# data[].attributes.headline
What is the bill of rights and how did it start?

# data[].attributes.subject
What is the bill of rights and how did it start?

# data[].attributes.body
The Bill of Rights is the first 10 Amendments in the Constitution.

Anti-Federalists wanted to make rights to protect the people.

The Bill of Rights were ratified by James Madison on December 15, 1791

James Madison wrote the amendments by looking at ideas from state constitutions and the English Bill of Rights.

The states ratified 10 of the 12 amendments, which got the name Bill of Rights.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.

2. A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.

3. No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law

4. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized

5. No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.

6. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence.

7. In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.

8. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.

9. The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.

10. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.

# data[].attributes.body
Before the land ordinance, no one knew how the land possibly could be divided up. But this is where the Land Ordinance of 1785 came in. This was one of the first idea of how the land could be divided, This was a system of surveying the land and making it into townships. This was a far more organized way of dividing land compared to the original ways it was done many years before. There was a lot of focus on having everything be organized and fair so everyone would have a chance at owning land.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
This is a political cartoon that we analyzed in class about Nicholas Biddle fighting the National Bank. 

# data[].attributes.body
We talked about the events that led to the Panic of 1837 in class. At the time, Jackson was the President and disliked the National Bank. People often said, "The rich get richer, and the poor get poorer." Jackson thought that the states should have more power over the bank and declared that he would kill the bank by vetoing everything that came through. In 1836, he tried to slow the inflation from the bank's power and ordered Americans to use only gold or silver and to buy government-owned land. The Whig party, unable to choose one candidate, chose four men to run against Van Buren. Ultimately, since Jackson was backing Van Buren, he won the election. Shortly after Van Buren took office the depression hit and he was blamed for it.

# data[].attributes.body
The Northwest was land to the west of the Appalachian Mountains. This was very new land that had never been explored, so no one knew what the true value was. The Northwest Ordanance was a new way of making new states. There were new terms and rules on how the territories would be admitted into the union, this set things like the population requirements before you can apply. This also showed the principles on slavery, which was one of the first times this was brought up.

# data[].attributes.body
Both the Northwest Ordinance and the Land Ordinance were game changers for the expanding United States. They showed how the government was interested in expanding. The Northwest Ordinance was focused on individuals rights. The new states were very good for the union. The ordinance created a system for land that is still in use today. They were a very big step for America, but were very important for building a strong nation and expanding this beautiful country.

# data[].attributes.body
The Whiskey Rebellion was a uprising with Pennsylvania farmers in 1794. The government had put an excise tax on American whiskey, which mildly upset their farmers, since they relied on the trade of whiskey, buying whiskey to trade was very pricey to these farmers who didn't make as much money as say a bank worker.

# data[].attributes.body
The rebellion was an excise tax on whiskey to pay off some of the nation's debt. Farmers who drank or even sold this whiskey were not happy with the rise of the prices for it, this lead to the farmers becoming violent. The farmers would go as far as to find tax collectors houses and burn them down. The government responded by getting a local militia to stop the violent outbursts and to keep tax collectors safe, this militia exposed of the of the weaknesses of the new national military system.

# data[].attributes.body
The Oregon Trail is a video game were the player plays as a leader of a wagon train and shows what the realities were of the 19th century and what could"ve happened to the pioneers on the trail

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
If you've ever dreamt of traversing the American frontier as a pioneer, making crucial decisions, and hunting for food along the Oregon Trail, then The Oregon Trail is the game for you.

In this historical educational strategy video game, you'll be transported back to the year 1848, leading a covered wagon party from Independence, Missouri, to the fertile Willamette River and valley in Oregon.

Your leadership skills will be tested as you make choices about supplies, resource management, and your route while overcoming various challenges and setbacks.

Historical Beginnings

The Oregon Trail has a rich historical background. It was initially created as a text-based game in 1971 and later published by the Minnesota Educational Computing Consortium ( MECC) in 1975.

The game was re-imagined and released in its graphical form in 1985 for the Apple II. The year is 1848, and you'll assume the role of a wagon leader guiding a group of settlers from Independence, Missouri, to Oregon's Willamette Valley via a covered wagon.

You'll make pivotal decisions on supplies, resource management, and the route you take while navigating treacherous rivers and facing unpredictable events such as storms and disease.

Creating an Educational Icon

The game was the brainchild of a dedicated team at MECC led by game designer R. Philip Bouchard. Over a ten-month period from 1984 to 1985, they crafted this educational masterpiece. The Oregon Trail marked a pivotal shift for MECC, transitioning from games and software on mainframe computers to home computers.

It was MECC's first product primarily aimed at home consumers rather than schools.

The game made history by being one of the first educational video games of its kind, blending entertainment and learning seamlessly.

The Journey

As you embark on your journey to Oregon, you'll face a series of challenging decisions. You start by selecting your character's profession: banker, carpenter, or farmer.

Each choice comes with its own difficulty level and an initial sum of money to begin your journey. Then, you'll name your character and the four members of your party.

You'll need to purchase essential supplies like oxen, food, clothing, ammunition, and spare wagon parts from Matt's General Store.

The journey is divided into sixteen segments, each concluding at a landmark, such as a river crossing or a fort. These landmarks offer various choices, like acquiring supplies, conversing with fellow travelers, or deciding how to cross a river.

You'll need to make critical choices when navigating rivers, including fording, caulking, or paying for a ferry. The state of the river and weather conditions affect your chances of crossing without any hiccups.

Along the way, the prices for supplies rise, and you'll need to make the right decisions to ensure your party's survival.

Surviving the Trail

The journey between landmarks involves traveling for days over hundreds of miles. You'll receive updates on the date, weather conditions, the health of your party, available food supplies, distances to the next landmark, and the distance covered.

Embrace the spirit of the pioneers on a treacherous journey to the Wild West.

Random events can occur, like storms causing delays or party members falling ill. The player can control the pace of travel, the amount of daily food rations, rest periods, trade with other parties, and even hunt for food.

The hunting component is presented as a mini-game where you control a character who shoots animals for food. Careful resource management and strategic choices are key to success on the trail. The game concludes when your party either reaches Willamette Valley or when all members succumb to illness or injury.

Your performance is scored based on several factors, creating a sense of competition and replayability.

The Oregon Trail: A Legacy Preserved

The Oregon Trail has left an indelible mark in the world of education and gaming. It gained immense popularity in schools during the 1980s and 1990s, serving as an effective teaching tool.

The game's enduring legacy has earned it a place in the World Video Game Hall of Fame. Generations of players have experienced the trials and tribulations of the trail, making it a cultural landmark.

Play The Oregon Trail online

The Oregon Trail game is accessible online, without the need for downloads or emulators.

You can relive the experience in your web browser, making it a convenient option for both desktop and mobile devices. Play The Oregon Trail online, in a web browser.

Conclusion

The Oregon Trail is not just a video game, it's a piece of educational history.

With its roots dating back to the 1970s, the game has introduced countless players to the trials and tribulations of westward expansion in the 19th century.

The combination of historical context, strategic decision-making, and resource management makes it a compelling and enduring experience.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Oregon Trail is not just a game, it's a cherished piece of gaming history that transported players to a bygone era of exploration and survival.

# data[].attributes.body
This goes over why some settlers traveled the Oregon trail and wanted to expand west, goes over where it began and stretched too, what they called the collective trails.

# data[].attributes.body
The Oregon Trail were collective trails that all led to Oregon country that started in Independence, Missouri and Council Bluffs, Iowa. Settlers used them to travel to Oregon country because some seeked religious freedom, free land, finding gold, the economy in main land America, etc.

# data[].attributes.body
Natives provided travelers with horses, clothing, fresh food, and traded with the travelers. They fed hungry wagon trains or guided them along the trail. They realized they were only led to believe Natives were a threat, in reality there were very little incidents of violence on the trail with natives and wagon trains.

# data[].attributes.body
In conclusion the Oregon trail was a series of trails travelers used in Westward expansion, the settlers had new experiences and challenges along the way such as positive interactions with natives, diseases such as smallpox and cholera, some settlers drowning in rivers or dying in accidents, and when in Oregon county, the governing, but overall they relied on each other in travels and soon Oregon country grew and had the establishment of the Provisional Government of Oregon.

# data[].attributes.body
The Panic of 1837 highlighted the weaknesses in the financial system of the United States. It marked the beginning of a severe economic depression for our country. Lasting 5 years, the Panic caused unemployment, bank failures, and financial hardships. The working class suffered greatly; there was high unemployment and wage reductions, and families struggled to survive. The depression continued into Zachary Taylor’s presidency. Gold and Silver coins became extremely rare.

# data[].attributes.body
Start at 1:00

Lyrics that highlight the main topic of the song:

It was the panic of 1837

Tensions and unemployment were on the rise

There was a run on the banks

From sea to shining sea

Benjamin worked at The New York Sentinel

Tolling away behind a printing press

Far from the editor he used to be

# data[].attributes.body
The artist mocks Van Buren by cloaking him in worthless banknotes created during the Panic of 1837

Mocks Andrew Jackson and his policies

Mentions Specie Circular- the order where the government only accepted silver and gold as payment for land

“Safety Fund” was a program designed to offset the damage of bank failures

Document “Indian Claims” refers to Jackson's policy of Indian Removal

# data[].attributes.body
The Panic of 1837 caused long-term economic policies to be created. Debates about banking regulation and the role of the federal government in managing future financial crises eventually led to the federal debate system in 1913.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
This map shows key battles of the Texas Revolution.

# data[].attributes.body
The Texas Revolution started because the Americans moved across the border and created Spanish Texas. The Texas Revolution took place from October 1835 to 1836. The first battle was the battle of Gonzales wich the Americans won. Both the Mexicans and Americans had their wins but a major win for the Mexicans was the Alamo. The Alamo took place in 1836 at San Antonio. This war resulted in a lot of important deaths for the Americans like Jim Bowie, William Travis, and David Crockett. This loss did not stop the Americans though. The Americans would go on to defeat the Mexicans at the battle of San Jacinto on April 21, 1836. The Americans, led by general Sam Houston, caught the Mexican forces, led by General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, at the San Jacinto River. The battle lasted 18 minutes but eventually resulted in the Mexicans surrendering.

# data[].attributes.body
The Texas Revolution led to the signing of The Treaty of Velasco. The Treaty of Velasco is known for Texas leaving Mexico and becoming its own nation. it also made all Mexican troops retreat from Texas to the south of the Rio Grand and all prisoners would be exchanged. Texas would be its own nation for nine years with Sam Huston as their president. Texas sought annexation by the U.S, however this process took ten years nearly ten years due to the slave state debate that had already been going on. On December 29, 1845 Texas would become the 28th sate.

# data[].attributes.headline
Who created checks and balances, and why is it important?

# data[].attributes.subject
Who created checks and balances, and why is it important?

# data[].attributes.body
Framers created checks and balances by taking what they liked from the British system and borrowing ideas from state governments. They also improvised on what they thought was right. The Framers created checks and balances to have a way for all the branches to be held accountable to the rule of law and the people, so no branch would have too much power. The three branches of government are the legislative, which creates the laws, the executive, which enforces the laws, and the judicial branch interprets them. The Framers didn't want to put all of the power into the hands of the president, so we have the branches to separate the powers.

# data[].attributes.headline
Why do we have Checks and Balances today?

# data[].attributes.subject
Why do we have Checks and Balances today?

# data[].attributes.body
Checks and balances are a fundamental principle of the United States government. They ensure that no single branch becomes too powerful. This system works by giving each branch a certain power over the others. This can include the power to veto legislation or to appoint officials. The goal is to protect individual liberties. To conclude, checks and balances help to promote accountability in government.

# data[].attributes.body
Start at 6:23

This part of the video explains why the powers of the national government got separated, which made it harder for the government to hurt the acts and the interests of the citizens. One of the best explanations about checks and balances comes from the Federalist Papers. The papers were written by James Madison.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances: Crash Course Government and Politics #3

# data[].attributes.body
It helps prevent tyranny

This was a system that was created to prevent single branches from becoming too powerful, it made sure it was safe against tyranny

It ensures accountability

Each branch has the responsibility to oversee and potentially check the actions of all the other branches, which holds them accountable for their decisions

It protects citizens' rights

This limits the power of government, and the checks and balances help protect the rights and liberties of citizens

Facilitates Cooperation

The main idea is to limit power, so that the checks and balances encourage collaboration between the branches to achieve their goals

# data[].attributes.body
The National road starting in Cumberland Maryland to Wheeling west Virginia

The National road construction began in 1815

The workers had to use shovels and pickaxes to dig a 12-18 inch roadbed

It took 35 years to reach to Illinois

# data[].attributes.body
The National Road (also known as the Cumberland Pike or Cumberland Turnpike) was the first American highway funded by Congress.

Congress believed that a National Road warranted federal funding for two principal reasons — population growth and economic development.

The road was wide enough to permit wagons and coaches to pass each other from opposite directions and banked so that water would easily drain to the sides.

by the early 1850’s, use of the National Road diminished because of the westward growth of the steam powered Baltimore & Ohio and Pennsylvania Railroads which moved people and goods much faster than horse-drawn vehicles.

Many miles of the route, bridges and sites associated with this first nationally funded interstate highway remain today

After declining in use due to the innovative technology of the railroad, it regained a place in American history with the still later technology of the automobile.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Description
America's First Highway Venture: The National Road
The National Road (also known as the Cumberland Pike or Cumberland Turnpike) was the first American highway funded by Congress. President George Washington was among those who early on saw the value of a highway, one that would lead from Maryland, the center of the United States at that time, westward to Ohio and beyond. Albert Gallatin, Secretary of the Treasury, became a strong proponent during the administration of President Thomas Jefferson. Following Congressional action, Jefferson signed an initial $30,000 allocation on March 29, 1806, Henry McKinley received the initial contract on May 8, 1811, and construction began later that year. As originally conceived, its 620-mile path began at the edge of the Potomac River in Cumberland, MD, reached Wheeling, VA (now WV) in 1818, and extended to the Kaskaskia River in Vandalia, IL in 1841.

Although Congress approved an extension to St. Louis on the Mississippi River and then west to Jefferson City, M O on May 15, 1820, the final federal appropriation occurred on May 25, 1838 , and construction short of completion concluded in 1839 . By 1840, Congress voted against completion of the road , consistent with an 1835 federal decision to transfer future construction and maintenance costs to the states through which the highway passed. The states then introduced tolls and tollbooths to cover maintenance costs.

Proponents outside and within Congress believed that a National Road warranted federal funding for two principal reasons - population growth and economic development. The US Census for the decades beginning from 1790 to 1800 and then to 1810 showed increases in population exceeding 33% in each decade. In addition, Americans were rapidly moving west. Ohio was admitted to the Union in 1803, followed by Indiana (1816) and Illinois (1818). Economically, there was an ever-growing need for goods produced or imported by the major cities of Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York to reach and meet the necessities of those living on the western frontier. Equally strongly, the goods generated in the newly developed western farms and towns needed to reach those living along the Atlantic coast.

The route of the National Road initially followed paths and trade routes extending as far back as the French and Indian War (1753-1763). Named for British General Edward Braddock, the so-called Braddock Road led from Fort Cumberland in Maryland to Fort Duquesne (now Pittsburgh, PA) during that period. Additional surveying led to route modifications and improvements throughout the life of the National Road.

At the time of planning for the National Road, the great difficulty of all travel routes west was their lack of hard surfaces. The result was constant deep and troublesome ruts from the wheels of heavily loaded wagons and stagecoaches. The National Road builders introduced new techniques to avoid those problems. (Figure 5) The road was wide enough to permit wagons and coaches to pass each other from opposite directions and banked so that water would easily drain to the sides. Stone markers recorded distances to the east and west. More significantly, the builders introduced a new construction method, borrowing the thinking of British engineer, John Louden MacAdam. William Cobbett, a British writer who visited a construction site on the National Road in 1817, described the construction method:

"It is covered with a very thick layer of nicely broken stones, or stone, rather, laid on with great exactness both as to depth and width, and then rolled down with an iron roller, which reduces all to one solid mass. This is a road made for ever."

Traveling on the National Road was primarily by stagecoach and lumbering Conestoga wagons. Stages were for speedy passenger travel and might average 60 to 70 miles per day. Conestoga wagons were the "tractor trailers" of the 19 th century and averaged fifteen miles per day.

Serving travelers, wagoneers, coachmen and their vehicles and horses were the taverns providing lodging, food, and beverages. Some have suggested that there was a tavern for every mile of the road. "Stagecoach taverns" served the more affluent travelers; others found the more affordable "wagon stands" to be satisfactory.

The National Road reached its height in popularity by 1825 and continued as the principal means of reaching the western frontier in to the 1840's. However, b y the early 1850's, use of the National Road diminish ed because of the westward growth of the steam powered B altimore & O hio and Pennsylvania Railroads which moved people and goods much faster than horse- drawn vehicles.
"An account published in the late 1800's recalled the glory days of the National Road
There were sometimes twenty gaily painted four-horse coaches each way daily. The cattle and sheep were never out of sight. The canvas-covered wagons were drawn by six or twelve horses. Within a mile of the road the country was a wilderness, but on the highway the traffic was as dense as in the main street of a large town."
"An article in Harper's Magazine in 1879 declared
The national turnpike that led over the Alleghenies from the East to the West is a glory departed . . . Octogenarians who participated in the traffic will tell an enquirer that never before were there such landlords, such taverns, such dinners, such whiskey . . . or such endless cavalcades of coaches and wagons"
"A poet lamented,
We hear no more the clanging hoof and the stagecoach rattling by, for the steam king rules the traveled world, and the Old Pike is left to die"

Many miles of the route, bridges and sites associated with this first nationally funded interstate highway remain today. After declining in use due to the innovative technology of the railroad, it regained a place in American history with the still later technology of the automobile. Autos led to the growing interest of Americans in "motor touring" to historic sites and national parks for vacations.

In response to this growing interest in auto travel, the US established the first national highway numbering system in 1926. Much of the eastern portion of the National Road extending from Baltimore into Ohio became the new US Route 40. A year later, the National Old Trails Road described an early cross-country route extending from New York City to Los Angeles. It also followed a portion of the path of the old National Road.

These photographs (Figure 9-11) show 1920 Americans traveling east and west on US Route 40 through the hills and valleys of Maryland. They were following the familiar, "Happy Motoring" slogan of Esso Oil.
Sources
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Road https://nationalrdfoundation.org/ https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/back0103.cfm https://www.nps.gov/fone/learn/historyculture/nationalroad.htm https://www.nps.gov/articles/national-road.htm https://www.google.com/search?source=univ&tbm=isch&q=National+Road&client=firefox-b-1-d&fir=jpyz35k4BWugEM%25252CJOT49t https://www.legendsofamerica.com/ah-nationalroad/ https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/cumberland-road https://study.com/academy/lesson/national-road-definition-history.htm l https://www.thoughtco.com/the-national-road-1774053

John Geist, Archives Volunteer, and Anna Kresmer, Archivist, December 2022

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Description America's First Highway Venture: The National Road The National Road (also known as the Cumberland Pike or Cumberland Turnpike) was the first American highway funded by Congress. President George Washington was among those who early on saw the value of a highway, one that would lead from Maryland, the center of the United States at that time, westward to Ohio and beyond.

# data[].attributes.body
Understanding the National Road's past is important because it was the first federally funded highway in U.S. history, paving the way for the modern interstate system. It played a crucial role in westward expansion and economic development by connecting the eastern and western states, facilitating trade and settlement. Learning about this road helps us understand the nation's early development and engineering achievements.

# data[].attributes.body
It was the first federally funded road in U.S. history

It would connect Cumberland, Maryland to the Ohio River

By the 1830s the federal government conveyed part of the road's responsibility to the states through which it runs

Tollgates and tollhouses were then built by the states, with the federal government taking responsibility for road repairs

The  early settlements, earning the nickname "The Main Street of America”

In the 1960s Interstate 70, leaving many businesses by the wayside, bypassed Route 40 and much of the National Road.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Freedom of Religion, Speech, and press.

2. You can own a gun to protect yourself.

3. The government can’t force you to house soldiers.

4. The government can’t search your property without a warrant.

5. You have a right to a fair legal process, and can’t be tried twice for the same thing.

6. You have the right to a quick trial with a jury.

7. You can have a jury decide civil cases.

8. The government can’t demand unfair bail or cruel punishments.

9. Even if a right is not in the constitution doesn’t mean you don't have it.

10. Powers that don’t belong to the government belong to the states or the people.

# data[].attributes.headline
How much land did the United States purchase? 

# data[].attributes.subject
How much land did the United States purchase? 

# data[].attributes.body
The purchase included 828,000 square miles stretching from the Mississippi river over to the east of rocky mountains, and from the south, the gulf of mexico to the north where there is the Canadian border.

# data[].attributes.headline
Who did the United States buy land from?

# data[].attributes.subject
Who did the United States buy land from?

# data[].attributes.body
France had owned the Louisiana territory but while Napoleon was trying to control it, France and England were on the edge of the war. Louisiana was too much for Napoleon to control at the time so he offered it to Monroe and Livingston for 15 million dollars. President Jefferson was cautious of the decision but he later purchased the land in 1803.

# data[].attributes.headline
How does the Louisiana Purchase affect the United States today?

# data[].attributes.subject
How does the Louisiana Purchase affect the United States today?

# data[].attributes.body
The Louisiana Purchase gave the United States almost 15 states of land, doubling the size of the original 13 colonies. It also benefited the trade with other countries by purchasing land including the Mississippi River.

# data[].attributes.headline
What were the boundaries of the Louisiana Purchase?

# data[].attributes.subject
What were the boundaries of the Louisiana Purchase?

# data[].attributes.body
France makes a treaty with Thomas Jefferson to buy the Louisiana Purchase for 15 million dollars. That equals to less than three cents per acre. This purchase doubled the size of the original 13 colonies and was one of Thomas Jefferson’s greatest accomplishments during his presidency.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Thomas Jefferson & the Louisiana Purchase - One Minute History

# data[].attributes.body
This video talks about the 4 founding fathers meeting in Philadelphia in the year 1787, to draft the constitution. They wanted to ratify the constitution but the Anti-Federalists wouldn’t do it unless individual rights were made to protect the people. George Mason, an Anti-Federalist wanted to make the constitution into a list of rights. It then got signed and James Madison could start writing the rights. He wrote 10 amendments, known as the Bill of Rights.

# data[].attributes.body
Americans wanted an easier way to travel. One of the largest projects was The Erie Canal. The Erie Canal ran from Albany to Buffalo, New York. Construction started in 1817 and was completed in 1825.

# data[].attributes.body
363 mile through the New York wilderness

transport for 50,000 people

The government did not like the idea they thought it was too ambitious

They needed the Erie Canal so there was less robbery and because the roads that they had done would turn into mud if it rained and if it was summer they would turn into hard bricks and they would kick up so much dust

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
How The Erie Canal Transformed America - IT'S HISTORY

# data[].attributes.body
Built between 1817 and 1825, the original Erie Canal traversed 363 miles from Albany to Buffalo. It was the longest artificial waterway and the greatest public works project in North America. Originally four feet deep and 40 feet wide, the Erie Canal cut through fields, forests, rocky cliffs, and swamps; crossed rivers on aqueducts; and overcame hills with 83 lift locks. U.S.-born. For eight years of wet, heat, and cold, they felled trees and excavated, mostly by hand and animal power, mile after mile.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Skip to content

Built between 1817 and 1825, the original Erie Canal traversed 363 miles from Albany to Buffalo. It was the longest artificial waterway and the greatest public works project in North America.

The canal put New York on the map as the Empire State-the leader in population, industry, and economic strength. It transformed New York City into the nation's principal seaport and opened the interior of North America to settlement.

Equally important, the Erie Canal became a central element forging our national identity. Built with a combination of vision, determination, ingenuity, and hard work, the Erie Canal solidified these central elements of our American character.

An Engineering Marvel

New York's canal system was a nationally and internationally significant work of engineering. Although its builders borrowed and adapted ideas and techniques from earlier European canals, they applied them with audacity on an unprecedented scale.

Originally four feet deep and 40 feet wide, the Erie Canal cut through fields, forests, rocky cliffs, and swamps; crossed rivers on aqueducts; and overcame hills with 83 lift locks. The project engineers and contractors had little experience building canals, so this massive project served as the nation's first practical school of civil engineering.

Some laborers were Irish immigrants, but most were U.S.-born. For eight years of wet, heat, and cold, they felled trees and excavated, mostly by hand and animal power, mile after mile. They devised equipment to uproot trees and pull stumps and developed hydraulic cement that hardened under water. With hand drills and black powder they blasted rocks. Their ingenuity and labor made the Erie Canal the engineering and construction triumph of its day.

Faster, Cheaper

Canal packet boat passengers traveled in relative comfort from Albany to Buffalo in five days-not two weeks in crowded stagecoaches. Freight rates fell 90 percent compared to shipping by ox-drawn wagon. Freight boats carried Midwestern produce from Buffalo to Albany. Most continued on to New York City's seaport, towed down the Hudson River in fleets behind steam tugboats. Mid-western farmers, loggers, miners, and manufacturers found new access to lucrative far-flung markets.

The Erie Canal became known as the "Mother of Cities" because it gave rise to so many cities, towns, and villages.
A Flow of People and Ideas

The Erie Canal and a system of connecting waterways fulfilled DeWitt Clinton's prophecy that New York would be America's preeminent state, populated from border to border and generating wealth for itself and the nation. Soon New York City was the nation's busiest port, most populous city, and foremost seat of commerce and finance. Immigrants knew they could find work there and in many new cities sprouting along the canal.

As it opened the American interior to settlement, the canal brought a flow of people and new ideas. Social reform movements like abolitionism and women's suffrage, Utopian communities, and various religious movements thrived in the canal corridor. The Erie Canal carried more westbound immigrants than any other trans-Appalachian canal. These newcomers infused the nation with different languages, customs, practices, and religions.

Floating Ideas:
How the Erie Canal Shaped America

This half-hour documentary examines the spread of ideas along the Erie Canal, with an emphasis on women's rights, the right to vote, and the quest for social justice.

A New Kind of National Park

The U.S. Congress recognized the Erie Canal's significance to our nation by establishing the Erie Canalway National Heritage Corridor in 2000. The Corridor stretches 524 miles across the full expanse of upstate New York, from Buffalo to Albany and north along the Champlain Canal to Whitehall. It threads more than 200 communities connected by a waterway that changed not just the landscape of our state, but also our nation and its history.

National Historic Landmark

Thanks to the dedication of generations of canal workers and the support of people like you, the NYS Canal System remains one of America's greatest treasures.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Skip to content Built between 1817 and 1825, the original Erie Canal traversed 363 miles from Albany to Buffalo. It was the longest artificial waterway and the greatest public works project in North America. The canal put New York on the map as the Empire State-the leader in population, industry, and economic strength.

# data[].attributes.headline
Analyze The Erie Canal's Historical Impact

# data[].attributes.subject
Analyze The Erie Canal's Historical Impact

# data[].attributes.body
Why is it important to understand the past of the Erie Canal? It's important for people to understand that it wasn't always easy and was a massive engineering project.

# data[].attributes.headline
Review from Class on The Missouri Compromise 

# data[].attributes.subject
Review from Class on The Missouri Compromise 

# data[].attributes.body
Under this legislation, Missouri was allowed to join the Union in 1820 as a slave state and Maine as a free state to keep the balance. This also set a border to decide whether a state would enter as a free or slave state. Slavery would be outlawed above the line 36 30 latitude.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Loading...

The Missouri Compromise of 1820 was the legislation that provided for the admission of Maine to the United States as a free state along with Missouri as a slave state, thus maintaining the balance of power between North and South in the United States Senate.

The Missouri Compromise of 1820

The debate that began in 1818 over the admission of Missouri, a slave state, was a critical juncture in the young nation's formation. At the time, there were equal numbers of slave and free states-eleven each-resulting in a kind of balance of power in the Senate. But the admission of Missouri would have given the South an edge in the Senate. The stalemate was finally broken in 1820 by the Missouri Compromise: Missouri was admitted as a slave state and Maine a free state.

Loading...

Loading...

Of much greater significance was a provision of the Compromise that pertained to the status of slavery in the Louisiana Territory. With the exception of Missouri, any territory north of 36°30′ (the southern border of Missouri) would be forever closed to slavery, while in any territory south slavery would be permitted. Awkward as it was, the compromise prevented similar crises in the future, and remained in effect for more than three decades.

Cite This Article

"The Missouri Compromise of 1820" History on the Net
© 2000-2020, Salem Media.
December 10, 2020 <https://www.historyonthenet.com/the-missouri-compromise-of-1820>
More Citation Information.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Missouri Compromise of 1820 - History

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Loading... The Missouri Compromise of 1820 was the legislation that provided for the admission of Maine to the United States as a free state along with Missouri as a slave state, thus maintaining the balance of power between North and South in the United States Senate.

# data[].attributes.body
There was a new era in U.S politics where more than one candidate ran for president. The 2 main politicians parties are Republican and Democratic. The Federalist wanted a strong federal government and supported the industry and trade. While the Democrat wanted to limit the government's power.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The American Presidential Election of 1796

# data[].attributes.body
Party differences were based on where people lived and how people lived. Business people supported the Federalist while the farmer supported the Democratic-Republicans.

# data[].attributes.body
The Lewis and Clark expedition began in 1804 with President Thomas Jefferson's mission to explore the Louisiana Purchase. Jefferson tasked Meriwether Lewis with leading the expedition, and Lewis chose William Clark as his co-leader.

# data[].attributes.body
It went up the Missouri River to it’s headwaters, then on to the Pacific Ocean via the Columbia River

# data[].attributes.body
Two documents were created as the result of the Election of 1796. The first one being the XYZ Affair, meaning the French demanded a bribe of $250,000 to sign a treaty. The next law was the Alien and Sedition Act. Protects the United states but the federalist intended to crush the act in Opposition to war. It didn't allow anyone to publish or criticize the government.

# data[].attributes.body
The Creek War, also known as the Red Stick War or Creek Civil War, was a conflict that happened in 1813 to 1814.  This was primarily between Creek Indians (Red Sticks) and the United States (southeastern).  The reason stemmed from tensions between Creek Nation and the expanding white settlement. The Indians leader during this time was William Weatherford (Red Eagle) and the president at the time was James Madison.  Andrew Jackson led the American troops through the Creek War.

# data[].attributes.body
The Creek War started when Creek warriors attacked a small white settlement at the mouth of the Duck River.  The Battle of Horseshoe Bend was the final battle in the Creek War.  This was a victory for General Andrew Jackson, which led to the Treaty of Fort Jackson.  This Treaty resulted in the Creek Nation giving up 22 million acres of land to the United States, which included areas of south Georgia and central Alabama.

# data[].attributes.body
August 9, 1814 Andrew Jackson forced headmen of the upper and lower towns of Creek to sign the Treaty of Fort Jackson, which was a treaty that ended the war and forced the Creek nation to cede over 22 million acres of land to the United states.  Which officially ended the creek war on August 9, 1814.   Historical impacts it had were loss of lots of creek lands, further expanded the expansion of white settlement in the southeast.  It helped the rise of Andrew Jackson as a national hero.

# data[].attributes.body
president Adam asked Congress to expand the navy however he did not want to go to war. Adam tried to reopen peace with France, however fighting began in the Caribbean. The documents of the Kentucky and Virginia Resolution argued that the act was constitutional. It was the first time in history where political parties played an important role in the race. The election led to amendment 12th, where the president and vice president had to be from the same political party.

# data[].attributes.body
The election of 1796 helped shape two main political parties in the United States of America. The two parties are Republicans and Democrats. It also changed the way vice presidents get elected. Now presidents select their own vice president to run in the presidential election.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Thomas Jefferson and the 62 Midnight Judges.

# data[].attributes.body
The Election of 1800 was a presidential election between Federalist John Adams and Democratic-Republican Thomas Jefferson. Previously being the president, John Adams lost against Thomas Jefferson and earned the label Lame Duck.

Taking office on March 4th, Jefferson discovered that Adams created 62 new federal judgeships filled with dedicated Federalists just the night prior. Some of the commissions had yet to be delivered to the new judges due to how late they were signed. These new federal judges soon became known as the Midnight Judges.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
President Thomas Jefferson and Vice President Aaron Burr

# data[].attributes.body
During the Election of 1800, Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr both had 73 votes. With influence from Alexander Hamilton, Congress broke the tie by choosing Thomas Jefferson as the president and Aaron Burr as the vice president.

# data[].attributes.body
This election was important because it proved that power could peacefully be passed from one party to the next without any violence.

It also revealed a voting flaw in the Constitution's electoral process, as it did not differentiate between the votes for president and vice-president.

# data[].attributes.body
What was the three-fifths compromise

The three- fifths compromise was a compromise agreement between delegates from the northern and the southern states at the united states constitutional convention during 1787 that the three-fifths of the enslaved population would be counted for determining direct taxation and representation in the house of representatives. Southern states wanted more power in congress, they wanted to count enslaved people as part of the population even though they had no rights. The north said no, this isn't fair. They struck a deal with the north and eventually they agreed that three out of 5 enslaved people would be counted.

How did the three fifths compromise affect the future

The compromise did not do what they wanted it to do when it came to helping eliminate slavery. The southern founders were very worried about losing their slaves because they did all their work for them and the south was a cash crop based economy. they had this stuff separate from the declaration of independence.

slave based economy

britannica.com/topic/three-fifths-compromise

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
"The Election of 1800" from HAMILTON (Popular musical that has a song about The Election of 1800).

# data[].attributes.headline
How did the Election of 1800 impact the Future?

# data[].attributes.subject
How did the Election of 1800 impact the Future?

# data[].attributes.body
As already stated, a flaw was revealed in the Constitution's electoral process. This led to the Twelfth Amendment being passed by Congress on December 9, 1803.

# data[].attributes.body
1. https://www.ushistory.org/us/20a.asp?srsltid=AfmBOorVNNMRSbmYg95zfUqjZslKYmQPmODdJSptcs0yeJD3ardDnCuq#google_vignette

2. https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/creating-the-united-states/election-of-1800.html

# data[].attributes.body
When they moved west, it gave the US great information on the west. It also made Americans big in the fur trade. While moving west it made the expansion of slavery too.

# data[].attributes.body
They would take a boat down the Mississippi river to explore the unknown land. they would have a look out person to make sure they wouldn't run into any stumps or logs in the river. When it was finally time to sleep when it got dark they will pull the boat over to the side of the river. They would write in there journal what they saw on there journey that day and would go to sleep. When sleeping they had bugs biting them and also had to make sure they wouldn't run into natives because they didn't know what they would do at their first encounter.

# data[].attributes.body
It was a long journey west. Those mourning were Native Americans. The Choctaws became the first nation to be dispossessed of their lands. They made the journey on foot, some in chains, and walked without food or supplies, and without any other government assistance. Thousands died along the way. It was, as one Choctaw leader told an Alabama newspaper, a "trail of tears and death."

# data[].attributes.body
This video shows some great hardship that they had to go through on there journey. They had to go over 8000 miles to just find out the land westward. Through the winter and through harsh waters and mountains.

# data[].attributes.body
This video shows how the Trail of Tears began and what the journey of those people was like and how it changed their lives.

# data[].attributes.body
We read 11.4 in the textbook in class, which was all about the California Gold Rush, and we were assigned a Chapter 11 overview packet where we completed a section dedicated to 11.4/The Gold Rush.

Covered Topics:

Gold was discovered in 1848 by John Sutter and James Marshall

Gold discovery led to a population boom and economic growth

The Donner Party was stranded in the Sierra Nevada Mountains

Forty-Niners

Boom towns

# data[].attributes.body
After the Mexican-American War, the United States gained control of western Mexican territories, including California. In January 1848, James Marshall was helping John Sutter build a sawmill near a river. Marshall looked at the ground and saw a piece of gold. Sutter and Marshall wanted to keep it a secret, but a Spanish-speaking Native American worker saw the gold and shouted, "Oro (Gold)! Oro! Oro!" The word of gold spread quickly around the country. President James Polk confirmed the California Gold Rush in his farewell message in December 1848. In 1849, about 80,000 forty-niners came to California. The discovery of gold led to a population boom and economic growth in California (11.4).

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
A graph from 11.4 in the textbook showing the population increase by year

# data[].attributes.body
Led to a population boom, due to the large number of settlers, California received its statehood in 1850

The economy grew due to the population boom, and a flood of new businesses was transformed

Farming and ranching became industries for those willing to do the hard labor.

Due to the isolation of California from the rest of the US, they started building the Transcontinental Railroad in 1869 to send and receive goods

# data[].attributes.body
January 24, 1848, at Sutter’s Mill in Sacramento Valley, James Marshall noticed gold in the water

Men came from San Francisco in search of gold in 1849

Word spread everywhere, even to China and European countries

The 49ers left their homes to travel to the land teeming with gold

Boom towns were known for violence and gambling

Resources were limited, and prices rose

The population grew by nearly 380,000 by 1860

The Transcontinental Railroad connected the East and West coasts

25,000 Chinese (Some from European countries) immigrants moved to California by 1851

Discrimination increased, many unfair laws were passed for immigrants, and this lasted until the 1900s

More than 750,000 lbs of gold have been found

# data[].attributes.body
After the American revolutionary war there was a big debt, so Hamilton had a plan for a National Bank. He wanted to start a national bank where the government could safely deposit its money, his

bank would make loans to the government and businesses. Hamilton also thought they should build a National mint to make coins so they could start issuing their own money.

Jackson's beef with the bank was that many states ( particularly in the south) opposed the bank. Jefferson thought that strict construction of the constitution, the people believed the federal government should do only what the construction specifically says it can do. Jefferson questioned the legality of the bank, he thought the states should have the power to control the banking system.

# data[].attributes.body
Affirmation of Federal Supremacy

The Supreme courts decision in McCullough vs. Maryland is under Chief Justice John Marshall, who affirmed the supremacy of Federal laws over state law. It ruled states could not tax federal institutions reinforcing the principle.

Implied Powers Doctrine

The case established the doctrine of Implied Power allowing the federal government to take actions not explicitly outlined in the constitution if necessary and and proper to execute its enumerated power.

Strengthening of Judicial Review

The decision reinforced the role of the Supreme court in interpreting the constitution and solidifying its position as a co equal branch of government, capable of resolving conflicts between the state and federal governments.

# data[].attributes.body
Federal vs State Power

The creation of a National Bank was an issue that highlighted a debate between federal and state powers. Hamilton argued it was necessary for economic development but Thomas Jefferson saw it as an overreach of power.

Precedent for Federal Economic Intervention

The National Bank set a precedent for future federal involvement in economic matters, by influencing later policies and matters such as the federal reserve system .

Economic Stability and Growth

The first bank of the United States established in 1791. Later the second bank played crucial roles in stabilizing the economy. It helped war debts and created a standard currency.

# data[].attributes.body
In 1820, the political power was in balance with 11 slave states and 11 free states.

Tension was high with the debate over whether slavery could spread or be abolished, and adding Missouri.

When we gained the land from the Louisiana purchase, a section of land called Missouri wanted to join the union as a slave state.

This would set the slave states to 12 and the free states to  11, giving more political power to the slave states.

The Union was in this ever-lasting debate of slavery, which later led to the Civil War.

Congress proposed a compromise to settle the tensions in the Union → The Missouri Compromise of 1820

Congress said Missouri (slave) and Maine (free) would join the Union to keep the balance, along with prohibiting slavery from the latitude line 36 30.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
What Was the Missouri Compromise? | History

# data[].attributes.headline
What it was; the common and disagreements they had.

# data[].attributes.subject
What it was; the common and disagreements they had.

# data[].attributes.body
Jefferson and Hamilton disagreed on the strength of the federal government. Hamilton thought it should be strong, but Jefferson thought it should be weaker. The rivalry between them was mainly because one of them was a Federalist and the other was a Democratic-Republican. They only had a few things in common. They both wanted success in the US. They both understood the importance of the economy. They both served as advisors to Washington and both gave guidance during his presidency.

# data[].attributes.body
This all started in New York City in 1789 when Jefferson was secretary of state and Hamilton became secretary of the treasury. This all ended after the 1800 election and Hamilton’s death in 1804.

# data[].attributes.body
Why this whole thing was important: because of their rivalry from the debates. Their opposing opinions for the nation, which had a lasting impact on the country’s development.

# data[].attributes.headline
What was the past and present impact of the two different  sides?

# data[].attributes.subject
What was the past and present impact of the two different  sides?

# data[].attributes.body
The past impacted the making of the US political parties and even the government. The present impact is that their disagreements continue to shape American political policy.

# data[].attributes.body
The Cherokees refused to move west and give up their lands. They appealed to the government. The case of the Cherokees was called Worcester vs Georgia. Georgia passed a law saying that all white men in the Indian portion of the state needed to be licensed. The Supreme Court ruled that pushing the Indians off their land was unconstitutional.

Some Cherokee wanted to stay and fight, but others found it more pragmatic to agree to leave in exchange for money and other concessions. Self-proclaimed representatives of the Cherokee Nation negotiated the Treaty of New Echota, trading all Cherokee lands east of the Mississippi, amounting to approximately 7 million acres, for $5 million in relocation and compensation for lost property. There were five tribes forced to leave their traditional lands and move. The Cherokee were taken west of the Mississippi. The Cherokee didn't like it and didn't want to because the west of Mississippi was poor and there was no gold, and especially because they couldn't farm the land, making it very difficult for them. Many died from malnutrition and disease.

# data[].attributes.body
One way that the Trail of Tears has impacts in the present is that the Native Americans live in a specific area but not in their ancestral land.

Another impact of the Trail of Tears on their economies was that they lost much of their land and now have to start farming new ones. Their access to education and medical services has not been comparable to that of white people.

# data[].attributes.headline
Further Research on the Missouri Compromise 

# data[].attributes.subject
Further Research on the Missouri Compromise 

# data[].attributes.body
The Missouri Compromise was a law that sought to calm the growing sectionalism in the Union over slavery

President James Monroe signed the Compromises.

The Missouri Compromise would stand for 30 years before being replaced by the Kansas-Nebraska Acts

Missouri first applied for statehood in 1818

The 800,000 square miles bought from France would be renamed Missouri to avoid confusion with the newly admitted state of Louisiana

Many in the North did not support the expansion of slavery, and many even were abolitionists.

Southerners thought that states should have the right to choose whether to be a free state or a slave state

During a debate, Representative James Tallmadge of New York offered an amendment to the statehood bill that could have eventually ended slavery in Missouri. The amendment bill barely passed through the House because of the slight power the North had there, but it couldn’t be passed in the South with equal representation.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Missouri Compromise: Date, Definition & 1820 - HISTORY

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Missouri Compromise, an 1820 law passed amid debate over slavery, admitted Missouri to the Union as a state that allowed slavery, and Maine as a free state.

# data[].attributes.body
The Missouri Compromise, which maintained the peace for 30 years, failed to address the root issues of slavery in the Union. It's considered a historical band-aid that covers the internal conflict of slavery. The Compromise was later replaced by the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which allowed slavery north of the southern boundary of Missouri. The snowball effect of these cover-ups led to the violence between anti- and pro-slavery groups, resulting in "Bleeding Kansas" and intense sectionalism. Overall, the Missouri Compromise was part of an avalanche that led to the Civil War.

# data[].attributes.body
The Battle of New Orleans was fought on January 8, 1815 between the British Army and the United States army. It was also fought during the War of 1812 and it was the final major Battle of that conflict. This battle was fought in Chalmette, Louisiana. The Battle broke out right after the signing of the Treaty of Ghent.

# data[].attributes.body
Tensions flared over border disputes with Mexico causing Polk to issue general Tyler into the disputed territory stationed across the river from Mexican troops after refusing to leave conflict started, leading to United State casualties outraged Polk gave a passionate speech to congress calling for war he was given his request. He would then call upon 50,000 troops after being outnumbered he ended up receiving 200,000, general Tyler fought south of the Nueces river before crossing the Rio Grande river and capturing Matamoros Mexico, and waited for troops. While this was happening, conflict back home wigs called the war unnecessary, while northern abolitionists were scared about the possible spread of slavery. In August of 1846 general Stephen Kearney took Sante Fe capturing New Mexico for the united state and he moved west to California. Meanwhile the Bear Flag Revolt began after 100 Americans went and captured a town in California and raised a flag with a bear facing a red star, but it was short by July United State Naval forces arrived at shore and Kearneys arm entered California. By August US navy Commodore Robert Stockton claimed California for the United state. The battle of Buena Vista was a bloody battle but led to a United States victory. The end of the war was the treaty of Guadalupe which established the border at the Reo Grande, they also recognized Texas as an independent state apart from the United States, and they agreed to sell California for 15 million dollars.

# data[].attributes.body
The Mexican American war had some major effects on our country. It allowed us to add some of the biggest and most important states in our country. We gained California which is our biggest producer of goods. Also this led to the boom in our economy because of the few years later california gold rush.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The MEXICAN-AMERICAN War [APUSH Review Unit 5 Topic 3] Period 5: 1844-1877

# data[].attributes.body
The British had marched against New Orleans hoping that if they captured the city they could separate Louisiana from the United States. Pirate Jean Lafitte warned the Americans of the attack. The 7,500 British soldiers under Sir Edward Pakenham were unable to penetrate the U.S. defenses, and Jackson’s 4,500 troops, many of them expert marksmen from Kentucky and Tennessee. In half an hour the British had retreated, nearly 2,000 of his men were killed, wounded, or missing. While the U.S. only suffered only 8 killed and 13 wounded.

# data[].attributes.body
Though the Battle had no effect on the outcome of the war, it gave Jackson the platform of support that he eventually needed to win the presidency. Jackson's victory also elevated national pride which had suffered a number of set backs during the War of 1812. The Battle of New Orleans was also the last armed engagement between the United States and Britain.

# data[].attributes.body
This video is a song a guy named Johnny Horton wrote about the Battle of New Orleans. It talks about when the battle started, all the places the battle happened at, and what the United States did to the British.

# data[].attributes.headline
Major argument No. 1, the U.S. Constitution

# data[].attributes.subject
Major argument No. 1, the U.S. Constitution

# data[].attributes.body
The great argument between the federalists versus the anti-federalists began with the creation of the two parties. On May 13, 1792, the antifederalists broke away and formed their party, the Democratic Republicans. The two parties formed when an argument over the ratification of the United States broke out, more specifically parts of the Constitution. The two parties portrayed the same divide we saw years later, the very divide that started the civil war, the North was on the federalist side primarily, and the south was on the anti federalist side. The main argument between the two was how much power should the federal government have, with the federalists wanting a strong central government and the anti federalists the opposite. Now this argument was spearheaded by the party's leaders, Hamilton on the federalist side, and James Madison and Jefferson on the anti federalist side. Hamilton and the federalists wanted a strong central government to protect from the failure of the articles of confederation happening again, but the way that Jefferson and his party saw it was that Hamilton wanted more power and that the North was greedy; Jefferson instead of wanting a strong central government wanted a more weak central government and wanted more power for the state and local governments. This debate between these two parties was a strain on our new nation, and the people were fighting with their brothers over it. What the arguments first resulted in was the Bill of Rights; as we already learned, the Bill of Rights was not originally in the Constitution, but the South, the anti-federalists, refused to ratify the Constitution without it. So James Madison drafted twelve rights, and in the end, ten of them became part of the Constitution, as Jefferson said, "A Bill of Rights is what the people are entitled to against every government on earth." That was the first of many compromises that had to be made and are still being made today. This very divide formed the two-party system in America. As we learn, the Anti-Federalists became the Democratic-Republicans. Then the Democrats, and some Federalist Party members, became the Whigs when the Federalist Party lost power, and then some extremist Whigs became the Republicans. The argument over the federal and state governments' power forever changed our political landscape.

# data[].attributes.headline
Major argument No. 2, the First National Bank

# data[].attributes.subject
Major argument No. 2, the First National Bank

# data[].attributes.body
The second major argument began very shortly after the first one started to ebb, not go away, but hit the back burner for a while. The second argument, as we already learned, was over Hamilton's plan for the future American economy. What Hamilton wanted to do was basically make a uniform currency, establish a national bank, and form a free market capitalist economy, though it was not called that then. However, while almost all federalists supported it, even the mostly independent President Washington, Jefferson, and his party staunchly opposed it. What the Anti-federalists thought was that it would exponentially increase the power of the federal government, and since one thing cannot gain power while the other keeps the same amount of power, they thought that state and local governments would exponentially lose power. So the anti federalist party fought tooth and nail to not let Hamilton's plan go through, eventually resulting in Hamilton, Madison, and Jefferson, three of the most powerful people in the country, sitting down and arguing and compromising till Jefferson and Madison agreed to let his plan through if the capitol was moved south.

# data[].attributes.headline
The fully researched part of argument No. 1

# data[].attributes.subject
The fully researched part of argument No. 1

# data[].attributes.body
What we already know are the basics of the argument, the major points. A lot of minor details go unnoticed, and those are the ones that make up the tapestry that is the argument. One of such minor details is working and talking with each other to get stuff done. One of the main problems with modern politics is that our politicians do not know how to sit down and work with the other party; it's so hostile nowadays. But during that time, the federalists and anti-federalists would sit down, talk, and try to find a solution. One great example of this is from The center for the study of the American Constitution, as they state the southern states refused to sign without the bill of rights, something we already know, but what we didn’t know was that the south actually persuaded the federalists it was necessary for the freedoms of the people, and they did this through conversation not shouting. Now, the problem which most people do not realize is that even though they were willing to talk, the two-party system they created set the stage for current hostilities; even with them being able to talk, they formed a divide in America. Nowadays, that same divide causes people everywhere to just shout, argue, and not listen to anyone but the people they agree with, it is a real problem. No one today can have a conversation, and in our government, it's even worse; none of them see each other as fellow Americans, brothers, friends, but as enemies. This argument over the constitution set the stage for today's arguments, as the Constitution Center says in one of their documents/plays, the fights were harsh and violent, and the two parties fought bitterly, but they managed to come up with a solution through words, not fists. That is something our politicians do now, not just the people; many of them encourage fighting, and sometimes the people fight with fists rather than words. We must stop it and learn and grow from this.

# data[].attributes.headline
The fully researched part of argument No. 2

# data[].attributes.subject
The fully researched part of argument No. 2

# data[].attributes.body
What we already know about this debate we already went over, and we know about the major points of the arguments, mostly between Hamilton and Jefferson, but there's a lot more to it than that. The argument was truly argued by the whole party, the musical Hamilton only focuses on his part. This is understandable as he was the founder of the system and the main proponent of the opinion on it, but in reality, the more silent and thoughtful debates were held in Congress. Congress argued over the national bank for months, neither side gaining any further progress in getting their way. It took, as we know, Hamilton and Jefferson sitting down and talking to finally reach a compromise. What few people know is that this was not a final decision; it still had to clear the House and Senate. This was a major obstacle, and it required the two parties' leaders to work together. Jefferson lost some reputation because he was going against what he had previously stated and was now supporting the bank. The debate still raged on for another month after this compromise. In the meantime, the situation was getting worse for America, the bank debate was taking so long that Congress had trouble working on its other bills and duties, so laws were not getting passed. This caused the American people to get angry, and a few times this resulted in drunken riots where a group of guys in a bar had too much to drink and started protesting, fighting, and arguing. Congress was beginning to worry, so they had to pass the bill faster, and Washington signed it, giving it an official charter and setting it up for the time being. This is another example of the influence of modern politics, how many bills anger so many Americans, and then they riot. It doesn't matter what side you're on, but when things like this happen in Congress today, riots, sometimes deadly ones, break out. As stated by the AFPI, the American First Policy Institute, approximately one thousand five hundred properties were damaged, looters ran everywhere, fires were started, and 3 people were killed, hundreds more injured. This is a mirror image of the political unrest at the beginning of our country. One last great example of how the two parties arguments forged our future is the beginning of the two party system eventually led to the civil war, which in the beginning was basically a massive revolution, or a riot, which was the result of the disagreements between the two parties that have their roots all the was back to the federalists and anti-federalists. So, in a way, the forming of the two parties resulted in the civil war, which has impacted this country in too many ways to count.

# data[].attributes.body
In summary, the arguments of our ancestors resulted in the two-party system. Since the systems forming the fighting between the two have only gotten more hostile, more violent, and further separated the people of our nation. This is why history is so important to learn. We need to look back and learn from our ancestors' mistakes and avoid the two-party system. The American people need to go back and realize we are all brothers and sisters, we are all American, and this nation, founded under God, needs to persevere. If we do not realize that we are heading to more wars, more death, and more disagreements, we as American people need to listen to each other and find a way to move along and work together, love each other, and fight for america. You are all going to potentially hate me for this next and last statement, but it's true. When Jesus was asked what the most important commandment was other than loving God above all others he said, “Love thy neighbor as you love yourself”, if everyone did this and followed these words of wisdom America would be even greater, there would be no two party divide that causes fights, death, and inefficiency, everyone would work together and things would get done. We need to learn from the founding of the two-party system and look at the massive arguments and problems caused by it, then, so we can avoid that in the future.

# data[].attributes.headline
A diagram explaining some differences for background knowlege

# data[].attributes.subject
A diagram explaining some differences for background knowlege

# data[].attributes.body
If you are having some trouble grasping any concepts, here is a simple version to give you some background knowledge to go off of as you read it to help you understand.

# data[].attributes.headline
Would you be a Federalist or a Anti-Federalist, find out here.

# data[].attributes.subject
Would you be a Federalist or a Anti-Federalist, find out here.

# data[].attributes.body
Find out what side of the debate you would likely have been on.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Would You Have Been a Federalist or Anti-Federalist | Bill of Rights Institute

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Use this interactive activity to help students gauge the arguments of the Federalists and Anti Federalists by adding students to the conversation

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-resources/teacher-resources/infographic-differences-between-federalists-and-antifederalists

https://csac.history.wisc.edu/document-collections/constitutional-debates/bill-of-rights/

https://constitutioncenter.org/news-debate/podcasts/the-federalists-vs-the-anti-federalists

https://www.federalreservehistory.org/essays/first-bank-of-the-us

https://www.americafirstpolicy.com/issues/governor-tim-walzs-failed-approach-to-minnesotas-2020-summer-of-violence#:~:text=This%20Minnesota%2Dspecific%20figure%20included,destruction%2C%20looting%2C%20and%20fires.

# data[].attributes.body
The delegates created federalism, federalism is the sharing of power between states and the central government that make up a country. Under the previous federal structure, states were weakly joined together without a strong central government. According to the Constitution, each state must follow the authority of the national or Federal government. States have control over government functions that aren't really assigned to the federal government. States have the power to create and oversee criminal and Civil laws. States, however, must protect the welfare or the health of their citizens. Gibbons v. Ogden argued in February 1824 and the decision was decided March 2, 1824. The case addressed the growing need for a consistent, national approach to commerce as states began to pass laws that interfered with each other. This case helped define the Commerce Clause of the Constitution, stating that Congress can regulate trade among the several states.  Some good things from this case is that Federal power increased, and it also strengthened the Federal Union, another thing is it set a precedent..

# data[].attributes.body
The Supreme Court said that the laws of New York prohibited vessels and licensed them according to the Constitutional laws of the United States. Also the men did not show concealment towards the Americans who framed the Constitution. The laws granted Robert R. Livingston and Robert Fulton the exclusive right of navigating the waters of that state with steamboats and they are in a collision with the acts of Congress regulating the coastal trade. If commerce does not include navigation, the government part of the Union has no direct power over navigation and can not make law that will constitute American vessels or require that they can be navigated by American sailors. This power has been exercised within the commerce part of the government, in discovering objections to a measure to when they felt the most hostility towards the people who were arranged on both sides.

# data[].attributes.body
This explains and simplifies the idea of the tariff of abominations into terms that'll help you understand what this subject is.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Tariffs in US History Explained: US History Review

# data[].attributes.headline
Why was the Tariff of abomination passed in 1828?

# data[].attributes.subject
Why was the Tariff of abomination passed in 1828?

# data[].attributes.body
In 1828, the tariffs that triggered the nullification crisis in the United States in the early 19th century. The Tariff was intended to protect the burgeoning domestic industries by inflating the cost of imported goods by as much as 50%, which made Americans less likely to buy foreign products and gave an advantage to their counterpart. The tariff was intended to be for/desired for the manufacturers in the middle and northern states.

# data[].attributes.body
PROS

Increased government revenue

protected domestic business and jobs

protected national interests

protected a lot of northern industries

potential for economic diversification

CONS

Impact on consumers and the economy

lobbying and corruption

retaliatory tariff

Southerners were affected by the tariffs

possible trade wars

# data[].attributes.body
Worcester v Georgia - It was a supreme court case where a missionary named Samual A. Worcester sued the state of georgia, saying that the government had no rights to kick the indians off of their lands