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(A) Reaction with bromine in dichloromethane

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(A) Reaction with bromine in dichloromethane

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1. 6 dry, clean tubes were labeled as A to F.

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Research: Use the internet to find at least one real-life example or application for each reaction:

Free Radical Substitution of Alkanes

Electrophilic Addition of Alkenes

Include Details: For each example, provide the following:

A brief description of the application or process (e.g., where and how the reaction is used).

The chemical involved in the reaction and its significance.

If possible, mention the industry or product that uses this reaction (e.g., pharmaceuticals, polymers, etc.).

Visuals:

Add relevant images, diagrams, or videos to support your examples.

Ensure the visuals are clear and appropriately credited (if taken from online sources).

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(Individual) Each student is required to choose 1 of the following and submit their answers separately 

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(Individual) Each student is required to choose 1 of the following and submit their answers separately 

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1. Write the mechanism of cyclohexane with bromine in the Presence of sunlight. State the function of sunlight in this reaction

2. Write the mechanism of cyclobutane with bromine in the Presence of sunlight. State the function of sunlight in this reaction.

3. Write the mechanism of cyclopentane with chlorine in the Presence of sunlight. State the function of sunlight in this reaction.

4. Write the mechanism of cyclopropane with chlorine in the Presence of sunlight. State the function of sunlight in this reaction.

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1. https://www.tutorchase.com/notes/cie-a-level/chemistry/14-1-3-free-radical-substitution-in-alkanes

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Free Radical Substitution in Alkanes (14.1.3) | CIE A-Level Chemistry Notes | TutorChase

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Learn about Free Radical Substitution in Alkanes in Chemistry with A-Level Chemistry notes written by expert A-Level teachers. The best free online Cambridge International A-Level resource trusted by students and schools globally.

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Sunlight breaks down the bromine molecule into free radicals.

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(Individual) All 4 students must submit their discussion separately.  Write your name as the subject 

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(Individual) All 4 students must submit their discussion separately.  Write your name as the subject 

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https://youtu.be/uzME70UbT40?si=0gtxUAd279scksqp

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https://www.canva.com/design/DAGZEGiaRtI/3P9hofTqgZ09r1wintWD4Q/edit?utm_content=DAGZEGiaRtI&utm_campaign=designshare&utm_medium=link2&utm_source=sharebutton

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Canva is a free-to-use online graphic design tool. Use it to create social media posts, presentations, posters, videos, logos and more.

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You are required to fill in the blanks and make correct equation..

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(A) Reaction with bromine in dichloromethane

Cyclohexane is a saturated hydrocarbon that undergoes free radical substitution reaction in the presence of sunlight. Sunlight provides energy for homolytic cleavage of halogens to form free radicals.

Cyclohexene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon that undergoes electrophilic addition reaction in the presence of sunlight.

Toluene contains a methyl group that undergoes free radical substitution reaction in the presence of sunlight.

(B) Oxidation with cold alkaline solution of KMnO₄ (Baeyer's test)

Baeyer's test is a confirmatory test for alkenes, so only alkenes show positive result.

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(A) Reaction with bromine in dichloromethane

Cyclohexane is a saturated hydrocarbon that undergoes free radical substitution reaction in the presence of sunlight.Sunlight provides UV ray for homolytic cleavage of halogens to form free radicals.

Cyclohexene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon that undergoes electrophilic addition reaction with or without the presence of sunlight.

Toluene contains a methyl group that undergoes free radical substitution reaction in the presence of sunlight.

(B) Oxidation with cold alkaline solution of KMnO₄ :

Baeyer's Test is a confirmatory test for alkenes, so only alkenes show positive result.

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A) Reaction with bromine in dichloromethane

Cyclohexane is a saturated hydrocarbon that undergoes free radical substitution reaction in the presence of sunlight (UV).

Sunlight provides energy for homolytic cleavage of halogens to form bromine free radicals.

Cyclohexene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon that undergoes electrophilic addition reaction with or without the presence of sunlight.

Toluene contains a methyl group that undergoes free radical substitution reaction in the presence of sunlight (UV).

(B) Oxidation with cold alkaline solution of KMnO₄ (Baeyer's test)

Baeyer's test is a confirmatory test for alkenes, so only alkenes show positive result.

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2. 1 mL of cyclohexane was placed in test tubes A and B, 1 mL of cyclohexene in test tubes C and D, and 1 mL of toluene in test tube E and F.

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(A) Reaction with bromine in dichloromethane

Cyclohexane is a saturated hydrocarbon that undergoes free radical reaction in the presence of sunlight. Sunlight provides UV rays for homolytic cleavage of halogens to form bromine radicals.

Cyclohexene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon that undergoes electrophilic addition reaction in the presence of sunlight.

(B)Oxidation with cold alkaline solution of KMnO4 (Baeyer's Test)

Baeyer's test is a confirmatory test for alkenes, so only alkene shows positive result.

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(Group) List two possible sources of error for this experiment 

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(Group) List two possible sources of error for this experiment 

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1. The test tubes were not fully dry before use

2. Long queue in front of the fume cupboard

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(Group) Identify two precautions to improve the reliability of the experiment al results 

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(Group) Identify two precautions to improve the reliability of the experiment al results 

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The purpose of bromine test (Br in CH,Cl,) is to differentiate between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbon.

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The function of potassium permanganate is to act as oxidizing agent.

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Place cyclohexane and cyclohexene in the ice bath is not the safety precaution of the experiment.

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The positive result for the reaction of alkene with cold alkaline solution of potassium permanganate, KMnO4 is where the purple solution is decolourised.

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Example of free radical substitution of alkanes

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Example of free radical substitution of alkanes

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Reaction between methane and chlorine in the presence of UV light :

CH₄  +  Cl2 ---> CH₃Cl  +  HCl

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Toluene

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Sunlight in the form of UV ray provides energy for homolytic cleavage of bromine molecules to form bromine radicals.

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4. 4 to 5 drops of 4% bromine in dichloromethane were added into each test tubes.

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5. Test tubes A, C and E were kept in a dark place, and test tubes B, D and F were kept in the sunlight. They were left for 15 minutes.

6. Observations were recorded.

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(B) Oxidation with cold alkaline solution of KMnO4 (Baeyer's Test)

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(B) Oxidation with cold alkaline solution of KMnO4 (Baeyer's Test)

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1. Dry, clean test tubes were labeled as G,H and I.

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2. 1 mL of each cyclohexane, cyclohexene and toluene was placed in test tubes G, H and I, respectively.

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2. https://www.chemguide.co.uk/mechanisms/freerad/whatis.html#:~:text=A%20simple%20example%20of%20substitution,UV%20light%20(or%20sunlight).&text=Notice%20that%20one%20of%20the,That's%20substitution.

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An explanation of the terms free radical, substitution, homolytic fission

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3. https://youtu.be/SnJkPhGQ74s?si=oBLvyUNP2hnf1SfO

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Matriculation Chemistry -- Topic 3.5: Unsaturation Test - Baeyer's Test and Bromine Test

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4. https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Organic_Chemistry_with_a_Biological_Emphasis_v2.0_(Soderberg)/14%3A_Electrophilic_Reactions/14.02%3A_Electrophilic_Addition_to_Alkenes

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The simplest type of electrophilic reaction to visualize is the addition of a haloacid such as \(HBr\) to an isolated alkene. It is not a biological reaction, but nonetheless can serve as a …

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5. https://youtu.be/z5hQ8iZZ8dU?si=6F5ZNDkZRX9BcQFh

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Hydrocarbons - Aliphatic vs Aromatic Molecules - Saturated & Unsaturated Compounds

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6. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliphatic_compound

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In organic chemistry, hydrocarbons ( compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen) are divided into two classes: aromatic compounds and aliphatic compounds (; G. aleiphar, fat, oil), also known as non-aromatic compounds. Aliphatics can be cyclic, but only aromatic compounds contain an especially stable ring of atoms, such as benzene.

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Application of electrophilic addition of alkenes

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Application of electrophilic addition of alkenes

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The hydrochlorination of alkenes, such as ethene with HCl, leads to the formation of vinyl chloride, the monomer for producing polyvinyl chloride (PVC).

PVC is a widely used plastic in construction materials (pipes, flooring, window frames), medical devices, packaging, and clothing. The production of PVC relies on the electrophilic addition of HCl to ethene.

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1. Make sure the test tubes are fully dry before conducting the experiment

2. Always keep the reagent bottles closed due to cyclohexane & cyclohexene are volatile compounds

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The type of reaction between cyclohexane and bromine in dichloromethane is free radical substitution reaction.

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Example of electrophilic addition of alkenes

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Example of electrophilic addition of alkenes

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When cyclohexene reacts with hydrogen bromide. The double bond breaks and a hydrogen atom ends up attached to one of the carbons and a bromine atom to the another atom.

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Compare and Contrast Alkanes and Alkenes            (10 marks) 

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Compare and Contrast Alkanes and Alkenes            (10 marks) 

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Similarities:

Both alkanes and alkenes are hydrocarbons

Both alkanes and alkenes are insoluble in water

Both alkanes and alkenes do not conduct electricity

Both alkanes and alkenes have low melting and boiling point

Differences:

Alkanes are saturated but alkenes are unsaturated

Alkanes have single covalent bonds between all the carbon atoms, but alkenes have at least one double covalent bond between two carbon atoms

Alkanes have lower percentage of carbon per molecule, but alkenes have higher percentage of carbon per molecule

Alkanes have less smoky flames, but alkanes have sootier flames

Alkanes undergo free radical substitution reaction, but alkenes undergo electrophilic addition

Cyclohexene can be oxidised by alkaline KMnO4 solution but cyclohexane cannot.

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Application of free radical substitution of alkanes

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Application of free radical substitution of alkanes

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Manufacture of halogenated alkanes: Used in creating solvents, refrigerants, and in the pharmaceutical industry.

A cornerstone in organic synthesis: The reaction is fundamental in the synthesis of a wide array of organic compounds.

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Cyclohexane

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Cyclohexene

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Alkaline

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4% bromine in dichloromethane

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Conclusion

1. Cyclohexane and toluene undergo free radical substitution reaction with bromine in the presence of sunlight.

2. Cyclohexene undergoes electrophilic addition with bromine in sunlight with or without the presence of sunlight.

3. Cyclohexene can be oxidised by alkaline KMnO₄ solution whereas cyclohexane and toluene cannot be oxidized.

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Dropper

Test tube

Rubber band

Labelling paper

Test tube rack

Black sugar paper (6 cm x 12 cm)

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Sunlight provides the energy (UV light) necessary for the homolytic cleavage of the bromine molecule in the initiation step.

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1. Leong Zhi Ying (MS2417121685）

2. Kevin Wong Ken Nam (MS2417121269)

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3. A few drops of alkaline KMnO4 solution were added into each test tube and were shaken.

4. The observations were recorded.

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1. Nurul Athirah binti Ariffin Kamal (MS2417120919)

2. Nurul Izzaty Akhtar binti Syahril Anwar

(MS2418122911)

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3. Test tubes A, C and E were wrapped with black sugar papers.