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the building blocks of life/living organisms

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an organelle within all cells
function to store genetic information and regulate cellular activity.

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the molecule that carries genetic information, that is essential for life.

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a cell with a specific function

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reproductive cell

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tightly coiled pieces of DNA (stored in the nucleus).

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female gamete

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double helix (twisted ladder).

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male gamete

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A,T,C and G - A pairs with T and C pairs with G.

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in all eggs and 50% of sperm

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in only 50% sperm

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segment of DNA that codes for a protein.

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the inheritance of chromosomes to determine the biological gender of the offspring

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female

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male

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the basic units of DNA. (a deoxyribose sugar + a phosphate group + a base is called a nucleotide).

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the passing of DNA from parents to offspring

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differences in genetics

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traits influenced by the environment (e.g scars)

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23 chromosomes in each gamete cell.

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46 chromosomes in each somatic cell.

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categorical variation (e.g eye colour)

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variation that can be displayed on a continuum (e.g height)

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a group of organisms that can reproduce to produce fertile offspring

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when a sperm cell fuses with an egg cell.

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a group of organisms of the same species, that live in the same geographical area

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differences in DNA of the same species

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different forms of a gene

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a gene where if one is present, that trait will be present
(e.g in BA or BB Trait B will be present)

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a gene where it requires both of it to be present for the trait to be present
(e.g Trait A will only be present in AA)

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changes to a species environment
(e.g deforestation, factory, air pollution etc)

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acts as the slide to DNA

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the sugar in a sugar phosphate backbone

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deoxyribrose sugar + phosphate group + a base

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deoxyribrose sugar + phosphate group + a base

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the phosphate in the sugar phosphate backbone

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the process where organisms with traits best suited to the environment are more likely to survive and reproduce - passing their genes to their offspring. those with the least suited traits for their environment are least likely to survive and pass on their genes

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a physical trait or behaviour that helps an organism survive in its environment

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a mutation

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a permanent change to the base sequence of DNA

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changes in the heritable characteristics of a population over a period of time

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developed the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

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- Charles Darwin

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a feature/trait that gives a species an advantage to survival
(e.g polar bears being white and therefore being able to hide in snow)

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e feature/trait that gives a species a disadvantage to survival
(e.g white peppered moths during the industrial revolution)

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an example of a species that went through natural selection

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before the industrial revolution (1800's) the white peppered moth was able to blend in with the tree trunks and was therefore less likely to be spotted and eaten by birds - giving the white peppered moth the ability to survive and pass on its traits to its offspring

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before the industrial revolution (1800's) the black peppered moth wasn't able to easily blend in with the tree trunks and was therefore more likely to be spotted and eaten by birds and not be able to pass its genes on to its offspring since its now dead

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1800's
led to the development of many coal burning factories which polluted the air and covered everything in black soot

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after the industrial revolution the black peppered moth was easily able to blend in with the black soot that covered all the trunk trees and was therefore less likely to be spotted and eaten by birds - giving the black peppered moth the ability to survive and pass on its advantageous genes to its offspring

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after the industrial revolution the white peppered moth was not able to blend in with the black soot that covered all the trunk trees and was therefore more likely to be spotted and eaten by birds and not able to pass on its advantageous genes on to its offspring because it is now dead

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when a species is less likely to survive. its more likely to die and therefore be unable to pass on its genes that caused its disadvantageous feature

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when a species is more likely to survive, its able to survive and reproduce and therefore pass on its genes that caused its advantageous feature

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when there's a defining feature of an animal (that is disadvantageous), its population tends to decrease and therefore making the animal rare

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poachers are more likely to kill an animal that is considered rare or has a rare feature

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allele B
causation of Bb or bB or BB

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allele b
causation of bb

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a species with a little/decreasing population

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the act of clearing a wide area of trees - generally destroying animals habitats

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the introduction or presence of a substance to an environment and causes it harm

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when a species is no longer existing because all organisms a part of it are dead

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when a species is no longer existing because all organisms a part of it are dead

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hunting a species to an excessive and usually harmful degree