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- Social movement promoting temperance or complete abstinence from the consumption of alcoholic beverages
- Combined a concern for general social ills with religious sentiment and practical health considerations in a way that was appealing to many middle-class reformers.

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The Great Awakening was significant because it set the stage for social reform movements such as temperance. People became more aligned with their beliefs, and this time period led to an emphasis on salvation by institutions.

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Chance in education and prison were important because they brought necessary changes to established systems to make them better for society. Without the revisions made by Mann, the education system would be limited to its shorter year, along with less valuable instruction like the one he focused on achieving. Dix's work on establishing asylums and hospitals was significant in a way that helped the mentally ill and set an example that a woman could bring change.

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- Dix great to have a strong sense of moral purpose
- She used money from her grandparents to set up charity schools to "rescue some of America's miserable children from vice" and became a successful author.
- She persuaded Massachusetts lawmakers to enlarge the state hospital to house indigent mental patients
- She then began a national movement to establish state asylums for the mentally ill

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- Started the movement to increase elementary schooling and improve the quality of instruction
- Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education
- She lengthened the school year; established teaching standards in reading, writings, and arithmetic; and recruited well-educated women as teachers

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This topic is significant to discuss because how much the roles of women change during this time period. It shows the effort that women tried to make towards gaining more independence, representation, and respect in the states. It also comes to show that many people didn't take the things women did seriously.

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This is significant because of how prominent immigrant presence was during this time period. The research shown allows us a fisheye into America's reaction to a large number of immigrants, especially New York City

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It's significant to view how urban pop culture shifted in American Society during the 19th century. This allows us to realize the current state of society at the time and some things that might influence reforms or changes. Commercialized sex took a big part in roles and feelings towards women during this time. Minstrelsy also contributed to how white Americans in turn, treated immigrants and slaves.

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- Organized a gathering of women's rights activists in the small New York town of Seneca Falls
- Worked alongside Elizabeth Cady Stanton to organize the Seneca Falls Convention, which ultimately produced the Declaration of Sentiments

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- Well-educated daughter of a prominent New York judge
- Early abolitionist
- Mother of 7 children
- Formed the Women's Local National League with Susan B. Anthony

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- Based on the Declaration of Independence
- Stated "All men and women are created equal"
- To persuade Americans to right this long-standing wrong, the activists resolved to "employ agents, circulate tracts, petition the State and National legislatures, and endeavor to enlist the pulpit and the press on our behalf."
- Most men and women dismissed the Seneca Falls declaration as nonsense.

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- During the 1840s, women's rights activists devised a pragmatic program of reform
- they did not challenge the institution of marriage or the conventional division of labor within the family but instead tried to strengthen the legal rights of married women by seeking legislation that permitted them to own property.
- Motives prompted legislatures in three states - Mississippi, Maine, and Massachusetts to enact married women's property laws between 1839 and 1845
- 1848: Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott organized a gathering of women's rights activists in Seneca Falls
- The Seneca falls Convention issued a rousing manifesto extending to women the egalitarian republican ideology of the Declaration of Independence.

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- by 1850, immigrants were a major presence throughout the Northeast
- German-language shop signs filled entire neighborhoods, and German foods and food customs became a part of the
- Gangs of B'hoys assaulted Irish youths in the streets, employers restricted Irish workers to the most menial jobs, and temperance reformers denounced the German fondness for beer.

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- Irish men and women in NY City numbered 200,000, and Germans 110,000
- Immigrants were a major presence throughout the Northeast
- German-language shop signs filled entire neighborhoods and German foods and food customs became a part of the city's culture

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- In 1844, the American Republican Party, with the endorsement of the Whigs, swept the city elections by focusing on the culturally emotional issues of temperance, anti-Catholicism, and nativism

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- Presbyterian minister that found a new way to propagate religious values
- Conducted emotional revival meetings that stressed conversion rather than doctrine
- Finney celebrated all social classes with a common fellowship in Christ and identified them spiritually with pious middle-class respectability
- Preached everyday and promoted group prayer meetings in family homes for 6 months, he became very influential in Rochester, New York
- Revivalists from New England to the Midwest copied Finney's evangelical message and techniques

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- Many ministers spoke of spiritual equality and criticized slavery
- Husbands and planters grew angry when their wives became more assertive and when blacks joined evangelical congregations
- Man was naturally at "the head of the woman", declared one Baptist minister, while a Methodist conference told Christian slaves to be "submissive, faithful, and obedient."

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- Evangelical denominations began the revival in the 1790s, as they spread their message in seacoast cities and the backcountry of New England
- Baptist and Methodist preachers reshaped the spiritual landscape throughout the South
- Revivalists attracted both unchurched individuals and pious families searching for social ties as they migrated to new communities

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- "Sporting men" engaged freely in sexual conquests; otherwise respectable married men kept mistresses in handy apartments
- Protitutes openly advertised their wares on Broadway, and welcomed clients on the infamous "Third Tier" of the theaters
- Many men considered illict sex as a right
- Men formed homoerotic friendships and relationships
- Young people moved from partner to partner until they chanced on an ideal mate.
- Fashion in the streets also began to change

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- Founded in 1834
- The society tried to curb prostitution and to protect single women from moral corruption
- Members demanded chaste behavior by men
- 555 chapters and 40,000 members throughout the North and Midwest
- Provided moral guidance for young women who were working as factory operatives, seamstresses, or servants
- Members visited brothels, where they sang hymns, offered prayers, and searched for runaway girls

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- Shows in which white actors in blackface presented comic routines that combined racist caricature and social criticism
- It began around 1830, when a few actors put on blackface and performed song-and -dance routines
- African Americans were portrayed as lazy, sensual, and irresponsible while also using them to criticize white society
- These minstrels declared the importance of being white and spread racist sentiment

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The Mormon movement was a significant movement throughout most of Western America that brought people together but in a more hostile way than radical utopians did. The movement successfully migrated thousands of Mormons to the Great Salt Lake, and brought great change to society and the value of marriage.

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These examples of utopias serve an important part of history due to it's challenging of American society's social structure at the time. Oneida is an example of radical questioning of class division and sexual norms in society, representing the change that many of these Utopias were bringing to people in America

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Transcendentalism brought a new conception of self and society to America. At a time of rapid economical growth and geographical expansion, traditional institutions were weakened, forcing individuals to start fending for themselves. Great thinkers began using both art and literature to influence American society to become much more individualist-like.

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- First guaranteed the free exercise of religion
- Decided that people who practice polygamy (such as Mormons) as part of their religion are not protected by the First Amendment
- They barred polygamist from jury service, voting, or holding office

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- Newly populous cities began to generate a new urban culture
- Young men labored for meager wages building thousands of tenements, warehouses, and workshops. Thousands of women toiled as live-in domestic servants, ordered about by the mistress of the household and often sexually exploited by the master
- Many young girls turned to prostitution
- Commercialized sex formed one facet of the new urban culture

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- Because of their unorthodox religious views and communal solidarity, Mormons faced hostility first in NY and then in Missouri and Illinois
- Brigham Young led the polygamist faction of Mormons into lands claimed by Mexico
- The trail leaves Fayette in 1830 and settled in Salt Lake City, Utah.

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- Joseph Smith's leading disciple
- Young ruled his new Utah Territory in an authoritarian fashion, determined to ensure the ascendancy of the Mormon Church and it's practices.
- Mormons became prosperous contributors to the new market society. The blend of economic innovation, social conservatism, and hierarchical leadership, in combination with a strong missionary impulse, created a wealthy and expansive church that now claims a worldwide membership of about 12 million people.

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- John Humphrey Noyes turned to perfectionism, and later set up a perfectionist community to an isolated area near Oneida, New York
- One focus was embracing "complex marriage", in which all members of the community were married to one another
- By the mid-1850s, the Oneida settlement had become self-sustaining through successful business (steel animal trap, silverware)
- It's historical significance stems from their radical questioning of traditional sexual norms and of the capitalist values and class divisions of the emerging market society. Their utopian communities stood as countercultural blueprints of a more egalitarian social and economic order.

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- Ecstatic dances part of their worship
- After their so believed incarnation of Christ died, they drew from the profane world, and formed disciplined religious communities.
- Members embraced the common ownership of property; accepted strict oversight by church leaders' and pledged to abstain from alcohol, tobacco, politics, and war.
- Founded twenty communities, mostly in New England, New York, and Ohio

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- A collection of wild, exuberant poems published 1855
- Walt Whitman recorded in verse his efforts to transcend various "invisible boundaries"" between solitude and community, between prose and poetry, and between the living and dead
- Whitman wrote about human suffering with passion

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- Heeded Emerson's call and sought inspiration from the natural world.
- In 1854, he published Walden, or Life in the Woods, an account of his search for meaning beyond the artificiality of civilized society
- Thoreau advocated a thorough-going individuality, urging readers to avoid unthinking conformity to social norms and peacefully to resist unjust laws.

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- Emerson stood outside the mainstream of American Protestantism
- In 1832, Emerson took a more radical step by resigning his Boston pulpit and rejecting all organized religion
He wrote influential essays probing what he called "the infinitude of the private man," the radically free person.
- He argued that people were trapped by inherited customs and institutions.
- In his view, individuals could be remade only by discovering their "original relation with Nature" and entering into a mystical union with the "currents of Universal Being."

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- An intellectual movement rooted in the religious soil of New England
- Romantic thinkers rejected the ordered, rational world of the 18th century Enlightenment. They embraced human passion and sought deeper insight into the mysteries of existence.
- The transcendentalist message of individual self-realization reached hundreds of thousands of people through Emerson's writings and lectures