# data[].attributes.headline
1494:  the disease is mentioned under multiple names based on the very recognizable symptoms, by european navigators sailing along the African coast and the Canary Islands as earlyas 1494, regardless of the discovery of America

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1494:  the disease is mentioned under multiple names based on the very recognizable symptoms, by european navigators sailing along the African coast and the Canary Islands as earlyas 1494, regardless of the discovery of America

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En 1494 Europeos que navegaban por la costa africana y las Islas Canarias en 1494, mencionaban la enfermedad bajo múltiples nombres basándose en sus muy reconocibles síntomas.

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Yellow fever in Africa and the Americas: a historical and epidemiological perspective - Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Yellow fever was transported during the slave trade in the 15th and 16th centuries from Africa to the Americas where the virus encountered favorable ecological conditions that allowed creation of a sustainable sylvatic cycle. Despite effective vector control and immunization programs for nearly a century, yellow fever epidemics reemerged in many Latin American countries, particularly Brazil. The emergence or reemergence of vector-borne diseases encompasses many intricate factors. Yellow fever outbreaks occur if at least three conditions are fulfilled: the introduction of the virus into a non-immune human community, presence of competent and anthropophilic vectors and insufficiency of prevention and/or adequate management of the growing outbreak. On the other hand, two weapons are available to constrain yellow fever: vector control and immunization. In contrast, yellow fever is absent from Asia and the Pacific despite the presence of the vector and the susceptibility of human populations to the virus. Based on a review of the global history of yellow fever and its epidemiology, the authors deliver some recommendations for improving the prevention of epidemics.

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1495:  Possible first YF outbreak in the Americas (after the Battle of La Vega Real) in Hispaniola,
today known as the Dominican Republic

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1495:  Possible first YF outbreak in the Americas (after the Battle of La Vega Real) in Hispaniola,
today known as the Dominican Republic

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Posible primer brote de FA en América (tras batalla de La Vega Real) en la Isla La Española, hoy conocida como Republica Dominicana

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Yellow fever in Africa and the Americas: a historical and epidemiological perspective - Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Yellow fever was transported during the slave trade in the 15th and 16th centuries from Africa to the Americas where the virus encountered favorable ecological conditions that allowed creation of a sustainable sylvatic cycle. Despite effective vector control and immunization programs for nearly a century, yellow fever epidemics reemerged in many Latin American countries, particularly Brazil. The emergence or reemergence of vector-borne diseases encompasses many intricate factors. Yellow fever outbreaks occur if at least three conditions are fulfilled: the introduction of the virus into a non-immune human community, presence of competent and anthropophilic vectors and insufficiency of prevention and/or adequate management of the growing outbreak. On the other hand, two weapons are available to constrain yellow fever: vector control and immunization. In contrast, yellow fever is absent from Asia and the Pacific despite the presence of the vector and the susceptibility of human populations to the virus. Based on a review of the global history of yellow fever and its epidemiology, the authors deliver some recommendations for improving the prevention of epidemics.

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1647: First documentation of YF epidemic in Guadalupe Islands in West Indias today known as America 

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1647: First documentation of YF epidemic in Guadalupe Islands in West Indias today known as America 

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Epidemia documentada en Guadalupe (considerada la primera en America)

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1648: Outbreak in Yucatán.  Some researchers claim that the first yellow fever epidemics occurred in Yucatan and Havana.

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1648: Outbreak in Yucatán.  Some researchers claim that the first yellow fever epidemics occurred in Yucatan and Havana.

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Algunos investigadores aifrman que las primeras epidemias de FA ocurrieron en Yucatán y la Havana

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1651: Hugo Sotomayor Tribín described the first phase of the spread of yellow fever in Colombia, which extended from its arrival in the country in 1651 until the beginning of steam navigation (1830). During this period, the disease was limited to the Caribbean region and occurred in sporadic epidemic waves.

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1651: Hugo Sotomayor Tribín described the first phase of the spread of yellow fever in Colombia, which extended from its arrival in the country in 1651 until the beginning of steam navigation (1830). During this period, the disease was limited to the Caribbean region and occurred in sporadic epidemic waves.

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Hugo Sotomayor Tribín describió la primera fase de la propagación de la fiebre amarilla en Colombia que se extendió desde su llegada al país en 1651 hasta el inicio de la navegación a vapor (1830), la enfermedad se limitó a la región Caribe y se presentaba en oleadas epidémicas esporádicas.

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1685: In Brazil, the first indisputable description of YF was madeafter the Pernambuco epidemic in Recife and Olinda

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1685: In Brazil, the first indisputable description of YF was madeafter the Pernambuco epidemic in Recife and Olinda

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Primera epidemia registrada en Brasil en Recife, Pernambuco

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1793: Yellow Fever epidemic in Philadelphia: A devastating YF outbreak swept through the city, killing thousands and altering public health policies in early America.

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1793: Yellow Fever epidemic in Philadelphia: A devastating YF outbreak swept through the city, killing thousands and altering public health policies in early America.

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Una devastadora epidemia de fiebre amarilla arrasó la ciudad de Filadelfia en USA, causando miles de muertes y transformando las políticas de salud pública en la América temprana.

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Epidemia de FA en Cadiz

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1821–1822: Epidemic of YF in Barcelona: the lack of direct contact between the patients excluded direct contamination between people

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1821–1822: Epidemic of YF in Barcelona: the lack of direct contact between the patients excluded direct contamination between people

# data[].attributes.body
Epidemia de FA en Barcelona: La ausencia de contacto directo entre los pacientes excluyó la posibilidad de contagio directo entre personas.

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1878: An epidemic ravaged the settlements 
situated along the Mississippi River 
Valley and its tributaries, resulting 
in a staggering death toll of around 
20,000 individual

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1878: An epidemic ravaged the settlements 
situated along the Mississippi River 
Valley and its tributaries, resulting 
in a staggering death toll of around 
20,000 individual

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Una epidemia de FA asoló los asentamientos ubicados a lo largo del valle del río Misisipi y sus afluentes, resultando en 20,000 muertes.

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El Dr. Walter Reed y su equipo de investigación confirmaron que los mosquitos eran los principales transmisores de la fiebre amarilla, lo que revolucionó el control de enfermedades. En 1854, Beauperthuy, un médico francés, había sugerido la transmisión de la fiebre amarilla por mosquitos, lo cual ilustró protegiendo a personas sanas con un mosquitero.

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1900: Confirmation of mosquito transmission: Dr. Walter Reed and his research team confirmed that mosquitoes were the main transmitters of yellow fever, revolutionizing disease control.  In 1854, Beauperthuy, a French doctor, suggested the transmission of YF by mosquito, which he illustrated by protecting healthy persons with a bed net

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1900: Confirmation of mosquito transmission: Dr. Walter Reed and his research team confirmed that mosquitoes were the main transmitters of yellow fever, revolutionizing disease control.  In 1854, Beauperthuy, a French doctor, suggested the transmission of YF by mosquito, which he illustrated by protecting healthy persons with a bed net

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Dr. Walter Reed and his research team confirmed that mosquitoes were the main transmitters of yellow fever, revolutionizing disease control. In 1854, Beauperthuy, a French doctor, suggested the transmission of YF by mosquito, which he illustrated by protecting healthy persons with a bed net

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Epidemia en Rio de Janeiro

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1906-1929: Yellow fever epidemics that devastated the cities of Santa Marta in 1906, Bucaramanga and Girón in 1910, Barranquilla in 1912, and El Socorro in 1929.

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1906-1929: Yellow fever epidemics that devastated the cities of Santa Marta in 1906, Bucaramanga and Girón in 1910, Barranquilla in 1912, and El Socorro in 1929.

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Epidemias de FA que asolaron las ciudades de Santa Marta en 1906, Bucaramanga y Girón en 1910, Barranquilla en 1912 y El Socorro en 1929.

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1920: The control of A. aegypti started, in most Latin  American countries. 

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1920: The control of A. aegypti started, in most Latin  American countries. 

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El control del Aedes aegypti comenzó en la década de 1920 en la mayoría de los países de América Latina.

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1927: The YF virus was isolated June 30, 1927, from the
blood of a Ghanaian patient – who recovered – by
Adrian Stokes, who contracted YF and died

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1927: The YF virus was isolated June 30, 1927, from the
blood of a Ghanaian patient – who recovered – by
Adrian Stokes, who contracted YF and died

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Aislamiento del virus de fiebre amarilla por el Dr. Adrian Stokes en un paciente de Ghana

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1937:. After joins the Rockefeller Foundation, Max Theiler developed the 17D vaccine, which provided long-term protection against yellow fever. This remains widely used today.

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1937:. After joins the Rockefeller Foundation, Max Theiler developed the 17D vaccine, which provided long-term protection against yellow fever. This remains widely used today.

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Max Theiler desarrolló la vacuna 17D, mientras trabajaba en la fundación Rockefeller. Esta vacuna proporcionó protección a largo plazo contra la fiebre amarilla y sigue siendo ampliamente utilizada hoy en día.

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1939:  Biologist Dora Ángel de Muschallik with Doctor Hernando Groot, started production of the YF  vaccine in 1939, which served as the seed for production and export to other countries. The vaccine was produced until 1998, and between the Samper and Pastrana governments, production was suspended, which resulted in the 2003 and 2004 epidemic in the Catatumbo region

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1939:  Biologist Dora Ángel de Muschallik with Doctor Hernando Groot, started production of the YF  vaccine in 1939, which served as the seed for production and export to other countries. The vaccine was produced until 1998, and between the Samper and Pastrana governments, production was suspended, which resulted in the 2003 and 2004 epidemic in the Catatumbo region

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La bióloga Dora Ángel de Muschallik con el Doctor Hernando Groot, iniciaron la producción de la vacuna contra la FA en 1939, que sirvió de semilla para la producción y exportación a otros países. La vacuna se produjo hasta 1998 y entre el gobierno Samper y el de Pastrana, se suspendió la producción, que tuvo como consecuencias la epidemia de 2003 y 2004 en la región del Catatumbo."

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1944-1952: In Colombia, outbreaks of sylvatic yellow fever continued to occur in the Catatumbo region, bordering Venezuela, in 1944, 1947, and 1952, as well as in the La Guajira Peninsula (San Juan del Cesar and Fonseca) in 1945.

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1944-1952: In Colombia, outbreaks of sylvatic yellow fever continued to occur in the Catatumbo region, bordering Venezuela, in 1944, 1947, and 1952, as well as in the La Guajira Peninsula (San Juan del Cesar and Fonseca) in 1945.

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En Colombia, las epidemias de fiebre amarilla selvática se siguieron presentando en la región del Catatumbo, fronteriza con Venezuela, en 1944, 1947 y 1952, así como en la península de La Guajira (San Juan del Cesar y Fonseca) en 1945.

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'DDT is good for me!' - detail of Penn Salt chemicals advertisement in Time magazine June 30, 1947. Photo: Crossett Library via Flickr.com. Publicado en El Ecologista.

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1947: The control of A. aegypti  was  reinforced by the use of DDT from 1947

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1947: The control of A. aegypti  was  reinforced by the use of DDT from 1947

# data[].attributes.body
1947: El control del Aedes aegypti fue reforzado mediante el uso de DDT a partir de 1947.

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Río de Janeiro, Estado de Río de Janeiro, Brasil

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1970: In the Americas, Aedes aegypti is the primary mosquito vector for transmitting YF in the urban cycle, while mosquitoes of the genera Sabethes and Haemagogus are involved in the sylvatic or "jungle" cycle.  After attempts to eradicate the mosquito with DDT, Aedes aegypti ireappears in Brazil in the 1970s. 

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1970: In the Americas, Aedes aegypti is the primary mosquito vector for transmitting YF in the urban cycle, while mosquitoes of the genera Sabethes and Haemagogus are involved in the sylvatic or "jungle" cycle.  After attempts to eradicate the mosquito with DDT, Aedes aegypti ireappears in Brazil in the 1970s. 

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En las Américas, Aedes aegypti es el principal mosquito vector para transmitir la FA en el ciclo urbano, mientras que los mosquitos de los géneros Sabethes y Haemagogus participan en el ciclo selvático o 'de la jungla'. Tras los intentos de erradicar el mosquito con DDT, Aedes aegypti reaparece en Brasil en la década de 1970.

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Vetores e suas transmissões de arboviroses no Brasil.

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1986: Yellow Fever epidemic in West Africa

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1986: Yellow Fever epidemic in West Africa

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An epidemic in several West African countries highlighted the need for improved vaccination campaigns and public health measures.

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2008–Present: Yellow Fever resurgence in Brazil

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2008–Present: Yellow Fever resurgence in Brazil

# data[].attributes.body
Brasil continúa enfrentando desafíos con los brotes de fiebre amarilla, lo que resalta la importancia de la vacunación continua y el compromiso sostenido con la salud pública.

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2016: Angola Yellow Fever Outbreak: A severe outbreak in Angola strained the global supply of vaccines and tested international response efforts.  More than 4,000 suspected cases and 376 deaths. The outbreak spread to the Democratic Republic of Congo, where there were more than 2,000 suspected cases and 95 deaths.

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2016: Angola Yellow Fever Outbreak: A severe outbreak in Angola strained the global supply of vaccines and tested international response efforts.  More than 4,000 suspected cases and 376 deaths. The outbreak spread to the Democratic Republic of Congo, where there were more than 2,000 suspected cases and 95 deaths.

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Un brote grave de fiebre amarilla en Angola puso a prueba la respuesta internacional y tensionó el suministro global de vacunas. Más de 4.000 casos sospechosos y 376 muertes. El brote se extendió a la República Democrática del Congo, donde se reportaron más de 2.000 casos sospechosos y 95 muertes.

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2016: Juan Piedrahita-Cortés and Diego Soler-Tovar described the geographic distribution of the red howler monkey (Alouatta seniculus) and yellow fever in Colombia.

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2016: Juan Piedrahita-Cortés and Diego Soler-Tovar described the geographic distribution of the red howler monkey (Alouatta seniculus) and yellow fever in Colombia.

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Juan Piedrahita-Cortés y Diego Soler-Tovar describieron la distribución geográfica del mono aullador rojo ( Alouatta seniculus) y la fiebre amarilla en Colombia (http://dx.doi.org/10.7705/biomedica.v36i0.2929)

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2018: A substantial yellow fever outbreak unfolded in Brazil, witnessing the confirmation of over 1,500 cases and a tragic toll of 500 fatalities, particularly in southeastern states like São Paulo and Paraná.

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2018: A substantial yellow fever outbreak unfolded in Brazil, witnessing the confirmation of over 1,500 cases and a tragic toll of 500 fatalities, particularly in southeastern states like São Paulo and Paraná.

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Un brote sustancial de fiebre amarilla se desarrolló en Brasil, con la confirmación de más de 1.500 casos y un trágico saldo de 500 muertes, especialmente en estados del sureste como São Paulo y Paraná.

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2025:PAHO: Dashboard of Human YF cases in 13 endemic countries in the Region of the Americas, 1960–2025

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2025:PAHO: Dashboard of Human YF cases in 13 endemic countries in the Region of the Americas, 1960–2025

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OPS: Tablero casos humanos de FA en 13 países endémicos en Región de las Américas en el periodo 1960-2025

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PAHO/WHO - Yellow Fever in Americas Region

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The PAHO/WHO Yellow Fever Dashboard is a platform which aims to share information about yellow fever in the Americas.

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2025: Health Emergency in Colombia due to the surge in YF cases

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2025: Health Emergency in Colombia due to the surge in YF cases

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2025: Emergencia Sanitaria en Colombia por aumento en casos de FA

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Gobierno Nacional declara emergencia sanitaria en todo el territorio nacional por aumento en los casos de fiebre amarilla El Gobierno Nacional declara la emergencia sanitaria ante la circulación activa del virus de la fiebre amarilla en varias regiones del país y el riesgo de expansión hacia centros urbanos. La medida busca proteger la vida de la población, contener la propagación del virus y mitigar sus posibles efectos sobre la salud pública.

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2025:  National Health Insitute of Colombia: Upadted report of YF cases notified to SIVIGILA 

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2025:  National Health Insitute of Colombia: Upadted report of YF cases notified to SIVIGILA 

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INS: Reporte actualizado de casos de FA notificados al SIVGILA en 2025

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1. Piedrahita-Cortés J, Soler-Tovar D. Distribución geográfica del mono aullador rojo (Alouatta seniculus) y la fiebre amarilla en Colombia. biomedica. 2016;36:116. 2.Chippaux JP, Chippaux A. Yellow fever in Africa and the Americas: a historical and epidemiological perspective. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis. 2018;24(1):20. 3. Hernández-Galvis J, Pizarro AB, Cuestas JA, CastañedaCardona C, Rosselli D. La fiebre amarilla en Colombia. Acta Med Peru. 2018;35(1):55-9 . 4. Gomez-Marin JE. Científicos pioneros en el control de la fiebre amarilla en Colombia. Infectio 2022: 26(3):197-198 5. Srivastava, S et al. Yellow Fever: Global Impact, Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Integrated Prevention Approaches. Infez Med. 2024;4(32). 6. Sanchez‐Felipe L, Alpizar YA, Ma J, Coelmont L, Dallmeier K. YF17D‐based vaccines – standing on the shoulders of a giant. Eur J Immunol. 2024;54(5):2250133.

7.De Oliveira Figueiredo P, Stoffella-Dutra AG, Barbosa Costa G, et al. Re-Emergence of Yellow Fever in Brazil during 2016–2019: Challenges, Lessons Learned, and Perspectives. Viruses. 2020;12(11):1233.

8. Possas C, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R, Tauil PL, et al. Yellow fever outbreak in Brazil: the puzzle of rapid viral spread and challenges for immunisation. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2018;113(10).

9. MacNeil. Plagues and People. Anchor Books. 2010.

10. CDC. Transmision of Yellow Fever. https://www.cdc.gov/yellow-fever/php/transmission/index.html

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Ciclos de transmisión de la FA en Africa

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Ciclo de transmisión de la fiebre amarilla en América