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For young learners, spoken language is the medium through which the new language is encountered, understood, practised and learnt.

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-Development can be seen as internalising from social interaction.
-Children's foreign language learning depends on what they experience.

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-Children actively try to construct meaning.
-Children need space for language growth.

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However, younger children learn the grammar of the L2 more slowly than older learners.

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-Listening comprehension benefits the most.
-Pronunciation also benefits in the longer term.

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Children learn a second language faster than adults, as their neurons continue to develop.

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Children also have trouble expressing ideas and using words in their first language.

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The routines in language class happen every day, for example the way the teacher greets, when he gives instructions for an activity or game, etc.

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-It is important for adults to use language to mediate the world for children and help them solve problems.
-Routines are features of events that allow scaffolding to take place.

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Routines can provide opportunities for meaningful language development.

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Internalization is the way in which the child acquires knowledge through social interaction with another person.

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Children often use single words to convey a message or meaning, it is easier for them to learn a new language through groups of words.

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As children get older they talk less out loud, but they differentiate between social speech for others and "Inner speech".

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Young children can be heard talking to themselves, this is called "private speech".

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It is the distance between the child's real development zone (what he knows), and the potential development zone (what he does not know).

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Words have a special significance for children learning a new language.

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Vygotsky raised the "sociocultural theory", with a social focus on the cognitive development of the child.

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-The child is an active learner and thinker, who builds his own knowledge through objects or ideas.
-Their sense-making is limited by their experience.
-The world offers learning opportunities.
-Children adapt through experiences with objects in their environment.

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-It occurs when the child adjust the information to a new mental scheme.
-There is a change in the whole structure.

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-The child incorporates new knowledge.
-It happens when action takes place without any change to the child.

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According to Piaget, there are two fundamental concepts for the acquisition of knowledge:

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The child is seen as continually interacting with the world around her/him, solving problems that are presented by the environment.

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There are three important theorists who contributed great theories to the educational process, which revolutionized the way of teaching:

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The teacher has to do what the child may not be able to do, that is, help the child with activities that he cannot yet do for himself.

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Learner-centred teaching places the child at the center of teacher thinking and curriculum planning.

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-Children are more enthusiastic and active as students, however, they lose interest quickly.
-Children feel less embarrassed than adults when speaking in a new language.

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7. The foreign language: describing the indivisible

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7. The foreign language: describing the indivisible

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6. Advantages to starting young with foreign languages

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6. Advantages to starting young with foreign languages

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1. Taking a learning-centred perspective

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1. Taking a learning-centred perspective