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Les forêts tropicales sont une puissante solution climatique naturelle.

Les forêts tropicales sont maintenant un émetteur net de carbone.

La plus grande forêt tropicale du monde est la forêt tropicale amazonienne.

Les forêts tropicales comptent plus d’espèces de plantes et d’animaux que tout autre écosystème.

Les forêts tropicales sont caractérisées par des niveaux élevés de biodiversité.

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Les impacts de l’activité humaine : agriculture animale

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Les impacts de l’activité humaine : agriculture animale

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Aujourd’hui, près de 70 % des terres défrichées en Amazonie, la plus grande forêt tropicale du monde, sont utilisées comme pâturages pour le bétail.

De vastes étendues de forêts, de prairies et de zones humides sont défrichées pour le pâturage et la culture fourragère.

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Les impacts de l’activité humaine : Changement climatique

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Les impacts de l’activité humaine : Changement climatique

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La destruction de la forêt tropicale pourrait avoir un impact sur le climat mondial. Les forêts tropicales humides absorbent environ 20 % du dioxyde de carbone artificiel dans le monde.

Le dioxyde de carbone ou CO2 est un "gaz à effet de serre", qui aide à retenir la chaleur du Soleil dans l’atmosphère terrestre.   La déforestation tropicale représente 17 pour cent des émissions mondiales de gaz à effet de serre chaque année.

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Tropical forests are losing their ability to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and could even release more carbon into the air as soon as the next decade, new research has found.

The forests' growing inability to act as "carbon sinks", by taking up CO2 from the air, could precipitate a dire climate crisis.

The carbon sink strength of the world's two most extensive tropical forests, the African and Amazonian tropical forests, "has now saturated". So says the study, which tracked 300,000 trees in 565 tropical forests over 30 years.

This is due to aggressive logging and farming as well as impacts of climate change, such as more frequent droughts and forest fires, which slow growth and kill trees.

'Nature switching from slowing climate change to accelerating it'

By 2030, these tropical forests may stop become a carbon sink and turn into carbon sources.

Study lead author Dr Wannes Hubau, a former post-doctoral researcher at the University of Leeds now based at the Royal Museum for Central Africa in Belgium, said that the current situation is "quite dramatic" and that there is no time to lose.

"One big concern for the future of humanity is when carbon-cycle feedbacks really kick in, with nature switching from slowing climate change to accelerating it", the study's author warned in a press release.

"Our modelling of these factors shows a long-term future decline in the African sink and that the Amazonian sink will continue to rapidly weaken, which we predict to become a carbon source in the mid-2030s", Hubau told Euronews.

World may enter 'vicious circle'

The study's projections for as soon as 2035 are bleak.

"The Amazon's carbon sink will completely disappear by 2035, reaching zero and potentially below zero", Hubau says.

At this point, the Amazon would release more carbon in the air than it removes.

The African tropical forests are "a bit more resilient", Hubau said, but their carbon sink are expected to dramatically decrease too, falling 14% by 2035.

The world risks entering a "vicious circle" in which it carbon sink capacity will continue dropping, releasing more CO2, which will accelerate climate change and harm the forests even more, he said.

"And it will become harder and harder for the forests to regenerate. It's a vicious circle."

Current climate models need re-assessment

The study notes that our current climate models are based on the prediction that "this tropical forest 'carbon sink' will continue for decades", but that may actually be far off from the reality.

The world will need to "cut down much faster on carbon-producing activities to counteract the loss of the carbon sinks", the study, led by the University of Leeds, maintains.

"We need to reduce emissions faster than previously anticipated", Hubau said.

That means not only drastically cutting CO2 emissions to compensate for the forests' loss of carbon sink strength, but also preserving the ones that are left and regenerate the ones that have been destroyed, he said.

"The plans are there, we know how to create carbon neutral economies, but there has to be political ambition," he added.

The current plans to cut down CO2 emissions, including the EU's Green Deal unveiled on Wednesday, are based on the current climate models -- and their targets aim for carbon neutrality by 2050.

"2050 is quite far away", Hubau said. "That's not ambitious enough."

The forests' ability to absorb carbon has been declining since the 1990s

Hubau said the forests' "peak carbon uptake" happened in the 1990s. Since then, the forests have not been able to take up as much carbon, but global emissions have not slowed down.

In the 1990s and early 2000s, "carbon sinks" of tropical forests removed about 15 per cent of man-made carbon dioxide emissions from the air -- roughly 46 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide.

By the 2010, this had dropped to an estimated 25 billion tonnes.

"The lost sink capacity in the 2010s compared to the 1990s is 21 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide, equivalent to a decade of fossil fuel emissions from the UK, Germany, France and Canada combined", the authors of the study noted.

Hubau also highlighted that tropical forests are still huge reservoirs of carbon, storing 250 billion tonnes of carbon in their trees alone.

"This storage is equivalent to 90 years of global fossil fuel emissions at today's level", he said.

To stop this vicious circle from happening, Hubau said, there is just one solution: "Reduce CO2 emissions to zero. Now."

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Carbon 'saturation' of tropical forests risks worsening climate change

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Tropical forests are losing their ability to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and could even release more carbon into the air as soon as the next decade, new research has found. The forests' growing inability to act as "carbon sinks", by taking up CO2 from the air, could precipitate a dire climate crisis.

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Les impacts de l’activité humaine : la déforestation 

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Les impacts de l’activité humaine : la déforestation 

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La déforestation provoque une augmentation des températures et changements de précipitations ... ce qui entraîne un climat plus sec.

Déforestation tropicale accroît l’incertitude et risques liés à la production alimentaire à conduire le changement physique.

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The 2017 tree cover loss numbers are in, and they're not looking good. Despite a decade of intensifying efforts to slow tropical deforestation, last year was the second-highest on record for tree cover loss, down just slightly from 2016. The tropics lost an area of forest the size of Vietnam in just the last two years.

In addition to harming biodiversity and infringing on the rights and livelihoods of local communities, forest destruction at this scale is a catastrophe for the global climate. New science shows that forests are even more important than we thought in curbing climate change. In addition to capturing and storing carbon, forests affect wind speed, rainfall patterns and atmospheric chemistry. In short, deforestation is making the world a hotter, drier place.

In light of these high stakes, those of us in "Forestry World" who dedicate our professional lives and personal passions to saving the rainforest need to pause and reflect: If the indicators are going in the wrong direction, are we doing something wrong?

Brick on the Accelerator, Feather on the Brake

There's no mystery on the main reason why tropical forests are disappearing. Despite the commitments of hundreds of companies to get deforestation out of their supply chains by 2020, vast areas continue to be cleared for soy, beef, palm oil and other commodities. In the cases of soy and palm oil, global demand is artificially inflated by policies that incentivize using food as a feedstock for biofuels. And irresponsible logging continues to set forests on a path that leads to conversion to other land uses by opening up road access and increasing vulnerability to fires.

A large portion of that logging and forest conversion is illegal, according to the laws and regulations of producer countries, yet illegality and corruption remain endemic in many forest-rich countries. And Indigenous Peoples-whose presence is associated with maintaining forest cover, yet whose land rights are often unrecognized-continue to be murdered when they attempt to protect their forests.

The situation reminds me of the many movies that feature a runaway train: The throttle of global demand for commodities has been engaged, and the brakes of law enforcement and indigenous stewardship have been disabled. The only way to prevent a disastrous train wreck is for the hero (or heroine) to get into the conductor's seat, remove the brick on the accelerator, and hit the emergency brakes.

We actually know how to do this. We have a large body of evidence that shows what works. Brazil, for example, reduced large-scale deforestation in the Amazon by 80 percent from 2004-2012 by increasing law enforcement, expanding protected areas, recognizing indigenous territories, and applying a suite of carrots and sticks to reign in uncontrolled conversion to agriculture, even while increasing production of cattle and soy. The problem is that our current efforts to apply these tools amount to a feather on the brake compared to the brick on the accelerator.

Forests Are Collateral Damage in Major Economic and Political Events

To a certain extent, the bad news in the 2017 tree cover loss numbers reflects collateral damage from unrelated political and economic developments in forested countries. Colombia's 46 percent increase in tree cover loss is likely linked to its recent conflict resolution, which opened up to development large areas of forest previously controlled by armed rebel forces. While the doubling of Brazil's tree cover loss from 2015 to 2017 was in part due to unprecedented forest fires in the Amazon, the uptick is likely also attributable to a relaxation of law enforcement efforts in the midst of the country's ongoing political turmoil and fiscal crisis. Indeed, it is striking how many of the world's tropical forested countries have either experienced a recent change in government (Liberia, Peru), are currently in political crises (Brazil, Democratic Republic of Congo), are in the midst of elections (Colombia), or will face elections in the near future (Indonesia).

We Know the Solutions for Stopping Deforestation

This context hammers home what we already knew: No amount of international concern about tropical forests will make a difference unless it meaningfully connects to domestic constituencies in forested countries, and changes the incentives that drive deforestation.

One of the key strategies for aligning national priorities with anti-deforestation actions started a decade ago. Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation and enhancing forest carbon stocks, or REDD+, is a framework endorsed by the Paris Agreement on climate change that encourages rich countries to pay developing countries for limiting deforestation and forest degradation. Unfortunately, the volume of REDD+ funding on offer (about a billion dollars per year) remains trivial compared to the $777 billion provided since 2010 for financing agriculture and other land sector investments that put forests at risk. This is surely one reason why domestic coalitions for change in countries participating in REDD+ have been unable to overcome competing coalitions for deforestation-as-usual.

While the prospects for immediate increases in REDD+ finance remain bleak, other strategies to strengthen domestic constituencies for reform show promise.

Brazil pioneered a system of monitoring deforestation by satellite. The public disclosure of that data was key to generating political will and the information necessary for fighting illegal clearing. Now, remote-sensing tools are helping communities and law enforcement officials around the world to detect and respond to illegal deforestation in near-real time. For example, Peru's Ministry of Environment distributes weekly deforestation alerts to more than 800 government agencies, companies and civil society groups, which led to several prosecutions in 2017.

International cooperation on law enforcement can also create domestic incentives for forestry sector reform. In late 2016, Indonesia became the first country to receive a license to export to the European Union timber verified as legally harvested. By ensuring that its timber was harvested legally, Indonesia secured access for its forest products in a lucrative international market.

Indonesia has also witnessed the application of a new generation of transparency tools to fight deforestation. For example, in 2017, civil society groups used publicly available databases on corporate finance and governance to uncover monopolistic practices and non-compliance with plantation regulations among 15 companies in the palm oil sector. They then shared their findings with Indonesia's Corruption Eradication Commission and other government authorities in a position to respond with policy or legal action.

Finally, there's increased action at the sub-national level. Dozens of governors and district heads in forest-rich jurisdictions around the world have committed to low-emissions development. For example, the Brazilian State of Mato Grosso launched a "Produce, Conserve, and Include" strategy to end illegal deforestation while promoting sustainable agriculture. Some of the companies that have made anti-deforestation commitments are considering preferential sourcing of commodities from such jurisdictions as a way of both reducing risk and encouraging continued progress toward better land-use management.

Those of Us in "Forestry World" Can't Do It Alone

There are clearly solutions out there, but they need to be scaled up and expanded to forests throughout the world. This week, more than 500 citizens of Forestry World are gathering at the Oslo Tropical Forests Forum to reflect on the last 10 years of efforts to protect forests, and chart a way forward. But we can't do it alone.

Preliminary analysis suggests that a significant chunk of forest loss in 2017 was due to "natural" disasters of the sort expected to become more frequent and severe with climate change. Hurricane Maria flattened forests in the Caribbean, and fires burned large areas of Brazil and Indonesia over the last few years. While degradation of forests through logging and fragmentation by roads renders them less resilient to extreme weather events, there is a limit to which forest-specific interventions can be effective in the face of a changing climate. While stabilizing the global climate is contingent on saving the world's forests, saving the forests is also contingent on stabilizing the global climate.

In addition to doubling down on the proven strategies for reducing deforestation (and allocating a fair share of climate finance toward those efforts), all countries need to up their game on climate action.

Nature is telling us this is urgent. We know what to do. Now we just have to do it.

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Deforestation Is Accelerating, Despite Mounting Efforts to Protect Tropical Forests. What Are We Doing Wrong? | Data and Research | Global Forest Watch Blog

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The 2017 tree cover loss numbers are in, and they're not looking good. Despite a decade of intensifying efforts to slow tropical deforestation, last year was the second-highest on record for tree cover loss, down just slightly from 2016. The tropics lost an area of forest the size of Vietnam in just the last two years.

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La jungle de Lacandon, Chiapas, République mexicaine

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La jungle de Lacandon, Chiapas, République mexicaine

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Lacandon jungle, Chiapas, Mexico. Pretty but apparently hundreds of things can kill you here [5184x3456] [OC]

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22.1m members in the EarthPorn community. The internet's largest community of landscape photographers and Earth lovers.

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Lacandon jungle, Chiapas, Mexico. Pretty but apparently hundreds of things can kill you here [5184x3456] [OC] from EarthPorn

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orchidées

hévéas

poinsettias

cacaoyers

Pièges à mouches de Vénus

fleurs de la passion

lis de paix

noix du Brésil

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paresseux

tapirs

jaguars

ocelots

kinkajous

lémuriens

agouti

toucans

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Tout comprendre sur : les forêts humides

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Manguier (producteur) --> rat domestique (consommateur primaire) --> python (consommateur secondaire) --> vers de terre (décomposeur)

Mouche du champignon (producteur) --> Coqui (consommateur primaire)--> Scorpion à queue effilée (consommateur secondaire) --> Portoricain (consommateur tertiaires) --> Tarentule (consommateur quaternaires) --> Guêpe à bec étroit (cinquième consommateur)

Tapir (producteur) --> Agouti (consommateur primaire) --> Jaguar (consommateur secondaire) --> ver de terre (décomposeur)

Manguier (producteur) --> rat domestique (consommateur primaire) --> anaconda (consommateur secondaire) --> tigre (consommateur tertiaires)

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Il n’y a pas de variation saisonnière.

Il pluie tous les jours.

La pluie enlève les éléments nutritifs du sol.

Le sol n’est pas très fertile.

Les écosystèmes des forêts tropicales humides contiennent plus d’espèces que tout autre écosystème.

La plupart des forêts tropicales humides du monde se situent entre le tropique du cancer et le tropique du Capricorne.

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La forêt tropicale est une forêt située dans la zone intertropicale et qui a un climat tropical. La température moyenne est  27 °C et l'humidité est très variable.

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Dans le reste du monde:
La Bolivie, le Cameroun, la République centrafricaine, l’Équateur, le Gabon, la Guyane, l’Inde, le Laos, la Malaisie, le Mexique, le Myanmar, la Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée, la République du Congo, le Suriname et le Venezuela.

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Science for Kids: Tropical Rainforest Biome

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Kids learn about the tropical rainforest biome. This diverse ecosystem produces much of the Earth's biodiversity.

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https://www.futura-sciences.com/planete/definitions/botanique-foret-tropicale-7261/
https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/rain-forest
https://www.ducksters.com/science/ecosystems/rainforest_biome.php
https://www.reference.com/science/food-chain-tropical-rainforest-9d02f1bffc2a1243
https://rainforests.pwnet.org/pdf/Food_chain.pdf
https://www.arborday.org/programs/rainforest/animals-and-plants-of-the-rain-forest.cfm#:~:text=Other%20rain%20forest%20mammals%20include,every%20layer%20of%20the%20forest.
https://www.arborday.org/programs/rainforest/animals-and-plants-of-the-rain-forest.cfm#:~:text=Other%20rain%20forest%20mammals%20include,every%20layer%20of%20the%20forest.
https://twinklsecondary.blog/characteristics-of-tropical-rainforests-revision-for-gcse-geography/
https://www.climateandlandusealliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Effects_of_Tropical_Deforestation_Policymaker_Summary.pdf