ON SOCIETY (SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, ETC.)

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Struggling on economic change

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Both infected or not bodies are cremated even if asymptomatic or undiagnosed;

implementation of quarantine

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PREVENTION: WATER SANITATION VS MASKS AND VACCINES

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PREVENTION: WATER SANITATION VS MASKS AND VACCINES

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Both implemented quarantine regulations to reduce social interactions.

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SYMPTOMS: DEHYDRATION VS RESPIRATORY ISSUES

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SYMPTOMS: DEHYDRATION VS RESPIRATORY ISSUES

# data[].attributes.body
Both cholera and COVID-19 can cause similar symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, and dehydration.

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(March 2020): SARS-CoV-2 Infection from one person to another

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(March 2020): SARS-CoV-2 Infection from one person to another

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The virus can spread from person to person when an infected person:

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Cholera is caused by a bacteria called Vibrio cholerae

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Cholera is caused by a bacteria called Vibrio cholerae

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Vibrio cholerae is a curved, rod-shaped, motile, and gram-negative waterborne pathogen (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2022).

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Both are pathogenic

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(December 2019 - January 2020): Wuhan Seafood Market, China 

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(December 2019 - January 2020): Wuhan Seafood Market, China 

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(1902, March 14) - Hong Kong's vessel with Cholera arrived in Manila

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(1902, March 14) - Hong Kong's vessel with Cholera arrived in Manila

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Both diseases originated abroad and quarantine has been strictly implemented