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Lesson 1: The Concepts of Politics and Governance

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Lesson 1: The Concepts of Politics and Governance

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Lesson 3: Nature, Forms and Consequences of Power

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Lesson 3: Nature, Forms and Consequences of Power

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Lesson 4: State, Nation, and Nation-state                                                            Lesson 5: State & Nation in the Age of Globalization

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Lesson 4: State, Nation, and Nation-state                                                            Lesson 5: State & Nation in the Age of Globalization

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Ismael June E. Canta 11-Galatians (GAS 2)

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Ismael June E. Canta 11-Galatians (GAS 2)

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On the first week of the lesson in Philippine Politics and Governance, I learned about the concept of politics and governance. The content of the topic or the lesson is Politics, Government and Governance. First the Politics, for me the Politics is a type of power to govern every nation or state. There are four views of politics and this is are as an art of government, as public affairs, as compromise and consensus and as power. The second is Government, the Government is the system of people, laws, and officials that define and control the country. Lastly is Governance, the Governance is the process of making and enforcing decisions within an organization or society.

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Ismael June E. Canta 11-Galatians (GAS 2)

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Ismael June E. Canta 11-Galatians (GAS 2)

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On the second week of the lesson in Philippine Politics and Governance, I learned about Political Ideology. The content of the lesson or the topic is Ideology, Political Ideology and Political Spectrum. In my own understanding, Ideology is a system of belief and ideas of a group or an individual. The Political Ideology is a set of beliefs or opinions about power, political values, and the role of government. The Political Spectrum term is a geometric way of showing the different political ideologies. There have eleven types of Political Ideology and this are Liberalism, Socialism, Anarchism, Conservatism, Fascism, Communism , Neoliberalism, Reactionism, Nationalism, Religious Fundamentalism and Feminism.

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Ismael June E. Canta 11-Galatians (GAS 2)

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Ismael June E. Canta 11-Galatians (GAS 2)

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On the third week lesson in Philippine Politics and Governance, the lesson or the topic that I learned is all about Nature, Forms and Consequences of Power. The content of the lesson or the topic is Power, Authority, Force, Types Taxonomy Power, Types of Power and Types of Consequences of power. The First that I will explain is Power, The Power is defined as the ability to act or have influence over others. The Second is Authority, In my understanding Authority is a type of power to give a orders or make a decisions. Lastly the Force is actual or threatened use of coercion to impose one's will on others. Also in this lesson there have different Types of Power and this is are Coercive, Expert, Reward, Referent, Legitimate and Purpose Power. In Taxonomy Power there have Compulsory, Institutional, Structural and Productive Power. And In Consequence of Power, there have Compliance, Commitment and Resistance.

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Ismael June E. Canta 11-Galatians (GAS 2)

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Ismael June E. Canta 11-Galatians (GAS 2)

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On week four and five lesson in Philippine Politics and Governance, on week four topic, I learned about the State, Nations and Nation-State. In my own understanding, State is defined by sovereignty over the territory and this are commonly called a country. There have a different types of State and this is are Population, Territory, Government and Sovereignty. Next is Nation, It is a territory where all the people are led by the same government. Lastly is Nation-State, It is an independent state which consists of people from one particular national group. On week five lesson, I learned about State and Nation in the Age of Globalization. The Globalization is a term used to describe how trade and technology have made the world into a more connected and interdependent place. There have a Three types of Globalization and this is Globalization of Communications and Transportation, Economic and Cultural Globalization.

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Fedelino, Jolina U. 11- Galatians (Gas2)

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Fedelino, Jolina U. 11- Galatians (Gas2)

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I learned in lesson 1 about the concept of politics and governance Politics and governance are fundamental concepts that shape the way societies function. Politics involves the pursuit and exercise of power,the governance refers to the systems and processes through which decisions are made and implemented. Understanding these concepts is important for individuals as it allows them to navigate the complexities of society, participate in democratic processes, and contribute to the betterment of their communities.

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Political ideologies are belief systems that shape how individuals understand and approach politics. They provide frameworks for understanding the role of government and the organization of society. Understanding political ideologies helps individuals make informed decisions and engage in meaningful discussions about political issues. It also influences the direction of a nation and the policies implemented.

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Fedelino, Jolina U. 11- Galatians (GAS-2)

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Fedelino, Jolina U. 11- Galatians (GAS-2)

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I learned in third week its all about Power can take various forms, including political power, economic power, social power, and cultural power. Political power refers to the ability to make and enforce decisions, while economic power relates to control over resources and wealth. Social power involves influence and status within social groups, and cultural power pertains to the ability to shape beliefs, values, and norms.

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Fedelino, Jolina U. 11-Galatians (GAS-2)

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Fedelino, Jolina U. 11-Galatians (GAS-2)

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On lesson 4-5 i learn the The four elements of states (territory, population, government, and sovereignty) are fundamental for their functioning. I also learned about the theories on globalization offer different perspectives on its impact, with the hyperglobalist theory emphasizing its transformative nature and the skeptical theory questioning its extent. Understanding these concepts is crucial for comprehending the complexities of our modern world.

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On the first week of the lesson The concepts of politics and governance are fundamental to understanding how societies are organized and how decisions are made. Here's an overview of these concepts:

Politics: Politics refers to the process of making collective decisions for a group or society. It involves the competition and cooperation among individuals and groups to influence government actions and public policies. Politics encompasses a wide range of activities, including voting, lobbying, campaigning, and public debate.

Governance: Governance refers to the way in which a society organizes and manages its affairs, particularly in relation to decision-making, authority, and the exercise of power. It encompasses the processes and institutions through which societies manage their resources, resolve conflicts, and make and implement decisions.

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Political ideologies are sets of beliefs, values, and principles that guide individuals and groups in their understanding of politics and how society should be organized. These ideologies provide frameworks for understanding and addressing issues related to governance, power, and social order. Here are some of the major political ideologies:

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The nature, forms, and consequences of power are important concepts in political science. Power refers to the ability of individuals or groups to influence or control the behavior of others. Here are some of the key aspects of power in the context of states, nations, and the global system:

1. State Power: State power refers to the ability of a government to control its territory, enforce laws, and maintain order. This power can be exercised through various means, such as military force, economic sanctions, or diplomacy.

2. National Power: National power refers to the ability of a nation to achieve its goals and protect its interests in the international system. This power can be measured in terms of economic, military, and diplomatic capabilities.

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In the age of globalization, the traditional concepts of nation, state, and nation-state are being redefined and reshaped by the forces of interconnectedness and interdependence.

1. Nation: A nation traditionally refers to a group of people who share common characteristics such as language, culture, history, and identity. In the age of globalization, the concept of a nation is being influenced by increased transnational movement, communication, and cultural exchange.

2. State: A state is a political entity with defined territorial boundaries, a government, and the capacity to exercise authority over its population. In the era of globalization, states are facing challenges to their sovereignty and autonomy as global economic, political, and social forces

3. Nation-State: A nation-state is a political entity where the boundaries of a state align with the boundaries of a specific nation. In the age of globalization, the concept of the nation-state is being challenged by the increasing movement of people, ideas, and capital across borders.

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Lesson 6: Politics in the Pre-Spanish and Spanish Period

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Lesson 6: Politics in the Pre-Spanish and Spanish Period

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Lesson 6-7 Politics in the Pre-Spanish and Spanish Period

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Lesson 6-7 Politics in the Pre-Spanish and Spanish Period

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On the first week of the lesson in concepts of politics and governance I have learned that governance management encourages efficient use of resources and accountability for the stewardship over those resources Governance influences how an organization's objectives are set and achieved, how risk is monitored and addressed and how performance is optimised.

Politics is the way that people living in groups make decisions. Politics is about making agreements between people so that they can live together in groups such as tribes, cities, or countries. In large groups, such as countries, some people may spend a lot of their time making such agreements.

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In second week of the lesson in political ideology I Learned that In social studies, a political ideology is a certain set of ethical ideals, principles, doctrines, myths or symbols of a social movement, institution, class or large group that explains how society should work and offers some political and cultural blueprint for a certain social order.

An ideology is a set of opinions or beliefs of a group or an individual. Very often ideology refers to a set of political beliefs or a set of ideas that characterize a particular culture. Capitalism, communism, socialism, and Marxism are ideologies. But not all -ism words are.

The main purpose behind an ideology is to offer either change in society, or adherence to a set of ideals where conformity already exists, through a normative thought process. Ideologies are systems of abstract thought applied to public matters and thus make this concept central to politics.

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Ma. Jessiephine M. Tobias—11 Galatians (GAS 2)

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Ma. Jessiephine M. Tobias—11 Galatians (GAS 2)

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The things that i've learned in lesson 1 is all about the concept of politics and governance. I've learned that politics comes from a greek word "polis" which means "affairs of the cities" and it is the study or practice of the distribution of power and resources within a given community. I've also learned about the difference between Government and Governance where; Government is a group of people who rule or run the administration of a country while Governance is the act of governing or ruling.

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In third week of The lesson I have learned that The Nature of Power is our mission, vision and values all rolled into one set of beliefs that guides everything we do. We spend a lot of time thinking about how to bring our beliefs to life. After all, anyone can claim lofty beliefs but it's their actions that matter most.

the ability to influence people and events. This form of power comes from individual characteristics rather than formal authority. Personal power is more of an attitude or state of mind. Someone with strong personal power is focused on their self-efficacy and ability to cooperate with others.

Social power is used to exert control over others according to the interests and motivations of the person(s) in power. Generally, social power is characterized by tradition, charisma, and rational-legal authority.

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In this topic I discover a new learning In week four I have learned that Globalization of the nation-state challenges the traditional view of national boundaries, and also challenges governments to develop global strategies to deal with growing array of “intermistic” political, economic, and cultural issues.

The role of the nation-state in a global world is largely a regulatory one as the chief factor in global interdependence. While the domestic role of the nation-state remains largely unchanged, states that were previously isolated are now forced to engage with one another to set international commerce policies.

The presence of a state can encourage ethnogenesis, and a group with a pre-existing ethnic identity can influence the drawing of territorial boundaries or argue for political legitimacy a period of time when there is a prevailing sense of the interconnectedness of all human beings, of a common fate for the human species and of a threat to its life on this Eart .a territory where all the people are led by the same government.

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Ma. Jessiephine M. Tobias—11 Galatians (GAS 2)

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Ma. Jessiephine M. Tobias—11 Galatians (GAS 2)

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I've learned that Ideology is a set of beliefs and ideas that shape an individual's or a group's views, actions, and interactions with the world. There are different political idelogies and these are Conservatism, Liberalism, Socialism, Communism, Anarchism, Fascim, Nationalism, Religous Fundamentalism, Capitalism, etc. As a member of our society, i also have political ideology which is Liberalism because for me, Freedom is very important to an individual such as freedom of speech and freedom of association; an independent judiciary and public trial by jury; and the abolition of aristocratic privileges.

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Ma. Jessiephine M. Tobias—11 Galatians (GAS 2)

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Ma. Jessiephine M. Tobias—11 Galatians (GAS 2)

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The lesson 3 of PPG subject talks about the Nature, Forms and Consequences of Power. There are lot of philosophers who defined Power and one of these is Socrates. Socrates defined power as the ability to rule over others and to satisfy one's own desire.

I've learned about the definitions of Power, Authority, and Force where; Power is the ability to influence the behavior of others with or without resistance. And authority is used for power perceived as legitimate by the social structure. While Force is defined as actual or threatened use of coercion to impose one's will on others. There are different forms/types of power and these are Economic Power, Social Power, Political Power, Knowledge Power, Military Power, and Ideological Power. We also discussed about the Consequences of Power such as Compliance (readiness or act of agreeing to do something), Commitment (very unlikely consequence if coercive power is employed), and last is Resistance (to refuse or to oppose).

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Ma. Jessiephine M. Tobias—11 Galatians (GAS 2)

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Ma. Jessiephine M. Tobias—11 Galatians (GAS 2)

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📌Lesson 4: State, Nation, Nation-State

In this lesson, I've learned what is State, What is Nation, and What is Nation-State. A state is a territory with its own institutions and populations. A nation is a large group of people who inhabit a specific territory and are connected by history, culture, or another commonality. A nation-state would be a sovereign territory with one group of individuals who share a common history.

📌Lesson 5: State and Nation in the age of Globalization

I've learned that Globalization is a process of interaction and integration of every landscape in the planet. And there are types of Globalization which are Globalization of Communications and Transportation, Economic Globalization, and Cultural Globalization.

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FONTAMILLAS,JANELLE  (GAS 1) - 11 CORINTHIANS

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FONTAMILLAS,JANELLE  (GAS 1) - 11 CORINTHIANS

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Learning about politics and governance in the Philippines is important because it describes much of society’s behavior and power composition. It includes deciding on, distributing resources and determining which societal groups have the most control. Civil society is critical primarily for interrogating the government and fighting for people’s speech and aspirations. This knowledge enables me and my fellow students to think critically for democracy and social reform.

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FONTAMILLAS,JANELLE (GAS 1) 11-CORINTHIANS 

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FONTAMILLAS,JANELLE (GAS 1) 11-CORINTHIANS 

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through political ideologies, learners are enlightened in regard to the many types of governance and organization present in the world. Doing so, each and every ideology offers principles, values, and goals according to how the individual and the community in question perceive government, individual rights, sharing of any form of economy, and community growth. This thus becomes knowledge that is informative of citizenship, critical thinking, and, in general, civil participation in a diversified nation such as the Philippines.

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on the third lesson of across nature of power, its forms and consequences, there is one quote that seemed to encapsulate that nature: "Nearly all men can stand adversity, but if you want to test a man's character, give him power." Encapsulation of that particular quote does seem to encapsulate the depth truths about human nature and power. Student efforts in moving and negotiating complexities in ways that bring about positive change for people through understanding powers itself will just be brought about by the students. Power dynamics also put in place such an environment that allows critiquing of authority systems and challenging in-equities and calling for justice. It identifies and highlights issues of ethical leadership and responsible power control. Power dynamics also remind individuals of the delicacy of the balance that exists in the dichotomous relationship of authority, and the counterbalance which is accountability and equally encourage prudent and soft exercise of power.

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Returning back to one of the lessons covering the concepts afore-going of state, nation, and nation-states, one can therefore rightly fathom the gravity hidden in quotes such as: "The state is made for man, not man for the state." One therefore qualifies the simple notion through which governments are formed for the needs and interests of people, and not the human form is in submission to the state, thus underscoring governance that is based in human welfare, justice, and democracy. Clearly, understanding global politics and society has a significant lesson for students because, from it, they get to find a clear direction within the changing world. In a country such as the Philippines, which holds a very novel colonial past and a very varied cultural legacy, understanding states' dynamics and that of nations' dynamics pertaining to globalization can easily facilitate sorting problems like poverty, inequality, and governance.

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On the first week of politics and government I learn the 8 good governance their are participatory, rule of law, effective and efficient, transparent, responsive, equitable and inclusive, consensus oriented and accountability. And four definitions of politics into different 1 as an art of government, 2 as public affairs, 3 as compromise and last as a power in this am first encounter the subject pol gov

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EGIDA MARION ASHLEY |11-GALATIANS (GAS 2)

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EGIDA MARION ASHLEY |11-GALATIANS (GAS 2)

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At this week have learn the many types of political ideologies first one the conservatism its traditional ideologies, liberalism its ideologies freedom for all, socialism this ideologies show about group of people into society, communism aim to establish a society that is classless, egalitarian, and stateless. Anarchism ideology no government, fascism its ideology (great are country).feminism women power and gender power, neoliberalism new or modern society, reactionism like convervatism and others political ideologies

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From the lesson about the concept and politics of governance, I have learned that governance refers to the system of rules, practices, and processes by which decisions are made and implemented in a society or organization. It is essential for ensuring accountability, transparency, and effectiveness in decision-making. I have learned that governance is not limited to government institutions but also encompasses non-state actors, such as civil society organizations, businesses, and international organizations.

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From the lesson about political ideologies, I have learned that political ideologies are a set of beliefs, values, and principles that guide a person or group's understanding of politics and society. Political ideologies can be classified into different categories, such as liberalism, conservatism, socialism, and anarchism. Each ideology has its own perspective on political, social, and economic matters, and they often serve as a basis for political movements and parties.

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From the lesson about the nature, forms, and consequences of power, I have learned that power is a fundamental concept in politics and society, representing the ability to influence or control the behavior of others. Power can take various forms, including political power (exercised by governments and institutions), economic power (exerted by corporations and individuals with wealth), social power (stemming from social status and influence), and cultural power (influencing beliefs and values in society).I have also learned that power can be used for both constructive and destructive purposes. When wielded responsibly, power can be a force for positive change, allowing leaders to address societal challenges, promote justice, and improve the well-being of citizens. However, power can also be misused or abused, leading to oppression, exploitation, and inequality

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From the lesson about the nation, state, nation-states, and the interactions between state and nation in the age of globalization, I have gained insights into the complexities of identity, governance, and sovereignty in a globalized world. I have learned that a "nation" refers to a group of people who share a common history, culture, and identity, often bound together by a sense of belonging and solidarity. In contrast, a "state" is a political entity with defined territorial boundaries, a government, and the ability to exercise authority over its population. The concept of a "nation-state" emerged in the modern period, representing the alignment of a single nation with a single state, where the political and cultural boundaries largelobalization, characterized by increased interconnectedness and interdependence across borders, has posed challenges to the traditional nation-state model. Globalization has facilitated the flow of goods, information, people, and ideas across national boundaries, leading to the erosion of state sovereignty and the blurring of national identities. In the age of globalization, states face pressures from global economic forces, transnational movements, and international organizations that influence their policies and decision-making

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ALLEAH JOY S. DESUASIDO 11-GALATIANS (GAS-2)

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ALLEAH JOY S. DESUASIDO 11-GALATIANS (GAS-2)

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On the first week of the lesson in Philippine Politics and Governance, I learned about the concept of politics and governance. The content of the topic or the lesson is Politics, Government and Governance. First the Politics, for me the Politics is a type of power to govern every nation or state. Politics involves the pursuit and exercise of power, the governance refers to the systems and processes through which decisions are made and implemented. Understanding these concepts is important for individuals as it allows them to navigate the complexities of societv.

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ALLEAH JOY S. DESUASIDO 11-GALATIANS (GAS-2)

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ALLEAH JOY S. DESUASIDO 11-GALATIANS (GAS-2)

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On the second week of the lesson in Philippine Politics and Governance, I learned about Political Ideology. The content of the lesson or the topic is Ideology, Political Ideology and Political Spectrum. In my own understanding, Ideology is a system of belief and ideas of a group or an individual. An ideology is a set of opinions or beliefs of a group or an individual. Very often ideology refers to a set of political beliefs or a set of ideas that characterize a particular culture. Capitalism, communism, socialism, and Marxism are ideologies.

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ALLEAH JOY S. DESUASIDO 11-GALATIANS (GAS-2)

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ALLEAH JOY S. DESUASIDO 11-GALATIANS (GAS-2)

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On the third week lesson in Philippine Politics and Governance, the lesson or the topic that I learned is all about Nature, Forms and Consequences of Power. This form of power comes from individual characteristics rather than formal authority. Personal power is more of an attitude or state of mind. Someone with strong personal power is focused on their self-efficacy and ability to cooperate with others. The content of the lesson or the topic is Power, Authority, Force, Types Taxonomy Power, Types of Power and Types of Consequences of power.

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ALLEAH JOY S. DESUASIDO 11-GALATIANS (GAS-2)

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ALLEAH JOY S. DESUASIDO 11-GALATIANS (GAS-2)

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On week four and five lesson in Philippine Politics and Governance, on week four topic, I learned about the State, Nations and Nation-State. In my own understanding, State is defined by sovereignty over the territory and this are commonly called a country. The role of the nation-state in a global world is largely a regulatory one as the chief factor in global interdependence. While the domestic role of the nation-state remains largely unchanged, states that were previously isolated are now forced to engage with one another to set international.

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What I've learned in lesson 01 was about politics focuses on the competition for power and the formulation of policies, while governance is concerned with the implementation and management of those policies in a fair and efficient manner. Effective governance is essential for a stable and prosperous society, as it ensures that the interests of all members are taken into account and that resources are allocated in a just and sustainable way.

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What I've learned in lesson 02 is A political ideology is a set of ideas, beliefs, values, and opinions, exhibiting a recurring pattern, that competes deliberately as well as unintentionally over providing plans of action for public policy making in an attempt to justify, explain, contest, or change the social and political arrangements and processes. An ideology is a set of opinions or beliefs of a group or an individual. Very often ideology refers to a set of political beliefs or a set of ideas that characterize a particular culture.

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The things I've learned in lesson 03 in PPG is Power is our mission, vision and values all rolled into one set of beliefs that guides everything we do. Certain types of power in particular, ways may result into these consequences. There are several dimensions and types of power. Power can be latent, relative, perceived, and dynamic. The main types of power are legitimate, reward, coercive, expert, and referent. Power derives from physical advantages or knowledge, and can also be emotional. And last the Taxonomy of Power with four major types, the Compulsory power, the Institutional power, the Structural power, and last the Productive power.

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I've learned about lesson 04 in PPG was about

Nation. The definition of a nation is a body of people in a particular location with a distinct government.

State. “A state is a community of persons more or less numerous, permanently occupying a definite portion of territory, independent of external control and possessing an organized government”.

In our lesson 05 I've learned about the definition of globalization (Globalization is a process if interaction and integration of every landscape in the planet). And i also learned the Two Theories on Globalization. hyperglobalists argue that the world had evolved these past years. National economies are now part of a global economy where international financial markets and transnational dominate.

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What I learned about the concept of politics and governance is to focus on their meanings, relationships, and importance in contemporary society. Politics includes the activities, processes, and strategies to gain and exercise power within a government or influence decision-making, while governance refers to the structures, processes, and institutions through which authority is exercised and managed. public affairs. Good governance ensures transparency, accountability, and citizen participation in decision-making processes, upholds the rule of law, protects human rights, and promotes social and economic development.
Politics and governance are intertwined, with democratic principles such as popular sovereignty, political representation, and individual rights forming the foundation of modern political systems. Theories such as pluralism, elitism, and social contract theory provide different perspectives on the distribution of power, decision-making processes, and the role of citizens in shaping governance structures.

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What I learned in lesson 2 explores the author's journey in grappling with political ideologies and the lessons learned. It highlights the importance of critical thinking, empathy, and building bridges between differing perspectives. The author emphasizes the need to embrace the complexity of political ideologies and avoid oversimplification. They also emphasize the importance of being open-minded and questioning assumptions. Empathy is essential to navigating political ideologies, as it allows individuals to put themselves in the shoes of others and recognize their diverse origins. Building bridges between different ideologies is important, as it encourages respectful dialogue, shared values, and common goals. The author encourages readers to embark on their own reflective journeys, seeking growth and understanding in the realm of political ideologies.

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What i have learned the nature, forms, and consequences of power, focusing on its complexities and dynamics. It delves into the nature of power, its sources, and the ways it manifests in society. The author discusses the distinction between formal and informal power, the dynamics of interpersonal power, and the potential for power imbalances, social inequalities, and abuse. They also discuss the potential for empowerment and social change through the redistribution of power. The author also emphasizes the importance of ethical considerations and accountability in relation to power. They emphasize the need for checks and balances, transparency, and public participation in mitigating the negative consequences of power. By examining the nature of power, understanding its manifestations, and considering its implications, individuals can foster a more nuanced perspective on power dynamics in society.

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In lesson 01 I learned about the Governance vs Governance. Government and Governance are two very similar words. People often gets confused about the differences between “governance” and “government”. The word “governance” comes from the Latin verb “gubernare,” or more originally from the Greek word “kubernaein,” which means “to steer”.

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In our lesson 02 in PPG i learned IDEOLOGY (from ideologie). An ideology that “pertains to the conduct of government” is appropriately called a political ideology. Learning about political ideologies is advantegeous to understanding certain political context. It affects how we tell the story of our nation.

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Things I've learned in lesson 03 was Power in the natural sciences can be easily established through a single equation which signifies the quantifiable nature of physical power. As a central concept, is dynamic and has different forms, depending on who is imposing power, and how that power is expressed. Consequences of Power there are three consequences of power according to Yukl, compliance, commitment, and last resistance.

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What I've learned in lesson 04 Is the Nation and state are two similar and sometimes interchangeable yet different concepts in political science. And for the lesson 05 I've learned about Globalization. Globalization is an event and issue that affects all fields of study, from social sciences, natural sciences, and humanities,

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What I learned explores the evolving relationship between the nation, the state, and the nation-state in the context of globalization. It aims to deepen our understanding of the challenges and opportunities brought about by globalization for the concepts of nation and state. The author reflects on the meanings and interplay of nation and state, the erosion of borders, and the complexity of identity and governance in the age of globalization. They discuss the tensions between national identity and global citizenship, the rise of transnational communities, and the challenges of governance in a globalized world. The author also discusses the opportunities and challenges that nation states face in the era of globalization, such as cooperation and collaboration to address global issues such as climate change and economic inequality. The author emphasizes the importance of embracing diversity, fostering inclusive governance, and finding a balance between national and global interests in shaping the future of nation states.

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JOANNA MAE CABILES

GAS-1 LESSON 1

LESSON 1 presents the basic discussions to introduce the nature, concept and theoretical framework of governance. It also provides students an understanding of the difference of governance from government as well as its evolution which will eventually develop students ability to apply these concepts to current issues on governance and development.

Knowledge is knowledge only when the students do at their best on what they learn. In each lesson are learning activities, concept development and drills/exercises. Productive and constructive teaching methodologies are presented. and hopefully utilize to build the student's competencies which include among others: professional writing style, oral presentation skills, critical analytical thinking skills, political and administrative decision-making systems, discipline-specific knowledge (government, non-profit management, and corporate management skills), public service skills, research skills, proper documentation, library skills, technology skills, and globalization

Governance refers to all processes of governing, the institutions, processes and practices through which issues of common concern are decided upon and regulated. Good governance adds a normative or evaluative attribute to the process of governing.

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JOANNA MAE CABILES

GAS-1 LESSON 2

LESSON 2 gives students a critical understanding of the role of the different key players/actors in the governance process. This will encourage them to develop their own ideas for enhancing participation in governance and improving accountability of the state.In social studies, a political ideology is a certain set of ethical ideals, principles, doctrines, myths or symbols of a social movement, institution, class or large group that explains how society should work and offers some political and cultural blueprint for a certain social order.Ideologies bring about change when they change the thinking of masses of people. These people are then persuaded to vote for public policies and candidates who espouse the ideologies that create cultural changes.

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JOANNA MAE CABILES

GAS-1 LESSON 3

LESSON 3 discusses the definition and the elements or characteristics of good governance as introduced by different institutions and organizations.Power is its broadest sense, power is one's ability to achieve the desired outcome.

However, in political terms, power is the ability to influence another-the way one thinks or behaves in a manner not of his or her own choosing (Lasswell 1936). It thus involves one's capacity to get things done, and to make someone do something he or she would not otherwise do.

Political power involves three interrelated concepts: legitimacy, authority, and sovereignty. According to Roskin et al. (2012), legitimacy refers to the people's perception that their government rules rightfully, and thus must be obeyed. Sovereignty, on the other hand, speaks of the ability of a national government to be the sole leader, which has the last word of law in that society. Lastly, authority is seen as the political leader's ability to command respect and exercise powerCore elements of good governance include transparency, integrity, lawfulness, sound policy, participation, accountability, responsiveness, and the absence of corruption and wrongdoing.Good governance means that processes and institutions produce results that meet the needs of society while making the best use of resources at their disposal.

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JOANNA MAE CABILES

GAS-1 LESSON 4-5

LESSON 4-5 It defines a state as a political community living under a single government, while a nation is a stable community sharing common culture, language, and identity.

The nation state is a system of organization defined by geography, politics, and culture. The nation is cultural identity that is shared by the people, and the state is the governing administration. A nation state must have a shared national identity, physical borders, and a single government.

The Philippines is a self-governing independent 'Nation-State' because it has its own citizens, government, and territory… therefore it is a sovereign country

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Angelica F. Servino 11 CORINTHIANS (GAS-1)

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Angelica F. Servino 11 CORINTHIANS (GAS-1)

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I learned about the concept of politics and governance.

Politics is a form of power used to govern nations or states. It's viewed in four ways: as an art of government, as public affairs, as compromise and consensus, and as power itself. It's about making agreements to allow people to live together in groups, whether it's tribes, cities, or countries.

Governance, on the other hand, is the process of decision-making within an organization or society. It encourages efficient use of resources and accountability. Governance influences how objectives are set and achieved, how risk is monitored and addressed, and how performance is optimized.

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I learned from lesson #1 is about the Politics and governance are two separate but interconnected concepts that play a significant role in our society. And also, I learned politics is about power and the struggle for it, while governance is about how that power is used to make and enforce rules. Both are vital for the functioning of a modern society.

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In this lesson, I learned about Political ideologies are sets of ethical ideals, principles, doctrines, myths, or symbols of a social movement, institution, class, or large group that explains how society should work.

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During the initial week of instruction, the foundational concepts of politics and governance are introduced, providing essential insights into the structuring of societies and the mechanisms involved in decision-making processes. This overview offers a fundamental understanding of these concepts.

Politics:Politics refers to the activities, actions, and processes related to governance and the exercise of power within a society. It encompasses the competition for authority, the formation of policies, and the distribution of resources and benefits.

Governance: Governance refers to the manner in which authority is exercised and decisions are made within a particular entity or organization, such as a government, institution, or community. It involves the processes, structures, and mechanisms through which power is managed, policies are formulated and implemented, and resources are allocated. Effective governance typically entails transparency, accountability, participation, and responsiveness to the needs and interests of stakeholders.

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Tristan Vasquez - 11 Corinthians (GAS 1)

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Tristan Vasquez - 11 Corinthians (GAS 1)

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In this week, I learn about the fundamental beliefs, values, and principles that underpin different systems of political thought and action. This would include exploring ideologies such as liberalism, conservatism, socialism, communism, fascism, and others, and understanding their historical contexts, core principles, and implications for governance and society. Additionally, I learn about the ways in which political ideologies shape individuals' perspectives on issues such as the role of government, economic organization, social justice, individual rights, and international relations. Understanding political ideologies would provide insights into the diversity of political perspectives and the ideological foundations of political movements, parties, and policies.

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Tristan Vasquez - 11 Corinthians ( GAS 1 )

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Tristan Vasquez - 11 Corinthians ( GAS 1 )

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Through learning about (Nature, Forms, and Consequences of Power), I gained insights into the multifaceted nature of power dynamics within societies. This encompassed understanding the various forms power can take, ranging from overt authority wielded by governments to more subtle influence exerted by individuals or groups. Additionally, I explored the consequences of power, including its potential to shape social hierarchies, perpetuate inequalities, and impact decision-making processes.

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Tristan Vasquez - 11 Corinthians ( GAS 1)

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Tristan Vasquez - 11 Corinthians ( GAS 1)

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During weeks four and five of the Philippine Politics and Governance course, the focus was on understanding the concepts of State, Nation, and Nation-State. In week four, the State is defined as a political entity that has sovereignty over a defined territory. It typically encompasses four essential elements: Population (the people who reside within the territory), Territory (the physical land and boundaries), Government (the system of institutions and authorities that govern the population and territory), and Sovereignty (the supreme authority and power to govern within the territory without external interference). A Nation, on the other hand, refers to a group of people who share common characteristics such as culture, language, history, and/or ethnicity. Lastly, a Nation-State is a political entity that aligns with the concept of a nation, wherein the majority of its citizens share a common culture, language, history, and identity. In a nation-state, the boundaries of the state coincide with the boundaries of the nation, meaning that the population within the state largely belongs to a single national group. Moving on to week five, the discussion shifted to exploring the impact of globalization on the State and Nation. Globalization refers to the increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of the world through trade and technology. It manifests in three main forms: Globalization of Communications and Transportation, Economic Globalization, and Cultural Globalization.

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Geslani, Bianca Mae S.11-GAS-1 (Corinthians)

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Geslani, Bianca Mae S.11-GAS-1 (Corinthians)

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For this lesson, We learned about the difference of government and governance. From how I understood it, government is the organization that a state has, to maintain peace and order to the country. Governance on the other hand is the ways of the government on HOW they maintain the peace and order in the county.

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Geslani, Bianca Mae S.11-GAS-1 (Corinthians)

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Geslani, Bianca Mae S.11-GAS-1 (Corinthians)

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For this lesson, we tackled all about the different political ideologies. Ideologies, or the science of ideas, in politics these ideologies plays a very important part when it comes to governing a country. Ideologies such as; Liberalism, socialism, anarchism, conservatism,facism, communism, neoliberalism, reactionism, nationalism, religious fundamentalism and feminism are the current political ideologies that plays a relevant part in our society today.

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Geslani, Bianca Mae S.11-GAS-1 (Corinthians)

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Geslani, Bianca Mae S.11-GAS-1 (Corinthians)

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In this lesson, we discussed about power. It's nature, forms and consequences. From my understanding, power is the ability to give influence to a certain subject. We also discussed the different varieties of power like coercive, expert, reward, referent, legitimate and purchase power. Moreover, the different forms of power are: Economic, social, political, military, knowledge and ideological power. It was also highlighted during this lesson that having a strong foundation of economic and military power inside a country is important. For the different consequences of power, there are three consequences of power and that is: Commitment, compliance and resistance.

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Geslani, Bianca Mae S. 11-GAS-1 (CORINTHIANS)

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Geslani, Bianca Mae S. 11-GAS-1 (CORINTHIANS)

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For this lesson, we studied the nation, state and nation-state. The first thing we did was to differentiate nation from state and then define and differentiate nation-state. We learned that a nation is a group of people who shares the same culture, language,territory, economic life, ethnicity, and psychological make-up(manifested in common culture). Meanwhile a state is a community of persons whose permanently occupying a place. A state must have the a population, territory, government, and sovereignty to be considered a state. Moreover, a nation-state is the type of state that has the political elements of the state but also the cultural elements of a nation.

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first week lesson 1, i learned about the concepts of politics and governance, politics is a process or making decisions that apply to members of a group and there's also 4 views of politics which is an art of government, as public affairs, as powers and lastly is the compromise and consensus. Governance is the act or process of governing or overseeing the control and direction of something

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In lesson 2, i learned about the types of political ideologies and their function. Political ideology is a set of ideas, beliefs, values, and opinions, exhibiting a recurring pattern, that competes deliberately as well as unintentionally over providing plans of action for public policy making in an attempt to justify, explain, contest, or change the social and political arrangements and processes of a political community.

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For this lesson, I learned that, Power had the ability to influence or control the behavior of others, even against their will. It's a fundamental concept in all social relations and can be seen in various forms and has different consequences. Power is a tool, and like any tool, its impact depends on how it's used.

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In lesson 3, i learned the definition of power and what is the importance of it especially in position or even in the politics. There is also many types of power but these are what i learned in lesson 3, the first one is coercive power, coercive power is the capacity to influence others through fear or punishment. Expert power, it is the influence that a person has over others due to their expertise or knowledge in a particular area. Referent power, it is based on a person's attributes and relationships. Legitimate power, it includes people like Presidents, Prime Ministers, CEOs, a police chief. and lastly is the reward power, it occurs when one person is able to influence others by providing them with positive outcomes.

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In lesson 4 and 5, i learned about the difference of nation, state and the nation state, that each of it has different function and perspective. Nation is a large group of collective group that has no government. Nation state is when a nation of people has a state or country of their own, it is called nation state, and state is sovereign in its territory (also referred to as jurisdiction) and has the authority to enforce a system of rules over the people living inside it.

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I learned that, Nation refers to a group of people who share common cultural heritage, history, language, or ethnic origin.

State is a political entity with defined geographic boundaries that has sovereignty – it exercises power and control over its territory.

Nation-State is a state that is ruled in the name of a community of citizens who identify themselves as a nation.

In also I learned that in the age of globalization, the concepts of state and nation are evolving. Globalization has made the world more interconnected and interdependent, leading to a diffusion of authority and power away from traditional nation-states. On one hand, it has brought nations closer together through trade, communication, and cultural exchange.

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on the first week of the lesson i learned about Politics refers to the activities, actions, and processes related to governance and the exercise of power within a society. It encompasses the competition for authority, the formation of policies, and the distribution of resources and benefits. Governance on the other hand is the ways of the government on how they maintain the peace and order in the county and relates to the political and institutional processes and outcome that are necessary to achieve the goal of development.

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i learned this week is a political ideology is a set of ideas, beliefs, values, and opinions, exhibiting a recurring pattern, that competes deliberately as well as unintentionally over providing plans of action for public. and the other ideologies such as Liberalism, socialism, anarchism, conservatism,facism, communism, neoliberalism, reactionism, nationalism, religious fundamentalism and feminism.

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I Learn In lesson 1 of the lesson in Philippine Politics and Governance, I learned about the concept of politics and governance. The content of the topic or the lesson is Politics, Government and Governance. First the Politics, for me the Politics is a type of power to govern every nation or state. There are four views of politics and this is are as an art of government, as public affairs, as compromise and consensus and as power. The second is Government, the Government is the system of people, laws, and officials that define and control the country. Lastly is Governance, the Governance is the process of making and enforcing decisions within an organization or society.

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I learn lesson 2 This article explores political ideology in relation to housing. It begins with a definition of political ideology and then looks briefly at the various types of ideology that have been applied to housing. The article then explores some of the problems with regard to using political ideologies to explore housing. In particular, two problems are considered: first, the discrepancy between what might be called ‘pure’ ideology in its academic setting and the use of ideology in actual political setting; and second, the problem of overgeneralisation, where labels are used too glibly to attach a particular significance to an idea or policy usually with the aim of discrediting it by association.

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I learn lesson 3 that, Power had the ability to influence or control the behavior of others, even against their will. It's a fundamental concept in all social relations and can be seen in various forms and has different consequences. Power is a tool, and like any tool, its impact depends on how it's used.

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EGIDA MARION ASHLEY |11-GALATIANS |GAS 2 

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EGIDA MARION ASHLEY |11-GALATIANS |GAS 2 

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In this discussion /week I learn to many types of power, power the capacity or ability to direct or influence the behavior of others or the course of events.

"she had me under her power" and many types of power like coercive power, expert power (doctor), referent power(artista), legitimate power, purchase power, many have power in society like president have, military power, veto power, to pardining, a point

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on third lesson i learned from nature forms and consequences of power is power is its broadest sense power is the one ability to achieve the desired outcome,Sovereignty, on the other hand, speaks of the ability of a national government to be the sole leader, which has the last word of law in that society. lastly, authority is seen as the political leader's ability to command respect and exercise power. Power in its broadest sense, as stated by Heywood (2007) is the ability to achieve a desired outcome and is sometimes seen as the 'power to' do something. He further explained that in the context of politics and governance, power is usually thought of as a relationship the ability to influence the behaviour of others or having 'power over people and the ability to punish or reward.

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Clarence Jasper L. Ventura (GAS 1 - 11 - Corinthians)

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Clarence Jasper L. Ventura (GAS 1 - 11 - Corinthians)

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On the first week we tackled all about the different concepts surrounding Politics and Governance. Politics comes from the Greek word "polis" which means "affairs of the cities". Back in the first semester we briefly tackled about politics. The term "Government" refers to the institution itself, meaning the whole branch or the group of people making decisions and so for the benefit of mankind. Meanwhile the term "Governance" refers to the way these institutions carry out their decisions for the benefit of mankind. It came from the Latin verb "gubernare" or the Greek word "kubernaein" which means to steer. Politics itself also has 4 views. It can be viewed as the art of government, as public affairs, as compromise and consensus and as power. Politics concerns itself with its citizens and the public sphere of life. A good governance can be identified and understood through its 8 characteristics which are: participatory, rule of law (no one shall be excluded from the law no matter the position), effective and efficient, transparent, responsive, equitable and inclusive, consensus orientation and finally accountability. These 8 characteristics may serve as a guideline on defying whether ones government is doing its job well. However we citizens must also do our part, we must support the government and their projects, we must also pick wisely on whom we wish to lead our country.

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In this discussion /week I learn something in political ideologies. Many kind of political ideologies have, anarchism this ideologies government and law are not necessary (no government) , liberalism this ideologies opposite to conservatism and individuals freedom, feminism in this ideologies show the power women, and gender equality, neoliberalism its ideologies Neoliberalism is contemporarily used to refer to market-oriented reform policies and many types of political ideologies

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On the lesson 1, We learned about Politics and Governance, the process of making decisions that apply to members of a group. It aiming and deciding on certain issues and policies. Politics has 4 different views politics is an art of government, as public affairs, as compromise and consensus, and as power. While Governance, is the process of deciding and controlling how a certain group or group of people is governed. In other words, Politics is the act of deciding while Governance is the act of implementing those decisions.

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Mark Jaspher Quimson-11 Corinthians (Gas-1)

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Mark Jaspher Quimson-11 Corinthians (Gas-1)

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The principles of politics and governance are covered in the first week of the course. These concepts are essential to comprehending how societies are run and how decisions are made. Here is a summary of these ideas: Politics: Politics is the process of deciding as a group or as a community. In order to influence governmental actions and public policy, it entails both individual and collective competition and cooperation. A broad range of actions are included in politics, such as public debate, lobbying, voting, and campaigning. Governance: The organisation and management of a society's affairs, especially with regard to authority, decision-making, and the use of power, is referred to as governance. It includes the organisations and procedures that societies use to manage their resources, settle disputes, and formulate and carry out decisions.

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Mark Jaspher Quimson-11 Corinthians (Gas-1)

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Mark Jaspher Quimson-11 Corinthians (Gas-1)

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Lesson 2 delves into the author's experience of navigating political ideologies and the insights gained from it. It emphasises the value of empathy, critical thinking, and creating connections between people with different viewpoints. The author stresses the importance of embracing political ideology' richness and avoiding oversimplification. They also stress the value of challenging preconceptions and maintaining an open mind. Political ideas must be navigated with empathy since it enables people to see the world from another person's perspective and appreciate the diversity of their backgrounds. It is crucial to create bridges across opposing ideas since doing so promotes civil discourse, shared ideals, and cooperative objectives. The author invites readers to set out on their own introspective excursions in search of political ideology growth and comprehension.

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Mark Jaspher Quimson-11 Corinthians (Gas-1)

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Mark Jaspher Quimson-11 Corinthians (Gas-1)

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I've discovered about the nature, manifestations, and effects of power, with an emphasis on its dynamism and complexity. It explores the characteristics of power, where it comes from, and how it appears in society. The author talks about the differences between formal and informal power, interpersonal power dynamics, and the possibility of abuse, societal injustice, and power imbalances. They also talk about how power redistribution can lead to societal change and empowerment. The significance of moral issues and accountability in regard to power is also emphasised by the author. They place a strong emphasis on the necessity of transparency, checks and balances, and public involvement in reducing the unfavourable effects of power. through analysing the characteristics of power, comprehending its uses, and weighing its effects.

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Mark Jaspher Quimson-11 Corinthians (Gas-1)

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Mark Jaspher Quimson-11 Corinthians (Gas-1)

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I discovered that PPG's lesson 04 was about Country. A nation is defined as a group of people living in a specific area under a unique form of governance. State. "A state is a group of people who are more or less numerous, who live in a certain area permanently, are unaffected by outside forces, and have an established government." I studied the definition of globalisation in our lesson five, which states that it is the process of every terrain on the world interacting and integrating. I also became familiar with the Two Theories of Globalisation. Hyperglobalists contend that recent years have seen a change in the world. Today, national economies are a part of a global economy dominated by transnational corporations and international financial markets.

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On the Lesson 2, I learned that Ideology is a set of opinions or a beliefs of an individual. It can be political, religious, cultural or anything else, It can influence how people think, act and treat others. There are different types of ideologies, including feminism, fascism, liberalism, socialism, etc. Each of these ideologies has its characteristic and elements that differentiate them. Also the Political Spectrum is refers to the range of political positions or opinions that exist from the left to right. This lesson help us to understand how different perspective shape our views from the world and why they hold those beliefs.

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Rodriguez Justine Carl D. 11-Galatians (GAS2)

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Rodriguez Justine Carl D. 11-Galatians (GAS2)

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Political governance is the decision-making process to formulate policy. Administrative management is the policy implementation system. Covered by the three, good governance refers to the processes and structures that guide political and socio-economic relations.Political governance is the decision-making process to formulate policy. Administrative management is the policy implementation system. Covered by the three, good governance refers to the processes and structures that guide political and socio-economic relations.

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CHELSEA POLICARPIO || GAS 1 CORINTHIANS 

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CHELSEA POLICARPIO || GAS 1 CORINTHIANS 

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The significant learning that I have learnt from this topic was the concept of Politics and differences between Government and Governance. I have learned GOVERNMENT is considered as the AGENCY that has three branches which are;

• Executive

• Legislative

• Judiciary

Meanwhile, GOVERNANCE, on the other hand is considered as the MANAGEMENT or ACTIONS TO BE DONE in order to manage a particular country.

Their differences enlighten me and made me realized that there are still complicated things within the Politics that is really hard to understand

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Rodriguez Justine Carl D. 11 Galatians (GAS2)

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Rodriguez Justine Carl D. 11 Galatians (GAS2)

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A political ideology largely concerns itself with how to allocate power and to what ends it should be used. Some political parties follow a certain ideology very closely while others may take broa inspiration from a group of related ideologies without specifically embracing any one of them.

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CHELSEA POLICARPIO || GAS 1 CORINTHIANS 

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CHELSEA POLICARPIO || GAS 1 CORINTHIANS 

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The significant learning that I have learnt from this topic was the political ideologies that had been emerged in order to manage a particular country with an imaginary set of beliefs and ideas that shape an individual or a groups' views, actions and interactions with the world. To further elaborate, POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES is a call upon massive mass or government action to achieve a better political and economic condition. Political ideologies provides a model of desired future and outline the political change that should be brought about. Some examples of political ideologies are;

• Liberalism

• Neoliberalism

• Conservatism

• Individualism

• Individualism

• Socialism

• Anarchism

These political ideologies help a particular country to be shape and to execute a none-existing laws.

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Clarence Jasper L. Ventura (GAS 1 - 11 - Corinthians)

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Clarence Jasper L. Ventura (GAS 1 - 11 - Corinthians)

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Ideology means the "science of ideas". Idealogy may refer to an individual or a group's belief and view on a certain topic or situation. These ideas and concepts can help structure an individual's belief, view and decision throughout the entirety of their life. Political ideology are different from other idealogies. Political Idealogy pertains to how the government conduct or achieve goals in terms of political and economic condition. We have a total of 11 political ideologies or rather main stream idealogies which are: conservatism, liberalism, socialism, communism, religious fundamentalism, anarchism, fascism, feminism, neo-liberalism, nationalism and reactionism. Political ideologies play an important and integral role in politics as these idealogies can impact how we interact, our laws, views and way of living. For example conservatism, conservatism refers to the ideology on where they do not accept changes in their society they only will follow the "old ways" which doesn't allow for much change and improvement. However other idealogies can promote goodness and empowerment like feminism, this idealogy hopes for an equal treatment for the sexes in terms of status, opportunities and more. Idealogies serves as a guide to explain a political phenomena. And as a student we must understand these different idealogies as to widen our perspective and able to see the different ways of governance of each country through different lenses.

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Rodriguez Justine Carl 11 Galatians (GAS2)

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Rodriguez Justine Carl 11 Galatians (GAS2)

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What I Learned

Reward Power is a power a leader has that allows them to give a reward to an employee as an incentive to improve.

Purchasing power refers to how much you can buy with your money.

Expert power involves having expertise in a specific area and confidently sharing your knowledge with others.

Coercive power is the ability of a manager to force an employee to follow an order by threatening the employee with punishment if the employee does not comply with the order.

The simplest referent power definition is a type of power that stems from a leader's ability to inspire and influence others.

Legitimate power is power you derive from your formal position or office held in the organization's hierarchy of authority.

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Rodriguez Justine Carl D. 11 Galatians (GAS2)

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Rodriguez Justine Carl D. 11 Galatians (GAS2)

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Nation state building peaked in the second half of this century, with more than one hundred states newly forming. However, there is a paradox: there are more nation states than before, but they enjoy less sovereignty.

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Joseph A Maniego.                                      11-Galatians                

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Joseph A Maniego.                                      11-Galatians                

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I learn in this week that Politics and governance are interconnected concepts that shape societies and governing systems. Politics involves the competition for power, the formation of political parties, and the negotiation of interests, while governance encompasses the processes and structures through which power is exercised, decisions are made, and policies are implemented. Both politics and governance are essential for the functioning of societies, as they shape policies, laws, and regulations that impact the lives of individuals and communities. However, challenges such as corruption, power imbalances, lack of accountability, and political polarization need to be addressed to ensure the effectiveness and legitimacy of governance systems.

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On the Lesson 3, I have learned in this lesson is all about the nature, forms and consequences of power also the different perspectives of philosophers on what power is. Power is the ability to control and influence other people. Authority is the power or right to give orders and make decisions, it is to direct, command and control others. Force is the coercion, in order to make someone do something against their will or desires. Power has a different types, Economic Power ability to control and improve the living standard, Social Power refers to influence and control others, It can be wealth, status or fame. Political Power is the ability to influence or control political outcomes and decisions. Knowledge Power it is ability to gain and maintain influence through the use of knowledge. Military Power is the armed forces or the one who influence and protect the nation. Ideological Power is the creation and manipulation of ideas or concerning the way which individuals should act toward each other in society, and the consequences of power.

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I learn in this week that Political ideologies are frameworks of ideas and beliefs that shape and guide political thought and action. They provide a lens through which individuals and societies understand and approach political issues. Reflecting on political ideologies, it becomes evident that they play a significant role in shaping political systems, policies, and societal values. From liberalism to conservatism, socialism to libertarianism, each ideology offers a distinct perspective on the role of government, individual rights, economic systems, and social justice. These ideologies often serve as a basis for political parties, movements, and policy debates. While political ideologies can inspire and mobilize people towards positive change, they can also lead to polarization and conflicts when different ideologies clash. It is important to critically examine and evaluate political ideologies, considering their historical context, practical implications, and impact on human rights and social progress.