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Historical context: The newly formed United States was working to stabilize after the Revolution. The country faced challenges like unifying the states, addressing war debt, and establishing a strong central government under the new Constitution.

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The French Revolution began with economic struggles, inequality, and resentment of the monarchy. Key events included the storming of the Bastille and the Reign of Terror, where King Louis XVI and others were executed. It ended with Napoleon's rise to power, transforming France’s government and influencing democratic movements across Europe.

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The Tariff of 1789 was the first major piece of legislation passed by the United States Congress. It aimed to generate revenue for the federal government by imposing duties on imported goods. It laid the groundwork for future tariff policies and sparked ongoing debates about trade and economic policy in the young nation.

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Established Federal Court systems (Supreme court, district courts, etc.). Washington appointed first Supreme Court Justices)

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The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution were ratified during Washington's presidency to guarantee individual rights and freedoms

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The tax over whiskey led to Pennsylvania Farmers revolting. Washington suppress the rebellion.

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French Declaration of War on Britain(1973)

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French Declaration of War on Britain(1973)

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The French Declaration of War on Britain was triggered by Britain’s opposition to the revolution and fear of its spread. After the execution of King Louis XVI, tensions escalated, and Britain joined a coalition of European powers aiming to contain revolutionary France. The conflict lasted for years, involving major naval battles and global colonial struggles.

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Washington declared that the U.S. would remain neutral in the conflict between France and Britain, avoiding involvement in European wars.

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A treaty with Britain that resolved lingering issues from the Revolutionary War, including British forts on American soil and trade disputes. It averted war and established a commercial relationship between the two nations.

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A treaty with Spain that allowed the U.S. to navigate the Mississippi River and use the port of New Orleans. It also set the border between the U.S. and Spanish Florida.

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A key moment in his presidency, where he warned against permanent foreign alliances, political factions, and emphasized that we should remain unified.

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1796-1812 British and French Impressment

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1796-1812 British and French Impressment

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The British and French impressed, or seized, many American soldiers during times of European conflict and increased tensions between the U.S. and European states, namely Britain.

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1797-1801 Presidential Election of John Adams

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1797-1801 Presidential Election of John Adams

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John Adams was elected was elected to two terms as vice president under President George Washington and was elected as the United States' second president in 1796

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Historical Context: French officials, referred to as X, Y, and Z, demanded bribes from U.S. diplomats to begin negotiations, which outraged Americans. This led to an undeclared naval conflict called the Quasi-War between the U.S. and France, increasing tensions and boosting American nationalism.

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Laws passed by the Federalist-controlled government following the XYZ Affair. The Alien Acts allowed the president to deport non-citizens deemed dangerous, while the Sedition Act made it a crime to criticize the government. These laws sparked major controversy, leading to strong opposition from Democratic-Republicans.

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also known as "The Undeclared War with France", was an undeclared naval war between the United States and France. The conflict lasted between 1798 and 1800 formative moment for the United States.

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Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions (1798-1799)

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Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions (1798-1799)

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Political statements drafted by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts. They asserted that states had the right to nullify federal laws deemed unconstitutional. Emphasized states' rights and the principle of limited government.

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1800 Election and 1801 Inauguration of Thomas Jefferson

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1800 Election and 1801 Inauguration of Thomas Jefferson

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Historical Context: Thomas Jefferson was elected during a time of growth after the American Revolution. His presidency emphasized agrarian values and limited government, though issues like states' rights and slavery were already emerging.

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Agreement between the United States and France that ended the Quasi-War. It restored diplomatic relations and settled outstanding issues, including American shipping rights. The treaty marked a significant step in stabilizing U.S.-French relations.

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In reaction to pirates from African states including Morocco and the 'Barbary states', the U.S., alongside Sweden and Sicily, sent a military fleet to the Mediterranean to combat the piracy.

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The Louisiana Purchase was the U.S.'s purchase of land in the Mississippi river basin/Louisiana area from France for $15 million due to rising instability and conflict in France. This greatly expanded the United States's territory.

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The Napoleonic Wars were wars between France and other European nations as relations and alliances within Europe fluctuated. This conflict impacted U.S. foreign relations and policies as they attempted to stay neutral.

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These acts were attempts to get Britain and France to respect U.S. neutrality by limiting imports from said countries. These were also counteractions against hostility from those nations.

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The Monroe-Pinkney Treaty (1806) was a proposed agreement between the U.S. and Britain, negotiated by James Monroe and William Pinkney. It aimed to resolve trade disputes and British naval practices like impressment, but it didn’t address key American concerns. Later contributed to the War of 1812.

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The Chesapeake and Leopard Affair was a conflict between a British and an American ship off the coast of Virginia. This led to protest and outcry against Britain in the Americas.

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The Embargo Acts put embargoes, or bans on trade, with other foreign nations as a response to impressment and hostility from Britain and France. However, this also ended up hurting the U.S. economy.

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Madison Elected and Inaugurated (1808-1809)

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Madison Elected and Inaugurated (1808-1809)

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James Madison was elected in 1808 and inaugurated in 1809 during rising tensions with Britain and France. His presidency continued Jefferson's agrarian policies while facing trade issues and impressment, contributing to the War of 1812.

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Aimed to reopen trade with France and Britain while offering to restore non-intercourse against the country that violated neutral trade rights. Ultimately led to increased tensions with Britain, contributing to the outbreak of the War of 1812.

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Historical Context: British restrictions on U.S. trade, impressment of American sailors, and support for Native American resistance against U.S. expansion. The war ended in a stalemate with the Treaty of Ghent, though it boosted American nationalism and confirmed U.S. sovereignty.

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The Treaty of Ghent officially ended the War of 1812 between the United States and Britain. The treaty restored pre-war boundaries and resolved few underlying issues, such as trade restrictions and impressment. Fostered a sense of national unity and identity.

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Context: The Battle of New Orleans took place in January 1815, after the War of 1812 had officially ended.

The victory, led by Andrew Jackson, boosted national pride and unity but also highlighted the ongoing issues of regional tensions.

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Period characterized by national unity and patriotism following the War of 1812. The era saw economic growth, westward expansion, and a focus on infrastructure improvements, but underlying tensions over slavery and regional differences began to surface, foreshadowing future conflicts.

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Enacted after the War of 1812, during a period when the U.S. was seeking to strengthen its economy and industry from Britain. While it fostered national growth, it also intensified regional tensions, particularly between the industrial North and the agrarian South.

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1816-17, James Monroe Elected and inaugurated 

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1816-17, James Monroe Elected and inaugurated 

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Historical context: James Monroe was elected in the period after the war of 1812 known as the era of good feelings. This made the country more united and patriotic. However, issues over slavery and the economy were starting to rise.

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U.S treaty with Spain over borders. Solidified borders to the west and SPain seceded Florida to the U.S. Was a result of the Louisiana purchase in 1803.

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Context: North and South didn’t want to lose power in congress due to a new state being added to either side.

Missouri Compromise stated that Missouri would enter the union as a slave state and Maine would enter as a free state. This allows congress to be balanced. Also states no slave state above the 36 30 parallel.

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Stated that Europe can’t colonize the Americas further and any attempt to establish further European influence in the Americas will be seen as a threat to the U.S. Marked a shift in foreign policy of the U.S as ends neutrality.