# data[].attributes.body
- Founded by Alicia Garza, Patrisse Cullors, and Opal Tometi as a direct response to the racist blacklash in the form of police brutality.
- It transformed from an antiracist love declaration into an antiracist movement filled with young people operating in local BLM groups across the nation, often led by Black women.

# data[].attributes.body
- Wife to Barack Obama
- Former First Lady of the United States
- Racist commentators became obsessed with her body and searched for problems in her Black marriage and family.

# data[].attributes.body
- On August 2005, Katrina took more than 1,800 lives, forced millions to migrate and flooded the Gulf coast, causing billions in property damage.

# data[].attributes.body
- Wrote memoir, "Dreams from My Father."
- Began his political career in Illinois
- Became the nation's only African American in the US Senate in 2005.
- On Feb 10, 2007, Obama announced his presidential candidacy.
- Delivered speech "A More Perfect Union."
- Became 44th president of the United States.
- Had moments of anti-racist thoughts but always seemed to assimilate under pressure.

# data[].attributes.body
- September 11, 2001
- About 3,000 Americans lost their lives in attacks on Twin Towers, Pentagon on United Flight 93

# data[].attributes.body
- Texas Governor and 43rd president
- Won presidency when tens of thousands of Black voters in FL were barred from voting or had their votes destroyed.
- Administration issued No Child Left Behind Act

# data[].attributes.body
- Arkansas governor than became 42nd president of USA
- Endorsed a "three strikes and you're out" law. It was called Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, giving a hard time to certain three-time offenders.
- Plead to "God" for racial healing.
- Gave a commencement address at Davis's school and pledged to lead "the American people in a great and unprecedented conversation on race."

# data[].attributes.body
- Appointed Supreme Court justice (replacing Thurgood Marshall) after Rodney King beaten
- Was an assimilationist
- Was accused by a woman name Anita Hill of sexual harassment when served as his assistant at an earlier job (nothing was done).

# data[].attributes.body
- 25 years old when brutally beaten by 4 LA police officers
- Recording was shot by a white man, George Holliday

# data[].attributes.body
- Was an actor
- Governor of California from 1967 to 1975
- Went after Angela Davis
- Became the 40th President of the United States, serving from 1981 to 1989
- Passed the Anti-Drug Abuse Act

# data[].attributes.body
- Founded the Che-Lumumba Club in LA
- First black woman to run for US presidency
- Communist Party candidate

# data[].attributes.body
- Moved back to America from Germany in 1967.
- She started a Black Student Union (BSU) at the University of California
- Became a part of the SNCC in LA (new activist home)
- In the fall of 1969, Davis became a teacher at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)
- Fired from UCLA by Ronald Reagan
- Charged with murder because police said one of the guns used by Johnathan Jackson was hers. She'd be sentenced to death if found guilty.
- Went on a run and got caught in NY.
- Studied her case, represented herself, and won her case.
- Developed her Black feminist theory.

# data[].attributes.body
- Started their own two-man movement
- Called themselves the Black Panther Party for Self Defense
- Composed a ten-point platform of things they were fighting for

# data[].attributes.body
- Born in Trinidad in 1941
- Moved to the Bronx in 1952
- Graduated from Howard University in 1964
- Said the word "Negro" was to describe black assimilationist and "Black" was for the anti-racist removing the ugliness and evil that had been attached.
- New chairman of the SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee)
- Exclaimed a culture-shifting phrase called Black Power

# data[].attributes.body
- 35th President of USA
- On June 11, addressed the nation and summoned Congress to pass civil rights legislation.
- Kennedy's administration controlled the event.
- Kennedy's aides approved of speakers and speeches but no Black women, no James Baldwin (an openly gay Black novelist and no Malcolm X)

# data[].attributes.body
- Minister in the Nation of Islam, a religious organization focused on the liberation of Black people through discipline, self-defense, community organization...
- Preached that Blacks were original people of the world and about self-sufficiency (Black people could care for themselves, families and communities all by themselves.

# data[].attributes.body
- Birmingham's ruggedly segregationist police chief
- Upset at MLK's demonstrations
- Fire hoses broke limbs, blew clothes off, slammed bodies into storefronts, and his officers clubbed marchers with nightsticks.

# data[].attributes.body
- Preacher from Atlanta
- Idolized W.E.B. Du Bois
- A leader of the Civil Rights Movement
- On April 3, 1963, King kicked off a series of demonstrations in Birmingham
- Jailed and responded to critics in his "Letter from Birmingham Jail."

# data[].attributes.body
- 14 year old boy
- Brutally murdered in Money, Mississippi for supposedly "hissing" at a White woman.
- He was beaten so bad that his face was unrecognizable during his open-casket in Chicago.

# data[].attributes.body
- This case said that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional
- Resulted in schools beginning to mix (Blacks into Whites schools)

# data[].attributes.body
- Case decided with Supreme Court saying courts can't enforce White-only real estate contracts in the northern cities.
- Brought on the open housing market, which exposed White people from stopping Black people from living where they wanted.

# data[].attributes.body
- Fought against Truman's push for civil rights
- Ran for president (it was a grossly segregationist platform.

# data[].attributes.body
- White Americans that stayed in the Democrat party and formed this group to fight against Truman's push for civil rights.

# data[].attributes.body
-  33rd President
- Took over when Roosevelt died in 1945
- On Feb 2, 1948, Truman urged Congress to implement a civil rights act.

# data[].attributes.body
- In 1945, joined representatives of fifty countries at the United Nations Conference on International Organization in San Francisco.
- Wanted the new United Nations Charter to become a buffer against racism.
- Attended Fifth Pan-African Congress in Manchester, England, and was introduced as the "Father of Pan-Africanism."
- Died in his sleep the day before King's "I Have a Dream" speech.
- Anti-racist

# data[].attributes.body
- Started in Sept 1, 1939 - Sept 2, 1945
- Great Allied powers—Great Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union
- The three principal partners in the Axis alliance were Germany, Italy, and Japan

# data[].attributes.body
- Resistant group of artists that emerged in 1926.
- They believed they should be able to make whatever they wanted to express themselves as whole humans without worrying about white acceptance.
- Langston Hughes was Niggerati's most prominent poet

# data[].attributes.body
- Universal Negro Improvement Association
- Created by Marcus Garvey
- Its purpose was to focus on African solidarity, the beauty of dark skin and African American culture and global African self determination. Created opposite of the Talented Tenth.

# data[].attributes.body
- Started by two men who had written books about John Brown, Du Bois and Oswald Garrison Villard

# data[].attributes.body
- White man
- Antislavery activist
- In 1859, he raided the US Armory in Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, with the intention of arming slaves and starting a revolution. He was caught and executed

# data[].attributes.body
- Jamaican man that escaped colonialism
- Came to America to raise money for a school in Jamaica.
- The first thing he did when he arrived in NY in 1916 visited the NAACP office.
- Decided to start his own organization, called Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)
- Charged with mail fraud and deported three years later

# data[].attributes.body
- 28th president
- Democrat
- During first term played film screening in the White House of "The Birth of a Nation"

# data[].attributes.body
- Wrote a book to reinforce the idea of White supremacy and remind White men that Africans (Black people) were savages. It was called Tarzan of the Apes.

# data[].attributes.body
- Most famous Black man in America and most hated.
- He was the best boxer, beaten every White boxer and had a shot at the heavyweight title in December 1908. Beat Tommy Burns.
- Had "too much power." Power to defeat mean. Power to be with White women.

# data[].attributes.body
- Immigrated to America from Germany in 1886 because of anti-Jewish persecution.
- Become one of America's most prominent anthropologists and had been drawing similarities between the way his people were mistreated in Germany and the way Black people were being mistreated in America
- Spoke at Atlanta University

# data[].attributes.body
- 26th President 1901-1909
- Republican
- When Republicans regained HoR, he kicked out 167 Black soldiers out of the army without any money. A dozen had been falsely accused of murdering a bartender and wounding a cop in Texas.

# data[].attributes.body
- Anti-racist Black women
- Investigative journalist
- Published Southern Horrors: Lynch Laws in All It's Phases in 1892. Found out that of 728 lynching reports only a third of Black men lynched had actually "ever been charged with rape..."

# data[].attributes.body
- Shinning star of Tuskegee Institute (a college that cranked out Black brilliance) believed Black men were bad
- Stepped in as the new leader of Black America after Frederick Douglass's death.
- Wanted Blacks to focus on blue-collar work.
- Believed in eliminating thoughts of competition so that White people wouldn't be threatened by Black sustainability.
- Wrote Up From Slavery, which outlined diligence, faith and fortitude it took to survive in America, coupled with the idea of the "White savior"

# data[].attributes.body
- Full name William Edward Burghardt Du Bois
- Raised in MA with his brother by a single mother
- Experience first racial experience on an interracial playground when a girl refused a card from him
- Became the king of uplift suasion
- Black king of assimilation
- Believed in being like White people to eliminate threat so that Black people could compete.
- Wrote The Souls of Black Folk, which intellectualized who Black people were.
- Asked Franz Boas to speak at Atlanta University
- Started the NAACP

# data[].attributes.body
- 1870
- Made it so no one could be prohibited from voting due to "race, color, or previous condition of servitude."
- Racist didn't want the amendment to be pushed through because they saw giving Blacks the right to vote as Black supremacy and not Black quality.

# data[].attributes.body
- Spoke out on who would enforce the Civil Rights Act if the law, lawmakers, and law enforcers were all white and racist.
- Empowerment philosophy of Black national an international unity, self-determination, self-defense, and cultural pride.
- Died on February 21, 1965 at a Harlem rally - gunned down by enemies.
- His ideologies that transformed from assimilationist to anti-White separatist to antiracist inspired millions.
- Argued that white people weren't born racist, America was built to make them that way.
- His autobiography would become antiracist scripture and become one of the most important books in American history.

# data[].attributes.body
- On paper, it would mean that discrimination on the basis of race was illegal.
- Was the first important civil rights legislation since the Civil Act of 1875.
- President Johnson signed in into law on July 1964.

# data[].attributes.body
- Became president after Kennedy's assassination
- Passed the Civil Rights Bill that Kennedy had been working on.

# data[].attributes.body
- Launched an investigation of the church bombing (which caused his approval ratings to drop)
- Tried to boost his ratings back up in Dallas two months later and never made it back to the White House.

# data[].attributes.body
- Happened September 16, 1963
- Church bombing that killed 4 young girls (Cynthia Wesley, Carole Robertson, Carol Denise McNair and Addie Mae Collins.

# data[].attributes.body
- One of Angela Davis's favorite author
- Went to Brandeis in 1962
- Released activist manifesto, The Fire Next Time (collection of essays that encapsulated the Black experience with racism).

# data[].attributes.body
- Was from Birmingham, Alabama
- Went to Brandeis University
- She knew the 4 girls that died in the 15th Street Baptist church bombing
- Mother had been a leader in the Southern Negro Youth Congress
- Raised anti-racist

# data[].attributes.body
Ch 21

# data[].attributes.body
- Antiracist fighting against Black codes, KKK, Jim Crow laws
- Pennsylvania congressman
- Fought for the redistribution of land to award former slaves forty acres to work for themselves

# data[].attributes.body
- 17th President of USA
- Reversed a lot of Lincoln's promises, allowing Confederate states to prohibit Blacks from voting
- Black codes and Jim Crow laws all happened under Johnson's presidency
- He gave courage to the KKK, allowing them to keep racist codes and laws

# data[].attributes.body
- Critical of Lincoln but kept critiques to himself
- Announced retirement three weeks after Lincoln's death
- Followers shifted their focus on Black voting
- Quiet during everything happing but still looking and watching the racist roadblocks
- At 74, gathered resources for hundreds of Black people to move toward Kansas
- Wanted immediate emancipation and immediate equality

# data[].attributes.body
- 1861-1865
- War between the US (Union - northern states) and the Confederate States of America (11 southern states that left the Union)
- Conflict began due to disagreements over slavery
- Enslaved people joined Northern soldiers in battle

# data[].attributes.body
- President of the Confederacy
- Declared Black people should never and would never be equal to Whites

# data[].attributes.body
- Beat Lincoln in the Senate race of 1858
- Was proslavery

# data[].attributes.body
- Nickname "Honest Abe"
- 15th president - Republican
- "Great Emancipator"
- Wasn't a great politician
- Fought on behalf of the abolitionist movement
- Was against Black voting and racial equality
- Signed the Emancipation Proclamation
- Was shot in the back of the head three days after delivering his plans for reconstruction, in that saying Blacks (intelligent ones) should have the right to vote

# data[].attributes.body
- 1820
- Agreed to admit Missouri as a slave state but also admit Maine as a free state to make sure there were still an equal amount of slave states and free states

# data[].attributes.body
- Created by James Tallmadge Jr.
- Would've made it illegal for enslaved Africans to enter the new, and stated that all children from slaves in the state would be freed at the age of twenty-five.

# data[].attributes.body
- Western half of the Mississippi River basin was purchased in 1803 from France by the United States; at less than three cents per acre for 828,000 square miles
- The purchase doubled the size of the United States,

# data[].attributes.body
- 1807
- Goal to stop the import of people from Africa and the Caribbean in to America and fine illegal slave traders

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
Boats and boating--Equipment and supplies

# data[].attributes.body
- Started organzation called American Colonization Society (ACS)
- Wrote manifesto for it (outlining how free Blacks would need to be trained to take care of themselves so they could go back to Africa)

# data[].attributes.body
- Planned a slave rebellion, recruited hundreds of slaves to revolt in VA
- Prosser was eventually caught and hanged

# data[].attributes.body
Scholar
- Assimilationist
- Slaveholder - owned more than 600 slaves over his lifetime
- Man of Leisure
- Author
- Secretary of State
- Vice President
- Became President in 1801
- "Bred" enslaved people
- Purchased Louisiana Territory from France
- In 1826, was $100,000 in debt
- Died on July 2, 1826 at 83 years old

# data[].attributes.body
- August 1791 close to half a million enslaved Africans in Haiti rose up against French rule

# data[].attributes.body
- Americans and British fought

# data[].attributes.body
At 33 sat down to pen the Declaration of Independence in 1776
- Owned nearly 200 hundred slaves
- Went into hiding during the Revolutionary War
- Wrote a book of answers called "Notes on the State of Virginia" where he expressed his real thoughts on Black people.
- Moved to Paris in 1784 when wife died

# data[].attributes.body
- The British published Phillis Wheatley's work
- Ended slavery a year before publishing her work - used Wheatley and Rush's pamplet to condemn American slavery
- Britain stilled owned America
- Bristish disapproval applied pressure to the American slavery system.

- America had to be free from Britain to feel comfortable with continuing slavery.

# data[].attributes.body
- A physician from Philly
- Wrote pamphlet saying "Black people weren't born savages by instead were made savages by slavery"
- Argued that Phillis Wheatley was intelligent because she'd never really been a slave.

# data[].attributes.body
- Was a Black female poet
- Captive brought from Senegambia
- Purchased by the Wheatley Family
- Wrote her first poem at 11
- By 12, she could read Greek, Latin classics, English literature, and the Bible. She published her first poem
- By 15, wrote a poem about going to Harvard (a male and white school)
- By 19, she began gathering all her poems into a collection (book).
- The British published her book.

# data[].attributes.body
- Purchased/adoptive father of Phillis Wheatley
- In 1772, got 18 of the smartest men in America together to test Phillis Wheatley

# data[].attributes.body
- Member of the American Philosophical Society
- Raised nonreligious where Native Americans were house guests and slaves were his friends
- Father owned the second-largest number of enslaved people in Albemarle County, VA
- Studied law (antiracism)
- Built his own plantation in Charlottesville, VA
- Third President of the USA

# data[].attributes.body
-Leader of Enlightment Movement
- Started a club called American Philosophical Society in 1743 in Philly

# data[].attributes.body
Chapter 5-10

# data[].attributes.body
Is about Tom, a slave that is sold. He meets a young girl name Eva. Eva's father buys Tom. Tom and Eva become friends connecting through Christianity. Eva dies 2 years later but before has a vision of heaven. After her death, White people decide to change their racist ways. Eva's promised to free Tom. Eva's father dies before setting Tom free, her mom sells Tom to a harsher slave owner (Simon Legree). Simon hates Tom for not whipping fellow slave and tries to break him from his faith (Christianity) but Tom holds tights and Simon has him killed.

Black men hated the novel because it made them seem weak but the book drew northerns to the abolitionist movement.

# data[].attributes.body
Wrote the book Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Book drew northerns to the abolitionist movement

# data[].attributes.body
Enslaved women

Wrote The Narrative of Sojourner Truth

# data[].attributes.body
Runaway slave

Wrote The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave

# data[].attributes.body
Senator from South Carolina

Emcee for slavery

Fought for Texas to become a slave state in the 1844 election

# data[].attributes.body
American anthropologist

Measured human skulls to determined White had bigger skulls meaning they had greater intellectual capacity

Wrote a book, Crania Aegypiaca introduced the narrative of a “White” Egypt that had Black slaves

# data[].attributes.body
Black man

Wrote a pamphlet An Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World arguing against the idea that Black people were made to serve White people

He died at 33 from tuberculosis (an infectious disease that mainly affects the lungs)

# data[].attributes.body
Abolitionist

A man with power and privilege not afraid to try

Smart

Forward-thinker

Worked as an editor of a Quaker-run (a member of the Religious Society of Friends, a Christian movement) abolitionist newspaper

Gave the ACS Fourth of July address in 1829

Started a newspaper, Liberator

Believed in gradual abolition and then immediate abolition

Wrote a book that refuted colonizations and gave birth to the American Anti-Slavery Society (AASS)

# data[].attributes.body
Ch 11-12

# data[].attributes.body
-  Connecticut man that spearheaded the First Great Awakening in the 1730s
- His father studied under Increase Mather
- Was a direct descendant of the Mather's Puritan thought

# data[].attributes.body
- In 1688

# data[].attributes.body
- An English colonial administrator
- In 1676, he journeyed to New England to see the damage done by Metacomet
- Reported to King Charles the II and suggested they tighten the grip around New England

# data[].attributes.body
King of England from 1660 until his death in 1685

# data[].attributes.body
-Born Feb 12, 1663
-Grandson of John Cotton and Richard
-Son of Increase (Richards youngest son) and Maria (daughter of Sarah John Cottons widow)
-Went to Harvard at 11
-Thought he was destined for the pulpit
-Wrote a book called "Memorable Providences related to WItchraft and Possessions"
-Died in 1728, after his 65th birthday

# data[].attributes.body
- Governor at the time
- Was doing everything he could not fight with the Natives because it would mess up his fur trade and mess up his money
- Turned poor Whites and poor Blacks against each other by creating White Privileges

# data[].attributes.body
- 29-year-old frontier planter
- A white laborer who was taken advantage of by the White elites
- Shift anger from rich Whites to the Susquehannocks, a tribe of Natives
- Declared liberty for all servants and Blacks (wanted to united against the rich Whites

# data[].attributes.body
- Native American war leader
- Was killed and end the battle between Natives and new (White) American in 1676

# data[].attributes.headline
Mennonites - April 18, 1688 Germantown Petition Againist Slavery 

# data[].attributes.subject
Mennonites - April 18, 1688 Germantown Petition Againist Slavery 

# data[].attributes.body
- On April 18, 1688, Mennonites circulated an antislavery petition
- Germantown Petition Against Slavery was the first piece that was antiracist

# data[].attributes.body
- Italian philosopher
- Believed Africans were born a "different Adam" and a different creation story (maybe animals, monster or aliens - but not humans)

# data[].attributes.body
- English philosopher
- Believed the most unblemished, purest, perfect minds belonged to whites

# data[].attributes.headline
Richard Baxter - 1664 wrote a piece called A Christian Directory 

# data[].attributes.subject
Richard Baxter - 1664 wrote a piece called A Christian Directory 

# data[].attributes.body
- British minister
- In 1664, published a piece called "A Christian Directory"
- Believed slaverly was helpful for African people. They were "voluntary slaves" that wanted to be baptized

# data[].attributes.headline
August 1619 - San Juan Bautista ship hijacked by 2 pirate ships 

# data[].attributes.subject
August 1619 - San Juan Bautista ship hijacked by 2 pirate ships 

# data[].attributes.body
- In August 1619, the ship was hijacked by two pirates taking 60 Angolans slaves
- SJB was carrying 350 Angolan slaves to Latin America
- Pirates landed in Jamestown, Virginia and sold 20 Angolans to George Yeardley