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Britain took control of Egypt to protect its interests in the Suez Canal, a crucial waterway connecting the Mediterranean to the Red Sea. This occupation showed how European powers used debt and financial control to expand their empires. Egypt became a British protectorate, although it officially remained part of the Ottoman Empire.

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European powers met in Berlin to divide up Africa among themselves. Known as the 'Scramble for Africa,' this conference set rules for claiming African territories. No African leaders were invited to participate in these decisions about their own lands. This event symbolizes the height of European colonialism.

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1886: Discovery of Gold in the Witwatersrand

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1886: Discovery of Gold in the Witwatersrand

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The discovery of gold in the Witwatersrand region led to a gold rush and increased British interest in South Africa. This discovery would eventually contribute to the Boer War and strengthened British imperial ambitions in the region. The gold mines used exploitative labor practices that affected the local population.

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France formally established French Indochina, combining its colonies in Southeast Asia. This included Vietnam (Tonkin, Annam, and Cochinchina), Cambodia, and later Laos. The French implemented a system of economic exploitation and cultural assimilation.

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Japan and China fought for control over Korea, marking Japan's emergence as an imperial power. Japan's victory demonstrated its successful modernization and led to its acquisition of Taiwan and influence over Korea. This was a significant shift in East Asian power dynamics.

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The United States defeated Spain and acquired the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico, while Cuba became a U.S. protectorate. This war marked America's emergence as an imperial power and expanded its influence in the Pacific and Caribbean regions.

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After the Battle of Omdurman, Britain established the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. This completed British control over the Nile River and connected their territories from Egypt to Uganda. The event demonstrated how European powers used military superiority to expand their empires.

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Chinese nationalists rose up against foreign influence in the Boxer Rebellion. An international force of eight nations suppressed the uprising, leading to the Boxer Protocol which gave foreign powers even more control over China. This event highlighted both Chinese resistance to imperialism and the power of foreign nations.