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Task 1: Study the diagram of the coastal landform shown.

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Task 1: Study the diagram of the coastal landform shown.

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(a) Identity the features labelled A to E. [5]
(b) Explain the formation of feature E. [6]

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Task 2: Using information from the diagram below explain longshore drift. 

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Task 2: Using information from the diagram below explain longshore drift. 

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Task 3: You and your groupmates want to study the effect of wind direction on sediment movement (longhsore drift). 

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Task 3: You and your groupmates want to study the effect of wind direction on sediment movement (longhsore drift). 

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(a) Complete the following hypothesis
The ______________of sediment movement is influenced by _____________ direction. [1]
(b) Study the instrument listed. Describe how you would collect data on sediment movement i.e. longshore drift. [5]
(c) Explain longshore drifit. [5]

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Task 4: The students noticed a tombolo had developed at the eastern side of the beach. They took a photograph of the tomobolo. 

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Task 4: The students noticed a tombolo had developed at the eastern side of the beach. They took a photograph of the tomobolo. 

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(a) Using paper/ PDL draw a sketch of the tombolo shown. [4]
(b) Explain how a tomobolo is formed. [4]

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Task 5: Watch this video and answer the question.

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Task 5: Watch this video and answer the question.

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(a) What are coral reefs? [2]
(b) Why are they important? [4]
(c) Why are coral reefs under threat? [4]

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Exploring the Coral Reef: Learn about Oceans for Kids - FreeSchool

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Khaled bin Sultan Living Oceans Foundation

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Coral Bleaching Animation— HHMI BioInteractive Video

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Akshaya, Chloe, Tze Hyeng, Yi Jing, Janaaaaaaaaaaa ggwp

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Akshaya, Chloe, Tze Hyeng, Yi Jing, Janaaaaaaaaaaa ggwp

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alfred , neflin , ashley , jan , iman

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1a) A-notch
B- cave
C- arch
D- stack
E-stump

1b) Waves forces their way into cracks in cliff surface. The water contains sand and other materials that grind away the rock until the crack becomes a cave. Hydraulic and abrasion are the main erosion processes. The cave breaks through the other side of the headland, forming an arch. The arch continues to be eroded and will gradually become bigger until it can no longer support the top of the arch. When the arch collapses, it leaves the headland on one side and a sack on the other. The stack continues to be eroded to form a stump

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A: notch
B: cave
C: arch
D: stack
E: stump

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1a)  A- crack
B- cave
C- arch
D- stack
E- stump
b) the sea/waves attacks the cliff base and forms a crack. Continuous waves attacking the cracks erodes it and forms a cave. erosion may eventually join caves together, leaving an arch above the opening. over a period of time, the roof of the arch may be erroded to form a stack. The stack is eroded away into a stump.

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A)Coral reefs are structures that develop at, or slightly below, sea level on the seabed. They are built by and made up of thousands of tiny animals known as coral polxps, which secret rock-like deposits of calcium carbonate to protect the soft and delicate body of the polyp.
B)Coral reefs protect coastlines from storms and erosion, provide jobs for local communities, and offer opportunities for recreation. They are also a source of food and new medicines. Over half a billion people depend on reefs for food, income, and protection.
C)Coral reefs face many threats from local sources, including: Physical damage or destruction from coastal development, dredging, quarrying, destructive fishing practices and gear, boat anchors and groundings, and recreational misuse (touching or removing corals).

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a) A - Notch
B - Cave
C - Arch
D - Stack
E - Stump

b) Hydraulic action forces water into the cracks of the cliff face. This causes the air within to expand and the cliff face will crack to form a notch. Continuous hydraulic action expands the notch into a cave. The waves erode away to the other side of the cave forming an arch. The waves continue to erode the arch and eventually the arch is unable to be supported and it falls to form a stack. The stack is eroded away into a stump.

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a - notch
b: cave
c: arch
d: stack
e: stump

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Longshore drift is the movement of sediments along the shore by wave action.
It happens when waves approach the coast at an angle.
The wash carries material up and along the beach.
The backwash carries material back down the beach at right angles as a result of gravity
The zigzag movement slowly moves material along the beach, creating a longshore drift

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Hydraulic action causes water to enter into the cracks of the cliff face. This causes the air within to expand and the cliff face will crack to form a notch. As time goes by, hydraulic action expands the notch into a cave. The waves erode away to the other side of the cave forming an arch. The waves continue to erode the arch and eventually the arch is unable to be supported and it collapses as a stack is formed.. The stack is eroded away into a stump.

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The sea attacks a crack in the base of the cliff. This undercutting by hydraulic action and abrasion creates a notch at the base of the cliff. Caves then occur when waves force their way into cracks in the cliff face. The water contains sand and other materials that grind away the rock until the cracks become a cave. Hydraulic action and abrasion are the main erosion processes. If the cave is formed in a headland, it may break through to the other side forming an arch. The arch will continue to be eroded by attrition and will gradually become bigger until it can no longer support the top of the arch. When the arch collapses, it leaves the headland on one side and a stack on the
other. Further erosion then caused a stump to be formed.

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Sediments are transported along coasts through two processes: beach drift and longshore drift
As waves approach the coast at an angle break on the beach, sediments move up the beach at an angle as swash and move perpendicularly down the beach as backwash. The resultant zigzag movement along the beach is called beach drift.
When waves approach the coast at an angle, they generate longshore currents in the nearshore zone and move sediments along the shore. Longshore currents are ocean currents that flow parallel to a coast.
The combined effect of sediment movement by longshore currents and beach drift is known as longshore drift.

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Waves usually reach the shore at an angle because of the wind direction, moving up the beach at right angles. The backwash carries sediments directly back down the beach due to gravity. This cycle is repeated by producing the zig zag pattern which moves sand along the shore by a steady current.

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Longshore drift is the movement of material along the beach by wave action. It happens when waves approach the beach at an angle. The swash carries material up and along the beach whereas the backwash material back down the beach at right angles. This is caused by gravity, this zigzag movement slowly moves material along the beach

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Longshore drift is the movement of material along the beach by wave action. This happens when the waves approach the beach at an angle. The swash carries materials up the beach. The backwash carries materials back down the beach at a right angle. This is a result of gravity. The zigzag movement lowly moves material along the beach.

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(a)
The direction of sediment movement is influenced by wind direction.

(b)

1. Find the wind direction using wind vane and use compass to see where the wind is coming from

2. Put a stick into the beach (starting point), then put an orange in front of the stick

3. Watch orange for 10 minutes

4. Use a stick to mark where the orange is and use tape to measure between the poles

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The longshore drift of sediment movement is influenced by wind direction

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3a) The direction of sediment movement is influenced by wind direction

3b) Find wind direction using windvane and use compass to see where wind is coming from. Put a stick into the beach then put an orange in front of the stick. Watch orange for 10 minutes. Use a stick to mark where the orange is and use tape to measure between the poles

3c) Refer to Task2

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Waves usually reach the shore at an angle because of the wind direction, moving up the beach at right angles. The backwash carries sediments directly back down the beach due to gravity. This cycle is repeated by producing the zig zag pattern which moves sand along the shore by a steady current.

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(a) The direction of sediment movement is influenced by wind direction.

(b) To measure longshore drift, 1. Get necessary items - wind vane - stopwatch - oranges - two ranging poles - measuring tape - recording sheet 2. place the wind vane on the floor and use the compass to see where the wind vane is blowing to. 3. put one ranging pole on the beach as your starting point and put an orange in the water. 4. Observe the orange move along the beach for 10 minutes.  5. After 10 minutes, use another ranging pole to mark where the orange has travelled to the beach 6. Take a tape and measure the distance between the two ranging poles 7. Result will be the distance the sediments move over 10 minutes

(c) Longshore drift is the movement of material along the beach by wave action. This happens when the waves approach the beach at an angle. The swash carries materials up the beach. The backwash carries materials back down the beach at a right angle. This is a result of gravity. The zigzag movement lowly moves material along the beach.

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(b)
A spit has one end connected to a mainland and has another end projecting out into the sea. If an offshore island lies near the mainland where the spit is forming, the spit may continue to extend until it connects the offshore island to the mainland. This new landform is called a tombolo.

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The direction of sediment movement is influenced by wind direction

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4b) a spit is an extended stretch of beach that only joins the mainland at one end. Sediment is carried by longshore drift. When there is a change of shape of the coastline, deposition occurs. A long thin ridge of material is deposited. This creates a spit. A hooked end can form if there is a change in wind direction. The spit continues to extend until it connects the offshore island to the mainland, forming a tombolo

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Coral reefs are structures that develop at, or slightly below, sea level on the seabed. They are built by thousands of coral polyps.

Coral reefs are important. Firstly, they are habitat for wide range of marine creatures to breed and grow, supporting more than25% of the earth's marine fish species. Secondly, coral reefs absorb wave energy, thus protecting the coasts from erosion.

Coral reefs are under threat due to overcollection of corals for personal or commercial use. Fishing methods such as spearfishing disrupts food chain, resulting in increased algae growth that affects corals.Recreational use of coast of Tourism activities results in sewage waste discharged into water, polluting the waters. Coastal development such as reclamation and extension of land causes corals to be suffocated by sediments and destroyed. Climate change results in coral bleaching.

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The wind vane is used to measure the wind direction. Place a pole on the beach and put an orange in the water. Use the stopwatch to time 10 minutes while watching the orange. After 10 minutes, place another pole where the orange is at. Measure the distance between the 2 poles. Repeat the experiments at different timings of the day multiple times.

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1a) Corals are structures that develop at or slightly below sea level on the seabed. They are built and made up by thousands of tiny animals known as coral polyps

1b) They act as flood protection against destructive wave impacts. They act as a habitat to 25% of marine life. They have a tourism value of $36 billion which can help economies. They are a source of food for 1.2 billion people globally

1c) Overfishing to cater to the demands of other people. Rising ocean temperatures due to global warming leading to coral bleaching. Marine debris such as lost nets and ghost traps which can damage coral reefs which take a long time to recover. Pollution from sendimentation and toxicants as well as increase in nutrients and cause diseases and mortality and prevent coral growth and reproduction

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When sediments from the beach are carried away by longshore drift, it results in the change in the shape of the coastline, known as deposition. This results in a long, thin ridge of material being deposited, known as a spit. A tombolo is then formed when the spit continues to extend until it connects the offshore island to the mainland.

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Person A first stands at a safe distance from the edge of the sea holding a ranging pole. Secondly, Person B holds the second ranging pole further up the beach where there is a break of slope. Thirdly, the distance between the two ranging poles are measured using a measuring tape. Then, measure the angle matching markers using a clinometer and repeat.

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same as task 2

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(a) Coral reefs are structures that develop at, or below sea level on the seabed. They are polyps, which secrete rock-like deposits of calcium carbonate to protect the soft and delicate body of the polyps.
(b) Coral reefs are important as they have lots of advantages. An example is they act as a natural protectors like flood protection. Humans are able to save up $272 billion on global flood protection. Without coral reefs, annual flood damage could double. Coral reefs are also used for protecting marine life. There is 25% if marine life that lives around coral reefs, despite corals covering 1% of the Earth's surface. Corals help to provide a habitat for the animals living in the marine life. Without it's presence, the habitat will be disturbed and the animals in the marine life will go extinct.
(c) Coral reefs are under threat due to the the over-collection of corals which weakens them to disrupt their growth. An example would be in the country Philippines, many people collect corals to sell as souvenirs. This decreases the amount of coral reefs and affects the habitat of the animals in the marine life. Another threat is the climate change which causes coral bleaching because of the rapid rise in sea temperatures which may be too fast for the corals to adjust. This causes the corals to bleach due to a loss in algae and reduces the amount of corals

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tb pg 29

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They are made up of coral polyps. They get their colours from the algae attached to the coral. The algae should get just the right amount of sunlight. Too much will result in the algae blooming and blocking the corals. Too  less results in the algae abandoning the corals. If that happens the corals become bleached as they lose their colour. The bleached state makes the coral reefs more prone to dieeaseses. 25% of marine life also stays near coral reefs despite coral reefs covering only 1% of the entire world. Coral reefs also reduce wave energy up to 97 percent. This also reduces flood costs by 272 billion on global flood protection. These cost will double without coral reefs .They are also a tourist attraction and they earn 30+ billion dollars annually.