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1. Social Media Content (Brianna Faith David)

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1. Social Media Content (Brianna Faith David)

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URL: https://web.facebook.com/ZeroWastePHL/posts/pfbid02TGesSjATAa7LwjbgKfyYeCBU4m4GHqidE5kUPhjgmgXBnMMXs2eEAgXBz2xx6XTrl

Title: Water Conservation Tips brought to you by DENR National Capital Region

Author: Zero Waste Philippines

Date Published: March 25, 2019

Key Info: This post by the "Zero Waste Philippines" highlights the importance of water conservation amidst Metro Manila's water situation. It emphasizes that only a small fraction of Earth's water is drinkable and that everyone, not just experts, should contribute to preserving this vital resource for future generations. Additionally, it offers a tip to prevent mosquito breeding by covering water containers.

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2. Local New Article (Brianna Faith David)

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2. Local New Article (Brianna Faith David)

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https://www.sunstar.com.ph/davao/local-news/minda-most-households-in-barmm-no-access-to-potable-water

Title: MinDA: Most households in Barmm no access to potable water

Author: David Ezra M. Francisquete

Date: July 1, 2024

Key info: The article from SunStar discusses the alarming lack of access to potable water for most households in the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM). It highlights the region's struggles with poor infrastructure, funding limitations, and water contamination, emphasizing the urgent need for sustainable water solutions.

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MinDA: Most households in Barmm no access to potable water

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Mindanao is experiencing a water crisis, particularly in the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (Barmm). Because of this, many impoverished familie

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3. National News Article (Brianna Faith David)

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3. National News Article (Brianna Faith David)

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URL: https://www.pids.gov.ph/publication/discussion-papers/the-last-mile-challenge-water-sanitation-and-hygiene-wash-in-the-philippines

Title: The Last-Mile Challenge: Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) in the Philippines

Author(s):

Ulep, Valerie Gilbert T. ,

Talamayan, Jann Trizia

Casas, Lyle Daryll D.

Villaseñor, Jon Michael

Bacatan, Elmira

Date Published: November 20, 2024

Key Info: This article examines the challenges of achieving universal water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) coverage in the Philippines, emphasizing its impact on health and nutrition, particularly in deprived areas. Its relevance extends to Mindanao, where many provinces face several challenges in WASH access, resulting to poor health outcomes.

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4. International News Article (Brianna David)

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4. International News Article (Brianna David)

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URL: https://www.newsecuritybeat.org/2017/08/building-resilience-peace-water-security-strategic-interests-mindanao-philippines/

Title: Building Resilience for Peace: Water, Security, and Strategic Interests in Mindanao, Philippines

Author: Roger-Mark De Souza & Chelsea Spangler

Date Published: August 1, 2017

Key Info: The article explores how water security in Mindanao, Philippines, is critical for both regional stability and development. Water scarcity, climate change, and conflict impact communities, agriculture, and peace efforts. Improving water management and infrastructure can contribute to greater resilience, peace, and sustainable development.

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The Philippines faces a breadth of social and environmental challenges that threaten its economic and political stability. A long history of violent conflict stemming from ethnic, religious, and political tensions is further complicated by changing weather patterns that cause severe drought and damaging storms. Millions of people in Mindanao have been displaced by violence and extreme weather events, and their migration from rural areas leaves room for the expansion of terrorist groups that threaten regional stability. The United States currently has strong trade and cultural ties to the Philippines, and U.S. Pacific Command operates military facilities on the islands. This chapter examines the stakes for U.S. interests in Mindanao, and recommends a security approach that combines defense, diplomacy, and development efforts to promote improved governance, social stability, and climate resilience.

Ecological Challenges

Climate change is generating warmer coastal waters, rising sea levels, and stronger storms

The Philippines was listed as the country most affected by climate change in the 2015 Global Climate Risk Index. Mindanao's southern islands are currently experiencing extreme drought and rising temperatures due to climate change and heightened El Niño-Southern Oscillation effects. In April 2016, a severe drought in Cotabato Province drove thousands of farmers to urban centers to demand food assistance. An ongoing three-year drought is also leading to water rationing in Zamboanga City. In some areas, agricultural land has been rendered unusable. These trends are projected to continue: By 2050, average rainfall is expected to decrease by 11%.

Climate change is also generating warmer coastal waters, rising sea levels, and stronger storms in the Philippines. Since 2006, the Philippines has experienced five of the 10 strongest storms in its history.

In addition, Mindanao faces tradeoffs between maintaining marshlands and accessing the oil and gas deposits beneath them. A proposed dam near the Liguasan Marsh would drain 543,600 acres of marsh to enable drilling, but could also flood thousands of acres of farmland.

Other water resources are threatened by decades of illegal gold mining, which has contaminated freshwater sources in T'boli municipality with poisonous mercury and cyanide. Similarly, silt produced by unregulated industrial practices is restricting water flows into Mindanao's largest lake, Lake Lanao, limiting electricity generation.

Societal Challenges

Large segments of Mindanao's population have inadequate access to fresh water due to a combination of factors: degraded water quality stemming from a lack of regulation; depleted water sources due to overuse; and insufficient infrastructure as a result of poor governance, especially in areas experiencing conflict. Disputes over water rights arise where governing institutions are lacking, and feuding parties sometimes intentionally deprive opponents of water access as a tactic.

It is estimated that since 2000, 4 million people have migrated to displacement camps due to violent conflict

It is estimated that since 2000, 4 million people have migrated to displacement camps in Mindanao due to violent conflict in their home regions. In 2013, Typhoon Yolanda and other climate change impacts forced another 4 million people to relocate to Mindanao. Providing water and sanitation for so many displaced people is a challenge that the government has struggled to meet. The mass migration also contributed to a food crisis of such magnitude that in 2000 the Internal Displacement-Monitoring Centre reported that 30%-40% of preschool children on the islands were malnourished.

Over 48% of Mindanao's jobs are in the agriculture sector, which is increasingly threatened by climate impacts. Insufficient water supply and storm recovery mechanisms, along with degradation of watersheds, render agricultural livelihoods untenable, and displace farmers.

Inequitable land tenure and access to natural resources is also an underlying cause of violent conflict in Mindanao. While much of the widespread violence has its roots in a long history of ethnic, religious, and political tensions, it was ultimately land tenure disputes that helped drive part of the Philippines' Muslim population to pursue political separation from the Filipino state.

Implications for the U.S.

The United States and the Philippines have strong trade and cultural ties; around 150,000 Americans live in the Philippines, and around 4 million Filipinos and Filipino-Americans live in the United States.

Mindanao is of geostrategic importance to the United States. It is close to the South China Sea and its potentially oil- and gas-rich Spratly Islands, the ownership of which is hotly contested by various states, including China.

The United States operates military facilities in the Philippines, which the U.S. Pacific Command suggests are critical for maritime security, counterterrorism, and humanitarian and disaster relief operations. These operations are facilitated by the 2014 Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement, and are an important part of U.S.-Philippine cooperation to counter terrorist groups, including Jemaah Islamiyah and Abu Sayyaf, which are helping to establish a territorial foothold for the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) in the Philippines.

The newly elected Duterte government is critical of the defense cooperation agreement, asserting that it pits U.S. interests against those of the Philippines. In late 2016, the new president repeatedly called for the removal of U.S. troops from the Philippines, a move that would severely curtail U.S. ability to carry out counterterrorism operations.

Reports indicate that ISIS training camps are being established in Mindanao

Several extremist groups in Mindanao are designated as "foreign terrorist organizations" by the United States, and some of these have carried out attacks on Western targets. Reports indicate that ISIS training camps are being established in Mindanao, and the large-scale displacement of rural populations has created space for such terror operations to prosper. There is a risk that extremist groups will carry out tactics already used in Iraq and Syria, such as taking control of water resources, driving agricultural workers from their land, and destroying infrastructure.

Recommendations

In order to promote stability in the Philippines and protect its interests, the United States should consider the following actions:

Support water-related programs that promote peace-building and climate resilience, including assistance with monitoring and allocating water resources equitably; military protection of dams to prevent terrorist groups from seizing vital water resources; ensuring viability of the agriculture sector; and facilitating the quick resettlement of people displaced by storms or violence.
Chelsea Spangler is a water and security program associate with the World Wildlife Fund-US. Photo Credit: People living in a camp for those displaced by the conflict in Mindanao receive water by truck because the existing pumps have been contaminated by saline water, January 2017, courtesy of European Commission Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations

1. Build trust between governments, local actors, and international aid groups, and build institutional capacity for collaborative governance. An essential step toward such trust will be for local governments to provide basic social services, including water and sanitation, for all social groups.

2. Encourage water management programs that link defense, diplomacy, and development efforts. For example, all donor interventions in Mindanao should include conflict management and mitigation, and should aim to improve local governance.

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Building Resilience for Peace: Water, Security, and Strategic Interests in Mindanao, Philippines

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This article is a summary of the chapter by Roger-Mark De Souza, the director of population, environmental security, and resilience for the Wilson Center, in the new book, Water, Security and [...]

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5. Local News Video Segment (Benz Carlo Paramio)

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5. Local News Video Segment (Benz Carlo Paramio)

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URL: https://youtu.be/mXnSJmPJpuo?si=uKSBTLrhZxS6BG2o

Title: Beyond the lead: Providing Clean Water and Sanitation for Philippines

Author: NewsWatch Plus PH

Date Published: Sep 28, 2023

Key Info: The Water District in Oriental Mindoro is inconsistent in providing clean water to their residents because of the lack of funds. Due to financial constraints, the local administration is looking to the private sector and the federal government for assistance in providing clean water to more residents of the town.

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6. International News Video Segment (Benz Carlo Paramio)

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6. International News Video Segment (Benz Carlo Paramio)

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URL: https://youtu.be/QLdaqK8xE6o?si=-487rKUU4EiEMtp3

Title: Water.org Helps 38M+ With Access To Safe Water and Sanitation

Author: CNN

Date Published: Nov 3, 2021

Key Info: Water.org has expanded its presence to around 38 million individuals throughout Latin America, Asia, and Africa
with clean water and sanitation. Through their cooperation with associates globally, they are expanding their core strength of unlocking capital to help people living in poverty get access to safe water and sanitation.

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URL:https://ph.pinterest.com/pin/52143308177655623/

Title: SDG 6: Clean Water And Sanitation

Author: Kaelizz Graphics

Date Published: Nov 31, 2021

Key Info:This infographic focuses on distribution, execution, and education to illustrate the crucial stages needed to achieve SDG #6: Clean Water and Sanitation. Especially in rural and underprivileged areas, it highlights how crucial it is to teach households about water conservation, make investments in filtration systems, and provide fair access to clean water.

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SDG #6 _ Infographics _ Graphic design infographic, Infographic poster, Infographic

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Researched by: Eunice Kaycee P. Mirafuentes

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8. Public Service Message or Promotional video (Eunice Kaycee Mirafuentes)

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8. Public Service Message or Promotional video (Eunice Kaycee Mirafuentes)

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URL: https://youtu.be/x3z9H6yhCXo?si=ppRLoQTRrIzIuPta

Title: GoAL WaSH project in the Philippines

Author: SIWI - Stockholm International Water Institute

Date Published: Oct 30, 2017

Key Info: Water, sanitation, and hygiene achievement toward the Millennium Development Goals revealed that drinking water sources had improved from 84 percent in 1990 to 92 percent in 2015. Additionally, the percentage of people using upgraded sanitation facilities increased from roughly 57% in 1990 to 74% in 2015

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SIWI - Stockholm International Water Institute

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9. Feature Article (Eunice Kaycee Mirafuentes)

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9. Feature Article (Eunice Kaycee Mirafuentes)

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URL: https://iwaponline.com/washdev/article/13/2/140/93348/Linking-poverty-with-water-and-sanitation-in

Title: Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development.

Author: Novlloyd E. Celeste

Date Published: February 01, 2023

Key Info: The connection between water and sanitation in the Philippines is highlighted in this article. In order to ascertain the relationship between household characteristics, toilet facility type, and availability to safe water, data from 39,771 households was analyzed by the Department of Science and Technology Food and Nutrition Research Institute.

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Linking poverty with water and sanitation in targeting households for achieving sustainable development | Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development | IWA Publishing

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HIGHLIGHTS. The poorest wealth quintile households have various sources of water which are unsafe and unprotected.The type of dwelling significantly predic

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Research by: Eunice Kaycee P. Mirafuentes

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10. Vlog Feature (Eunice Kaycee Mirafuentes)

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10. Vlog Feature (Eunice Kaycee Mirafuentes)

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URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U7HTvmg1d2c

Title: Life Saving Clean Water Philippines

Author: Marshall Butters Vlogs

Date Published: Sep 28, 2023

Key Info: Clean Water International Philippines, a Davao-based non-profit organization, is featured in this vlog. Thousands of water filtration devices have been given away for free to homes and schools, supplying countless children and adults with clean, fresh drinking water.

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11. Data Infographic or Statistics (Denjo Blake Matias)

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11. Data Infographic or Statistics (Denjo Blake Matias)

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URL: https://www.margreetdeheer.com/the-global-goals-of-sustainable-development/

Title: The Global Goals of Sustainable Development

Author: Margreet de Heer

Date published: April 2015

Key Info: This focuses on the lack of water access for people and the ways one can resolve the issue. Another thing to note in the responsible use of safe water, making the people of Mindanao learn how to properly manage the issue.

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12. Government Website Content (Denjo Blake Matias)

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12. Government Website Content (Denjo Blake Matias)

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URL:

https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2016/10/31/clean-water-brings-helps-conflict-affected-communities-in-mindanao

Title: Clean Water Helps Conflict-Affected Communities in Mindanao

Author: Alana Holmberg

Date Published: October 31, 2016

Key Info:

For the residents of Upper Campo Islam, access to clean water is not a part of their lives. Although, they had to endure 20 years of suffering from no access to clean water.

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Mindanao, Philippines - It's late in the afternoon. Nhor Momin stands by the water faucets. Satisfied no more customers are coming to collect water, she turns off the taps, locking them in place with a simple brass padlock. Nhor collects the day's takings, hails a scooter and heads home.

Access to clean drinking water is now a part of life for residents of Upper Campo Islam. But for the 20 years leading up to 2011, the community did not have access to clean water. As one of many conflict-affected communities in Mindanao, Upper Campo Islam has long-suffered from poor infrastructure, a lack of basic services and weak local governance.

"Life was difficult without [clean] water," remembers Nhor. "We needed to haul it from other villages, pay 12 Philippine Pesos ($0.25) per container, and pay again to transport it home. If we went three or four times a day it would cost us 70- 80 Philippine Pesos ($1.25-$1.67) just in transport. So it was hard - 80 Pesos is too much for us."

Upper Campo Islam is located in the municipality of Labangan, southern Mindanao. Like much of the province, it has struggled with three types of conflict - rido (violent feuds between families or clans), politically-motivated violence, and armed insurgency. Nhor personally has been affected by rido.

"It's like killing one member of the family, then one is killed back, then another killing. [Even after we moved] two of my brothers were shot because of this family conflict. One brother was killed in front of our house."

Nhor returned home to Upper Campo Islam in 2007, after ten years abroad working as a domestic helper in the Middle East. Frustrated by the lack of water, she and members of her village's People Organization worked hard to get a water supply project going in the community. The project now gives around 1,000 people in the municipality access to fresh, clean drinking water via both public and private faucets.

"Water is life. The day the water started to flow out from the taps; it was a feast. We were all very happy, I was the happiest one. I cried because I knew I'd done something right for the community."

The water supply project in Upper Campo Islam was facilitated by the Bangsamoro Development Agency (BDA), the development arm of the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF). Following a 2001 agreement between the government of the Philippines and the MILF, BDA is tasked to determine, lead, and manage relief, rehabilitation and development projects in the conflict-affected areas.

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Clean Water Helps Conflict-Affected Communities in Mindanao

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Mindanao, Philippines - It's late in the afternoon. Nhor Momin stands by the water faucets. Satisfied no more customers are coming to collect water, she turns off the taps, locking them in place with a simple brass padlock. Nhor collects the day's takings, hails a scooter and heads home.

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13. Non-Government Organization or Academic Institution (Denjo Blake Matias)

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13. Non-Government Organization or Academic Institution (Denjo Blake Matias)

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URL: https://www.weforum.org/stories/2022/08/access-clean-water-inequality-financing/

Title: Low-income communities lack access to clean water. It’s time for change.

Author: Bincheng Mao

Date Published: Aug 2, 2022

Key Info:

It should not be a privilege to have access to clean water. This is integral to the lives of the people in Mindanao as it helps avoid dangerous bacteria and diseases.

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Work together to improve access to clean water worldwide

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Access to clean water is a human right but a third of people still lack access to it. Here’s how public-private collaboration can address this inequality.

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URL:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nKNKqQrkp1o

Title : SAREB, A DOCUMENTARY FILM, #6 CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION

Author: Bernadette Ragudo

Date Published: June 12, 2023

Key Info: This documentary made by a group of students, highlighted how much difference there is with how others view and experience the hardship of not having an access to clean water and sanitation.

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URL:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9ulAUK5e1lY

Title: SERVE Philippines 2018: SDG 6 - Clean Water and Sanitation

Author: SERVEInSolidarity

Date Published: September 24, 2018

Key Info: The post emphasizes the goal of a group of journalists, which was to highlight the importance of accessibility and affordability to clean water and sanitation to the people of the Badjao community.

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URL:

https://firstbalfour.com/news/water-works-first-balfours-role-in-sdg-6/

Title: Water Works: First Balfour's Role in SDG 6

Author: First Balfour

Date Published: October 4, 2022

Key Info: This research conducted by the management of First Balfour aims to spread essential facts about the challenges some Filipinos face because of having no access to clean water. According to the research, almost 100% of the city's population relies on a nearby dam in Metro Manila, Philippines.