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Terrorism is when a group or individuals do a campaign or action of violence or terror based on religious, political or social views. An example of terrorism is Islamic fundamentalist groups in the middle east like Hamas, ISIS and Al Qaeda however a couple decades ago we had a case of a domestic terror campaign with the IRA (Irish Republican Army).

This could be a threat to Britain because they can also conduct attacks on Britain not just the middle east for example the 2017 Manchester Arena attack and the 2005 7/7 bombings in London the most major attacks in recent decades and the terror campaign of the IRA.

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Weapon of Mass Destruction is a weapon that can be used to destruct a mass amount of people or infrastructure causing massive causalities or another example could be purely just to kill or injure people like chemical weapons and Nuclear Weapons.

this could be a threat to the UK because if set off it would cause lots of deaths to the people and infrastructure of the UK potentially causing the end of our country and possibly the world.

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This is the most influential war in a millennia, World War 1 The Great War it has entirely dictated the path of Europe and the world and everything after that. 

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War is a armed conflict between 2 or more parties/countries and recent examples of a War is the Russo-Ukrainian War and this between 2 sovereign nations of Ukraine and Russian and its puppets of Belarus and Eastern Ukrainian pro Russian States Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic.

Modern wars can effect the security of the United Kingdom because these European wars can make a ripple effect across the continent in the terms of the scales of power and the foreign policy for Britain for a long time was to preventing a European Hegemony from happening so not 1 power can control the mainland of Europe threatening the security and safety of our island. understanding the present of war is to learn the past of history and there's examples of these firstly Napoleon and more recently Hitler and Germany and soon if they go through Ukraine, Putin and Russia creating a buffer across eastern Europe and in the best interests of Russia in terms of geography eastern Europe is easy to invade like the past 2 examples of Napoleon and Hitler. So in the best interest of the UK and our European allies is to contain Russia which is why we are funding Ukraine with military aid to continue its fight for Ukraine making this practically a proxy war we indirectly involved in.

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This the European plains and Russia's goal is to own as much as possible at it most thinnest point which is around the split of East Germany and West Germany which was the divide of the Iron wall of the cold war which the USSR (Communist Russia) and its satellite nations owned and it made it very easy to defend against a invasion from the west which would hypothetically happening in a land war scenario. The UK wants to not allow Russia to own this land which would grantee it with European domination.

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Hamas Militants Paragliding into Israel- October 7th 2023

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A conflict is like a War but on a smaller scale between 2 groups or nations prime examples of this was the Ukraine conflict 2014 until 2022 when it turned into a war when Russia got involved.

The conflicts threaten the security of the UK when one side wins it changes the balance of power throughout the world yet again Ukraine conflict is a perfect example the eastern breakaway states favouring the eastern powers like Russia and Ukraine favouring and wanting to be more apart of the west like the UK and America. Israel and Palestine is the same case Israel is our allies in the local region and Hamas are allied with Russia and Syria and Iran.

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Threat can be just a verbal aggression of violence or terror to a bomb threat where there is a verbal aggression to bomb a location. it can be a threat to invade a nation like North Korea toward South Korea.

This can threaten the security of the UK when such countries like Russia make indirect threats like flying bombers near our airspace and we have to scramble them.

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Espionage, also known as spying is when the act of gathering information in a covert manner like spying/infiltrating foreign nations or it could be companies spying on each other however that is called corporate espionage.

This could be a threat to the UK because foreign nations could spy on our nation and steal secrets of our nation threatening our national security.

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Instability and Oversea conflicts are when foreign wars happen and it causes a echo effect throughout the world in the global community which necessarily concern us as a nation but still do as we are a superpower with history like our own with the British Empire.

Current example of a instability caused from foreign wars is the war in Ukraine and the echo effects caused by it. Consequentially split Europe in 2 blocks, the pro-western, NATO countries led by Britain and the USA mainly and the pro-eastern countries like Belarus, supporting Russia and Putin and their alternative economic power of BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa). With the West backing Ukraine and the others standing by with the invasion.

This could threaten the security of Britain because with the threat to NATO Russia and China poses threaten our position in the international community.

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Organised crime is often is when a criminal gang like the Mafia commit crimes which is often serious however serious crime could be something like murder, kidnapping and human trafficking.

This could be a threat to Britain because sometimes organised crime do fund individuals or other groups like terrorist groups to operate in this country causing a security threat to the UK.

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General Threat and Risks is the risks you face everyday like getting ran over by a car or even a natural disaster what can cause harm to you and others.

This can be a risk to Britain because it can destabilise the area affected.

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Impacts of Security failures for the UPS

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Impacts of Security failures for the UPS

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The impact of a security failure to the UPS is that they'll go through scrutiny for every action leading, during and after the security failure leading to public and media mistrust in the competency of the UPS and there would be a internal witch hunt to see who'll get the blame for the security failure.

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Service responsibility- reducing and managing security threats

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Service responsibility- reducing and managing security threats

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each service have their own sector of responsibility for dealing with security threats the police are more on the frontline, crime fighting responsibility to dealing with threats then we have our security services dealing with the intelligence and detecting responsibility for dealing with security threats.

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MI5 is our internal/domestic intelligence service which has the responsibility of detecting and identifying internal or foreign threats within the country like spies. They also provide intel to the police when it comes to suspects more recently an example of this is their information on terrorists.

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Otherwise known as MI6, they are Britain foreign Intelligence service where they gather information on threat abroad terrorists to nations MI6 get information on them if they pose a threat to Britain.

They are effective at gaining intelligence which is foreign and with cooperation with foreign and domestic organisations stop and prevent any threats from happening.

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Government Communications Headquarters is an security agency which monitors communications within the UK like they will be the ones looking through social media and their impact on the security for Britain is an intelligence gathering role and works closely with the other security services and the military.

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The impacts of security failures is such events like the Manchester Arena Bombing where a man with a bomb strapped with him (suicide vest) went past multiple police officers and security guards and they acknowledged him but they did not do anything and he was not checked on entry of the arena so when the terrorist entered the arena and blew up and this is a consequence of a failure of security this incident could've had a different and better outcome if the right precautions were made with increased security.

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Strategies employed to manage security threats 

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Strategies employed to manage security threats 

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The strategies employed to manage these threats is by deploying more personnel like police and security services because if you employ these personnel you'll limit the impact and the consequence of the attack and possibly prevent the threat from becoming an action. And another strategy is to place more surveillance around public areas to have more of a watchful eye to people acting suspicious.

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PREVENT is the strategy to prevent any future radicalisation amongst people in society, they are usually referred there by schools or individuals to people who exhibit extreme or radical viewpoints such as fundamentalist religious views or ideological views such as far right and far left views. However the effectiveness of PREVENT can be questioned as multiple terrorists who later did attacks like the David Amess killer who was referred to PREVENT in his late teens but after his referral to PREVENT he still went through with the attack. Another way it is not as effective is that people who have concerns about them by the local community are not referred to the program such as the Manchester Bomber who did the attack in 2017 at the arena.

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The threat of terrorism poses to the the UK is that it causes terror and death to our citizens and causes damage to our infrastructure.

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Factors that affect terrorism is the level of security and prevention is done. First of would be prevention is what the security services do and catch the plotting of terrorists before it happens and preventing the act from being acted out to our nation and its people from both foreign and domestic threats. The level of security could be more of the readiness and prepared they are for an attack like increased security like in Northern Ireland during the troubles the military and the RUC (Royal Ulster Constabulary) did checkpoints in Republican areas and to possibly get some IRA members. So police presence could be a factor that affects terrorism.

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The Provisional IRA were mostly operational during the years of the troubles.

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There's a wide array of terrorist groups/organisations with differing beliefs and ideologies which oppose the UK and its values. And these groups want to threaten the security and safety of our way of lives. example of different organisations is groups like ISIS, the IRA and political extremist groups banned by the UK like National Action. These groups would commit acts against the interest of the Nation by causing terror and death like the reason National Action was banned they encouraged the assassination and death of Labour MP Jo Cox.

These groups are full of fanatics who want to commit harm and terror upon innocent people to put across their ideals and message.

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The tactics and methods of terrorist groups is to cause as much terror or fear as possible to bring forward their agenda such acts is like the image shown above from the Manchester Bombing of 1992 by the Irish Republican Army and another method is the videos of beheadings done by ISIS to cause fear amongst people.

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Since 1970, 3,395 people in the United Kingdom have died due to terrorism, most of these were in Northern Ireland due to the troubles during the second half of the 20th century and the early 2000s and in 2023 159 people have been arrested for terror related charges in the UK .

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Media can be used by terrorist organisations to spread their radical beliefs causing more of threat to the UK and more monitoring which means more manpower for the police and security services to watch the individuals who post and interact with these media posts.

Media can also be used to fear monger the public which can also help these groups in their objectives by spreading fear amongst society. but this can also spread the awareness of these groups making people more weary to these groups and their actions which can lead to more leads to counter terrorism and heightened security.

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For the last 20 years/turn of the century in the UK there have been a drift from Irish Republican terrorism to more fundamentalist Islamic terrorism prime example of the Manchester Bombing in 2017, the London bridge attack and the 7/7 bombings of 2005.

These attacks have increased throughout the years but due to increased measures of the security services and the UPS the attacks have decreased.

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The strategy for counter terrorism is CONTEST (https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/650b1b8d52e73c000d54dc82/CONTEST_2023_English_updated.pdf). This consists of 4 points:

prevent: to stop people becoming terrorists or supporting terrorism

pursue: to stop terrorist attacks happening

protect: to strengthen our protection against a terrorist attack

prepare: to minimise the impact of a terrorist attack

This tries to prevent or minimise any other actions from happening. This have overall decreased the number of terror threats from actually happening.

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The legislation the UK and its legal system have made to curve any threat of terrorism within the last 3 years like the Counter-Terrorism and Sentencing Act (2021) which prevents the early release of anyone convicted of serious terror charges.

This is good measure to prevent any terrorists from being released into society without rehabilitation and later committing any future attacks.

This would deem this very effective in its workings as when they get released eventually they'll be a reformed person hopefully and they will not be a security threat no more.

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Tactics used by the UK is effective and do have results of decreasing terrorism due to getting the individuals who are easily radicalised by the ideologies of these terror groups and providing these individuals with help and assistance and with cooperation between agencies like the GCHQ and MI5 with gathering intelligence and giving the intelligence to the police to put these individuals on the radar so they are watched out by the authorities and would be unable to fully go through with an attack because the tactic of CONTEST we have prevented these threats from going into reality.

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United Nations Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force

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United Nations Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force

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CTITF (Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force) is a task force what the United Nations have set up with 38 international entities with the goal of international cooperation regarding the strategy of counter terrorism and how to deal with terrorism (this is with the 4 pillars similar with CONTEST what we have in the UK).

This can be effective because this creates a universal and joint effort against terrorism with the same strategy which works which will hopefully stop terrorism significantly in these countries who signed to join this task force.

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Europol, European Police is the law enforcement branch of the European Union and it is an agency which spans across all EU nations and have arrest powers in them respective countries. They cooperate closely with the UK in regards of if European criminals going to the UK and vice versa. This can be effective as this agency encourages cooperation amongst other countries in the same continent and they have a database with criminals so this can be used to exchange information with other counties and this could also transfer to with terrorism. For example, Europol finds information about a terrorist or a terrorist cell in the UK so they tell the UK authorities like the Police Service and MI5.

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Interpol, International Police is an independent international organisation made in 1923 with the aim to encourage cooperation amongst other law enforcement agencies in different countries and to share information and heads-up to arrest any foreign fleeing criminals in different countries. For example a criminal may be from the UK, he commits a murder he flees to Thailand, Interpol issues a red notice for this individual and the Thai authorities once they find him arrest him and take him back to the UK to be charged for murder. This could be also used for cases of terrorism, known terrorists being on Interpol red notices for local police or security services to find this terrorist and arrest him. This is effective and it helps a lot when other countries work together with help of cooperation of Interpol to arrest terrorists as a measure against terrorism.

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This agency is primarily used to manage the immigration system and see who comes in and out this country. This agency could be effective to find terrorist because they can look at suspected individual's flight logs and see where they have flown to and how many times and this information might be given to then the security or the police service to be followed up and questioned.

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Similar to the UK Visas and Immigration they can look at where individuals have gone previously and explained before how that could be effective because they are good at spotting suspected people to be followed up on. Also with the border force they search everything for contraband and even possibly weapons which if found could prevent a terror attack in the country or even at the airport or port.

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NCA is like the FBI but for the UK they deal with stuff like organised crime and major crime and are effective at doing so with their nationwide resources and this is good to keep wider society safe from such things like drugs or weapons what the National Crime Agency works on mostly along side human trafficking. They often work with the Police service (mostly armed police) and other security services to execute arrests on organised crime gangs.

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NCSC is a supporting advisory agency which helps with other services in regards to technology and cyber security and it advises the private sector too. The parent agency to this is the GCHQ. This agency is used due to the increased threat against of cyber security from foreign and potentially domestic hackers or threats.

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Other supporting Statutory Protective Services

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Other supporting Statutory Protective Services

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Supporting organisations like the coast guard do help in managing the security of the UK for example a migrant boat in the English channel and they deal with it or support the border agency doing that.

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CONTEST is the UK's strategy on counter terror and it goes in 4 points. Them 4 points are:

Pursue: to stop terrorist attacks.

Prevent: to stop people becoming terrorists or supporting terrorism.

Protect: to strengthen our protection against a terrorist attack; and.

Prepare: where a terrorist attack cannot be stopped, to mitigate the impact of a terrorist attack.

These points to counter terrorism have helped in the preventing and minimising terror attacks from happening or lessening the impact of these attacks from happening.

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The management of the physical environment  

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The management of the physical environment  

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These can be things like anti vehicle barriers, they are designed to stop vehicles used by terrorists such as the Westminster bridge attack where a terrorist used a vehicle to run over innocents killing them. These barriers were installed onto popular bridges such as London Bridge (image above) to minimise the impact of the terrorist by preventing him using a vehicle as a motor propelled weapon. These are there to minimise the killing power not to prevent the terrorist attack from happening but to limit the terrorist with options to how to do the attacks which allows time for police to arrive and neutralise the terrorist as a threat.