# data[].attributes.body
Dar con sus propias palabras un concepto claro de inteligencia artificial.

# data[].attributes.body
Explicar y ejemplificar las principales aplicaciones prácticas de la IA en la agricultura, finanzas, comercio, educación, salud y transporte.

# data[].attributes.body
Utilizar eficientemente herramientas basadas en IA.

# data[].attributes.body
Introducción a los fundamentos y línea evolutiva de la inteligencia artificial.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Intro to Machine Learning featuring Generative AI

# data[].attributes.body
Estudia la línea evolutiva de la inteligencia artificial a través de una infografía.

# data[].attributes.headline
Aplicaciones prácticas de la Inteligencia Artificial

# data[].attributes.subject
Aplicaciones prácticas de la Inteligencia Artificial

# data[].attributes.body
Explora casos de uso en agricultura, educación y salud.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
5 Uses of AI in Agriculture! - 5 Mins 5 Ideas

# data[].attributes.body
Discute los riesgos asociados con el uso de inteligencia artificial.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
As AI grows more sophisticated and widespread, the voices warning against the potential dangers of artificial intelligence grow louder.

"These things could get more intelligent than us and could decide to take over, and we need to worry now about how we prevent that happening," said Geoffrey Hinton, known as the "Godfather of AI" for his foundational work on machine learning and neural network algorithms. In 2023, Hinton left his position at Google so that he could " talk about the dangers of AI," noting a part of him even regrets his life's work.

The renowned computer scientist isn't alone in his concerns.

Tesla and SpaceX founder Elon Musk, along with over 1,000 other tech leaders, urged in a 2023 open letter to put a pause on large AI experiments, citing that the technology can "pose profound risks to society and humanity."

12 Dangers of AI

Questions about who's developing AI and for what purposes make it all the more essential to understand its potential downsides. Below we take a closer look at the possible dangers of artificial intelligence and explore how to manage its risks.

1. Lack of AI Transparency and Explainability

2. Job Losses Due to AI Automation

AI-powered job automation is a pressing concern as the technology is adopted in industries like marketing, manufacturing and healthcare. By 2030, tasks that account for up to 30 percent of hours currently being worked in the U.S. economy could be automated - with Black and Hispanic employees left especially vulnerable to the change - according to McKinsey. Goldman Sachs even states 300 million full-time jobs could be lost to AI automation.

"The reason we have a low unemployment rate, which doesn't actually capture people that aren't looking for work, is largely that lower-wage service sector jobs have been pretty robustly created by this economy," futurist Martin Ford told Built In. With AI on the rise, though, "I don't think that's going to continue."

"If you're flipping burgers at McDonald's and more automation comes in, is one of these new jobs going to be a good match for you?" Ford said. "Or is it likely that the new job requires lots of education or training or maybe even intrinsic talents - really strong interpersonal skills or creativity - that you might not have? Because those are the things that, at least so far, computers are not very good at."

Even professions that require graduate degrees and additional post-college training aren't immune to AI displacement.

As technology strategist Chris Messina has pointed out, fields like law and accounting are primed for an AI takeover. In fact, Messina said, some of them may well be decimated. AI already is having a significant impact on medicine. Law and accounting are next, Messina said, the former being poised for "a massive shakeup."

"Think about the complexity of contracts, and really diving in and understanding what it takes to create a perfect deal structure," he said in regards to the legal field. "It's a lot of attorneys reading through a lot of information - hundreds or thousands of pages of data and documents. It's really easy to miss things. So AI that has the ability to comb through and comprehensively deliver the best possible contract for the outcome you're trying to achieve is probably going to replace a lot of corporate attorneys."

3. Social Manipulation Through AI Algorithms

Social manipulation also stands as a danger of artificial intelligence. This fear has become a reality as politicians rely on platforms to promote their viewpoints, with one example being Ferdinand Marcos, Jr., wielding a TikTok troll army to capture the votes of younger Filipinos during the Philippines' 2022 election.

TikTok, which is just one example of a social media platform that relies on AI algorithms, fills a user's feed with content related to previous media they've viewed on the platform. Criticism of the app targets this process and the algorithm's failure to filter out harmful and inaccurate content, raising concerns over TikTok's ability to protect its users from misleading information.

"No one knows what's real and what's not," Ford said. "So it really leads to a situation where you literally cannot believe your own eyes and ears; you can't rely on what, historically, we've considered to be the best possible evidence... That's going to be a huge issue."

4. Social Surveillance With AI Technology

In addition to its more existential threat, Ford is focused on the way AI will adversely affect privacy and security. A prime example is China's use of facial recognition technology in offices, schools and other venues. Besides tracking a person's movements, the Chinese government may be able to gather enough data to monitor a person's activities, relationships and political views.

Another example is U.S. police departments embracing predictive policing algorithms to anticipate where crimes will occur. The problem is that these algorithms are influenced by arrest rates, which disproportionately impact Black communities. Police departments then double down on these communities, leading to over-policing and questions over whether self-proclaimed democracies can resist turning AI into an authoritarian weapon.

"Authoritarian regimes use or are going to use it," Ford said. "The question is, How much does it invade Western countries, democracies, and what constraints do we put on it?"

5. Lack of Data Privacy Using AI Tools

If you've played around with an AI chatbot or tried out an AI face filter online, your data is being collected - but where is it going and how is it being used? AI systems often collect personal data to customize user experiences or to help train the AI models you're using (especially if the AI tool is free). Data may not even be considered secure from other users when given to an AI system, as one bug incident that occurred with ChatGPT in 2023 " allowed some users to see titles from another active user's chat history." While there are laws present to protect personal information in some cases in the United States, there is no explicit federal law that protects citizens from data privacy harm experienced by AI.

6. Biases Due to AI

Various forms of AI bias are detrimental too. Speaking to the New York Times, Princeton computer science professor Olga Russakovsky said AI bias goes well beyond gender and race. In addition to data and algorithmic bias (the latter of which can "amplify" the former), AI is developed by humans - and humans are inherently biased.

"A.I. researchers are primarily people who are male, who come from certain racial demographics, who grew up in high socioeconomic areas, primarily people without disabilities," Russakovsky said. "We're a fairly homogeneous population, so it's a challenge to think broadly about world issues."

The limited experiences of AI creators may explain why speech-recognition AI often fails to understand certain dialects and accents, or why companies fail to consider the consequences of a chatbot impersonating notorious figures in human history. Developers and businesses should exercise greater care to avoid recreating powerful biases and prejudices that put minority populations at risk.

7. Socioeconomic Inequality as a Result of AI

Sweeping claims that AI has somehow overcome social boundaries or created more jobs fail to paint a complete picture of its effects. It's crucial to account for differences based on race, class and other categories. Otherwise, discerning how AI and automation benefit certain individuals and groups at the expense of others becomes more difficult.

8. Weakening Ethics and Goodwill Because of AI

Along with technologists, journalists and political figures, even religious leaders are sounding the alarm on AI's potential pitfalls. In a 2023 Vatican meeting and in his message for the 2024 World Day of Peace, Pope Francis called for nations to create and adopt a binding international treaty that regulates the development and use of AI.

Pope Francis warned against AI's ability to be misused, and "create statements that at first glance appear plausible but are unfounded or betray biases." He stressed how this could bolster campaigns of disinformation, distrust in communications media, interference in elections and more - ultimately increasing the risk of "fueling conflicts and hindering peace."

The rapid rise of generative AI tools gives these concerns more substance. Many users have applied the technology to get out of writing assignments, threatening academic integrity and creativity. Plus, biased AI could be used to determine whether an individual is suitable for a job, mortgage, social assistance or political asylum, producing possible injustices and discrimination, noted Pope Francis.

"The unique human capacity for moral judgment and ethical decision-making is more than a complex collection of algorithms," he said. "And that capacity cannot be reduced to programming a machine."

9. Autonomous Weapons Powered By AI

As is too often the case, technological advancements have been harnessed for the purpose of warfare. When it comes to AI, some are keen to do something about it before it's too late: In a 2016 open letter, over 30,000 individuals, including AI and robotics researchers, pushed back against the investment in AI-fueled autonomous weapons.

"The key question for humanity today is whether to start a global AI arms race or to prevent it from starting," they wrote. "If any major military power pushes ahead with AI weapon development, a global arms race is virtually inevitable, and the endpoint of this technological trajectory is obvious: autonomous weapons will become the Kalashnikovs of tomorrow."

This prediction has come to fruition in the form of Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems, which locate and destroy targets on their own while abiding by few regulations. Because of the proliferation of potent and complex weapons, some of the world's most powerful nations have given in to anxieties and contributed to a tech cold war.

Many of these new weapons pose major risks to civilians on the ground, but the danger becomes amplified when autonomous weapons fall into the wrong hands. Hackers have mastered various types of cyber attacks, so it's not hard to imagine a malicious actor infiltrating autonomous weapons and instigating absolute armageddon.

If political rivalries and warmongering tendencies are not kept in check, artificial intelligence could end up being applied with the worst intentions. Some fear that, no matter how many powerful figures point out the dangers of artificial intelligence, we're going to keep pushing the envelope with it if there's money to be made.

"The mentality is, 'If we can do it, we should try it; let's see what happens," Messina said. "'And if we can make money off it, we'll do a whole bunch of it.' But that's not unique to technology. That's been happening forever.'"

10. Financial Crises Brought About By AI Algorithms

The financial industry has become more receptive to AI technology's involvement in everyday finance and trading processes. As a result, algorithmic trading could be responsible for our next major financial crisis in the markets.

While AI algorithms aren't clouded by human judgment or emotions, they also don't take into account contexts, the interconnectedness of markets and factors like human trust and fear. These algorithms then make thousands of trades at a blistering pace with the goal of selling a few seconds later for small profits. Selling off thousands of trades could scare investors into doing the same thing, leading to sudden crashes and extreme market volatility.

Instances like the 2010 Flash Crash and the Knight Capital Flash Crash serve as reminders of what could happen when trade-happy algorithms go berserk, regardless of whether rapid and massive trading is intentional.

11. Loss of Human Influence

12. Uncontrollable Self-Aware AI

There also comes a worry that AI will progress in intelligence so rapidly that it will become sentient, and act beyond humans' control - possibly in a malicious manner. Alleged reports of this sentience have already been occurring, with one popular account being from a former Google engineer who stated the AI chatbot LaMDA was sentient and speaking to him just as a person would. As AI's next big milestones involve making systems with artificial general intelligence, and eventually artificial superintelligence, cries to completely stop these developments continue to rise.

How to Mitigate the Risks of AI

AI still has numerous benefits, like organizing health data and powering self-driving cars. To get the most out of this promising technology, though, some argue that plenty of regulation is necessary.

"There's a serious danger that we'll get [AI systems] smarter than us fairly soon and that these things might get bad motives and take control," Hinton told NPR. "This isn't just a science fiction problem. This is a serious problem that's probably going to arrive fairly soon, and politicians need to be thinking about what to do about it now."

Develop Legal Regulations

AI regulation has been a main focus for dozens of countries, and now the U.S. and European Union are creating more clear-cut measures to manage the rising sophistication of artificial intelligence. In fact, the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) published the AI Bill of Rights in 2022, a document outlining to help responsibly guide AI use and development. Additionally, President Joe Biden issued an executive order in 2023 requiring federal agencies to develop new rules and guidelines for AI safety and security.

Although legal regulations mean certain AI technologies could eventually be banned, it doesn't prevent societies from exploring the field.

Ford argues that AI is essential for countries looking to innovate and keep up with the rest of the world.

"You regulate the way AI is used, but you don't hold back progress in basic technology. I think that would be wrong-headed and potentially dangerous," Ford said. "We decide where we want AI and where we don't; where it's acceptable and where it's not. And different countries are going to make different choices."

Establish Organizational AI Standards and Discussions

On a company level, there are many steps businesses can take when integrating AI into their operations. Organizations can develop processes for monitoring algorithms, compiling high-quality data and explaining the findings of AI algorithms. Leaders could even make AI a part of their company culture and routine business discussions, establishing standards to determine acceptable AI technologies.

Guide Tech With Humanities Perspectives

Though when it comes to society as a whole, there should be a greater push for tech to embrace the diverse perspectives of the humanities. Stanford University AI researchers Fei-Fei Li and John Etchemendy make this argument in a 2019 blog post that calls for national and global leadership in regulating artificial intelligence:

"The creators of AI must seek the insights, experiences and concerns of people across ethnicities, genders, cultures and socio-economic groups, as well as those from other fields, such as economics, law, medicine, philosophy, history, sociology, communications, human-computer-interaction, psychology, and Science and Technology Studies (STS)."

Balancing high-tech innovation with human-centered thinking is an ideal method for producing responsible AI technology and ensuring the future of AI remains hopeful for the next generation. The dangers of artificial intelligence should always be a topic of discussion, so leaders can figure out ways to wield the technology for noble purposes.

"I think we can talk about all these risks, and they're very real," Ford said. "But AI is also going to be the most important tool in our toolbox for solving the biggest challenges we face."

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
12 Dangers of Artificial Intelligence (AI) | Built In

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Artificial intelligence has potential, but the dangers of AI have grabbed more attention in recent years. Check out 12 dangers of artificial intelligence.

# data[].attributes.headline
Documento de referencia: Fundamentos de la IA

# data[].attributes.subject
Documento de referencia: Fundamentos de la IA

# data[].attributes.body
Consulta este documento en formato PDF para profundizar sobre IA.

# data[].attributes.body
Aprende cómo desarrollar prompts para IA como ChatGPT con tutoriales y guías.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The best ChatGPT Prompt I've ever created - I spent 2 months curating this prompt to write prompts

# data[].attributes.body
Consulta esta guía para ejemplos prácticos.

# data[].attributes.body
Tutorial sobre creación de presentaciones e imágenes usando estas herramientas.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Create AI-Generated Presentations with Canva

# data[].attributes.headline
Clase 4: Aplicaciones como Copilot, SUNO AI e Ideogram

# data[].attributes.subject
Clase 4: Aplicaciones como Copilot, SUNO AI e Ideogram

# data[].attributes.body
Exploración y actividades con estas herramientas de IA.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
How to Use Suno AI Tutorial (FREE AI Music Generator)

# data[].attributes.body
Cómo colaborar usando Padlet y herramientas de IA.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Padlet Sessions | Padlet's AI Features for Beginners

# data[].attributes.headline
Elaboración de rúbricas con Rubrik y Vidnoz AI

# data[].attributes.subject
Elaboración de rúbricas con Rubrik y Vidnoz AI

# data[].attributes.body
Uso de Vidnoz AI para crear videos educativos.

# data[].attributes.body
Evaluación con actividades basadas en los casos prácticos.

# data[].attributes.body
Prueba de conceptos básicos de IA a partir de lo aprendido en los primeros días.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.provider_name
AI Question Generator | Create Tests & Quizzes from PDFs

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Free Online Test & Quiz Maker from PDF

The Smallpdf AI Question Generator takes any PDF document and quickly creates questions and answers for testing and studying. Perfect for both teachers and students.

Instantly Generate Tests & Quizzes

Just upload your PDF and let our AI question generator do the rest. With just a few clicks, you can create a test or quiz tailored to your needs. Faster. Better. Smarter.

Versatile Question Types

Create multiple-choice, true-or-false, or open-ended questions on any topic. Our easy test maker adapts to your needs, whether you're testing your students or studying for a quiz.

Perfect for Teachers & Students

Need a multiple-choice test maker to quiz your class? Want to turn a teacher's PDF into a quiz to help you study? Our AI quiz generator will help you ace both of these assignments.

How To Generate AI Questions Online for Free

1. Import or drag and drop your PDF into our AI Question Generator above.

2. Pick the type of questions you want to create and click "Generate questions."

3. Review and refine the questions as needed.

4. Click "Download" to save your questions and answers.

Generate Quiz & Test Questions With AI

FAQs About Our AI Question Generator

Document Work Made Easy

Boost productivity in your business with unlimited access to all Smallpdf's tools for taking the hassle out of document work. Do more, better, faster.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
AI Question Generator | Create Tests & Quizzes from PDFs

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Free and easy test maker for teachers and students. Simply upload a PDF and our AI quiz generator will give you the questions and possible answers in seconds.

# data[].attributes.headline
Autoevaluación del uso de herramientas IA

# data[].attributes.subject
Autoevaluación del uso de herramientas IA

# data[].attributes.body
Completa una autoevaluación después de utilizar Gamma, Canva AI y SUNO AI.

# data[].attributes.body
Crea un mural colaborativo reflejando lo aprendido sobre IA.

# data[].attributes.body
¿Qué herramientas de IA impactaron más su aprendizaje? Discusión en grupo.

# data[].attributes.body
Comparte un concepto aprendido hoy y cómo planeas usarlo en el futuro.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Why do I have to complete a CAPTCHA?

Completing the CAPTCHA proves you are a human and gives you temporary access to the web property.

What can I do to prevent this in the future?

If you are on a personal connection, like at home, you can run an anti-virus scan on your device to make sure it is not infected with malware.

If you are at an office or shared network, you can ask the network administrator to run a scan across the network looking for misconfigured or infected devices.

Another way to prevent getting this page in the future is to use Privacy Pass. You may need to download version 2.0 now from the Chrome Web Store.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Free printable exit ticket templates you can customize | Canva

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Get your students’ thoughts about the day’s lesson using free, editable exit ticket templates that can be customized online.

# data[].attributes.body
Lee el artículo adjunto y comenta sobre el impacto que tendrá la IA en nuestra sociedad.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Innovations in the field of artificial intelligence continue to shape the future of humanity across nearly every industry. AI is already the main driver of emerging technologies like big data, robotics and IoT, and generative AI has further expanded the possibilities and popularity of AI.

According to a 2023 IBM survey, 42 percent of enterprise-scale businesses integrated AI into their operations, and 40 percent are considering AI for their organizations. In addition, 38 percent of organizations have implemented generative AI into their workflows while 42 percent are considering doing so.

With so many changes coming at such a rapid pace, here's what shifts in AI could mean for various industries and society at large.

More on the Future of AI Can AI Make Art More Human?

The Evolution of AI

AI has come a long way since 1951, when the first documented success of an AI computer program was written by Christopher Strachey, whose checkers program completed a whole game on the Ferranti Mark I computer at the University of Manchester. Thanks to developments in machine learning and deep learning, IBM's Deep Blue defeated chess grandmaster Garry Kasparov in 1997, and the company's IBM Watson won Jeopardy! in 2011.

Since then, generative AI has spearheaded the latest chapter in AI's evolution, with OpenAI releasing its first GPT models in 2018. This has culminated in OpenAI developing its GPT-4 model and ChatGPT, leading to a proliferation of AI generators that can process queries to produce relevant text, audio, images and other types of content.

How AI Will Impact the Future

Improved Business Automation

AI's ability to analyze massive amounts of data and convert its findings into convenient visual formats can also accelerate the decision-making process. Company leaders don't have to spend time parsing through the data themselves, instead using instant insights to make informed decisions.

"If [developers] understand what the technology is capable of and they understand the domain very well, they start to make connections and say, 'Maybe this is an AI problem, maybe that's an AI problem,'" said Mike Mendelson, a learner experience designer for NVIDIA. "That's more often the case than, 'I have a specific problem I want to solve.'"

More on AI 75 Artificial Intelligence (AI) Companies to Know

Job Disruption

Business automation has naturally led to fears over job losses. In fact, employees believe almost one-third of their tasks could be performed by AI. Although AI has made gains in the workplace, it's had an unequal impact on different industries and professions. For example, manual jobs like secretaries are at risk of being automated, but the demand for other jobs like machine learning specialists and information security analysts has risen.

"One of the absolute prerequisites for AI to be successful in many [areas] is that we invest tremendously in education to retrain people for new jobs," said Klara Nahrstedt, a computer science professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and director of the school's Coordinated Science Laboratory.

Data Privacy Issues

Companies require large volumes of data to train the models that power generative AI tools, and this process has come under intense scrutiny. Concerns over companies collecting consumers' personal data have led the FTC to open an investigation into whether OpenAI has negatively impacted consumers through its data collection methods after the company potentially violated European data protection laws.

In response, the Biden-Harris administration developed an AI Bill of Rights that lists data privacy as one of its core principles. Although this legislation doesn't carry much legal weight, it reflects the growing push to prioritize data privacy and compel AI companies to be more transparent and cautious about how they compile training data.

Increased Regulation

AI could shift the perspective on certain legal questions, depending on how generative AI lawsuits unfold in 2024. For example, the issue of intellectual property has come to the forefront in light of copyright lawsuits filed against OpenAI by writers, musicians and companies like The New York Times. These lawsuits affect how the U.S. legal system interprets what is private and public property, and a loss could spell major setbacks for OpenAI and its competitors.

Ethical issues that have surfaced in connection to generative AI have placed more pressure on the U.S. government to take a stronger stance. The Biden-Harris administration has maintained its moderate position with its latest executive order, creating rough guidelines around data privacy, civil liberties, responsible AI and other aspects of AI. However, the government could lean toward stricter regulations, depending on changes in the political climate.

Climate Change Concerns

On a far grander scale, AI is poised to have a major effect on sustainability, climate change and environmental issues. Optimists can view AI as a way to make supply chains more efficient, carrying out predictive maintenance and other procedures to reduce carbon emissions.

What Industries Will AI Impact the Most?

There's virtually no major industry that modern AI hasn't already affected. Here are a few of the industries undergoing the greatest changes as a result of AI.

AI in Manufacturing

Manufacturing has been benefiting from AI for years. With AI-enabled robotic arms and other manufacturing bots dating back to the 1960s and 1970s, the industry has adapted well to the powers of AI. These industrial robots typically work alongside humans to perform a limited range of tasks like assembly and stacking, and predictive analysis sensors keep equipment running smoothly.

AI in Healthcare

It may seem unlikely, but AI healthcare is already changing the way humans interact with medical providers. Thanks to its big data analysis capabilities, AI helps identify diseases more quickly and accurately, speed up and streamline drug discovery and even monitor patients through virtual nursing assistants.

AI in Finance

Banks, insurers and financial institutions leverage AI for a range of applications like detecting fraud, conducting audits and evaluating customers for loans. Traders have also used machine learning's ability to assess millions of data points at once, so they can quickly gauge risk and make smart investing decisions.

AI in Education

AI in Media

AI in Customer Service

Most people dread getting a robocall, but AI in customer service can provide the industry with data-driven tools that bring meaningful insights to both the customer and the provider. AI tools powering the customer service industry come in the form of chatbots and virtual assistants.

AI in Transportation

Risks and Dangers of AI

Despite reshaping numerous industries in positive ways, AI still has flaws that leave room for concern. Here are a few potential risks of artificial intelligence.

Job Losses

Human Biases

Deepfakes and Misinformation

Data Privacy

Automated Weapons

The use of AI in automated weapons poses a major threat to countries and their general populations. While automated weapons systems are already deadly, they also fail to discriminate between soldiers and civilians. Letting artificial intelligence fall into the wrong hands could lead to irresponsible use and the deployment of weapons that put larger groups of people at risk.

Superior Intelligence

"I don't think the methods we use currently in these areas will lead to machines that decide to kill us," said Marc Gyongyosi, founder of Onetrack.AI. "I think that maybe five or 10 years from now, I'll have to reevaluate that statement because we'll have different methods available and different ways to go about these things."

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Future of AI: How Artificial Intelligence Will Change the World

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The future of AI is constantly in flux. AI is changing nearly every industry and will impact society in ways we are just beginning to understand.

# data[].attributes.body
Elabora un prompt para ChatGPT relacionado con la salud y la educación.

# data[].attributes.body
Usa Canva para diseñar una presentación sobre las aplicaciones de la IA.

# data[].attributes.body
Completa el cuestionario interactivo sobre IA.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Interact AI is an automated quiz creation tool that makes it easy to generate engaging quizzes. With Interact AI, you can create quizzes in minutes, without having to write any prompts or develop a deep understanding of AI.

# data[].attributes.body
Reflexiona sobre la imagen

# data[].attributes.wish_content.attachment_props.alternative_text
Crea una imagen representativa del curso de IA