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Colonialisme: Lorsqu'une nation conquiert et exploite une autre nation
Indigène: Le peuple autochtone
Commerce: Une traite fait par deux ou plus parties
Fourrure: Le peau d'un animal avec de cheveux
Expédition: Une voyage

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Jacques Cartier, né le 23 décembre 1491, en Saint-Malo, et mort le premier septembre, 1557, près de Saint-Malo. L’enfance de Jacques Cartier n'était pas vraiment documentée bien, mais il y a peu d'informations connues pour son enfance. Quand il était jeune, il a probablement appris comment naviguer à la mer. Jacques Cartier naviguait souvent le long des côtes de nombreux pays comme la France, le Brésil, et la province Terre-Neuve. Il a attendu une école en Dieppe, France où il est enseigné les bases du navigation.

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<<Il n’y a rien de plus gratifiant que l’exploration et la découverte>> -Jacques Cartier.
Cette citation veut dire que les humains ont la curiosité et brisent leurs limites de connaissances, capacités physiques, et d’autres caractéristiques humaines.

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Ses parents étaient Jamet Cartier et Geffline Jansart. Ses frères et sœurs sont Lucas, Jehanne, et Berteline Cartier.

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Il a exploré Terre-Neuve, île du Prince-Édouard, le golfe du Saint-Laurent, la péninsule de Labrador, et le détroit de l’île Belle. Il a découvert le fleuve Saint-Laurent, et les régions du Québec et Montréal. Jacques Cartier a aussi donné au Canada son nom.

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Pendant sa vie, Jacques Cartier a fait 4 professions. Ces professions sont un explorateur, un marin, un inventeur, et un navigateur. Son but principal était de découvrir une passage nord-ouest vers l’Asie, et d’aussi trouve les épices et d’or, pendant la voyage. Il croyait qu’il existait une autre route en Amérique du nord vers l’Asie. Cette croyance l’a inspiré et l’a motivé à commencer le voyage. Pendant ce voyage il n'a pas trouvé les ressources, il a trouvé les diamants et l’or, au Canada, mais c’étaient jugés fausses.

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Jacques Cartier était commissionné par le roi Francis I, de faire une expédition au partie nord d'amérique de nord.

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L’impact de l'arrivée a changé tout de civilisation des indigènes. Le colonialisme a pris leur culture, famille, et terre. La langue a changé à l’anglais, le christianisme a dominé leurs religions.

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L’impact positif qu’il a eu est qu’il a donné au Canada son nom. Il a creer une traite avec les indigènes appelle la commerce de fourrures. Cette traite se compose de Jacques Cartier les couteaux, articles en fer, et un chapeau rouge pour le chef. En échangeant, les indigènes donnaient les fourrures.

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L’impact négatif qu’il a eu est que Jacques a pris 10 citoyens. Il a fait une promesse aux indigènes qu’il va retourner avec toutes ces personnes, mais ce jour n’est jamais venu. Après 4 ans, seulement une personne a survécu. Après cet incident, les indigènes ont tué 35 des hommes de Cartier. La commerce est fini et il y avait beaucoup d’hostilité.

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Les Européens ont apporté de nombreuses maladies aux indigènes, la population des indigènes a beaucoup diminué à cause de l'incapacité de lutter contre les maladies. Quelques maladies que les indigènes ont eu beaucoup d'épreuves sont la variole, la tuberculose, la scarlatine. Avec le colonialisme, il y avait beaucoup de tension entre les indigènes et les européens. Quand l’un rencontrait l’autre, il y avait souvent des combats impliqués.

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Voyages to the Americas

Jacques Cartier's early life is very poorly documented. He was likely employed in business and navigation from a young age. Like his countrymen, Cartier probably sailed along the coast of France, Newfoundland and South America (Brazil), first as a sailor and then as an officer. Following the annexation of Brittany to the kingdom of France, King François 1 chose Cartier to replace the explorer Giovanni da Verrazano. Verrazano had died on his last voyage.

First Voyage (1534)

Jacques Cartier's orders for his first expedition were to search for a passage to the Pacific Ocean in the area around Newfoundland and possibly find precious metals. He left Saint-Malo on 20 April 1534 with two ships and 61 men. They reached the coast of Newfoundland 20 days later. During his journey, Cartier passed several sites known to European fishers. He renamed these places or noted them on his maps. After skirting the north shore of Newfoundland, Cartier and his ships entered the Gulf of St. Lawrence by the Strait of Belle Isle and travelled south, hugging the coast of the Magdalen Islands on 26 June. Three days later, they reached what are now the provinces of Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick. He then navigated towards the west, crossing Chaleur Bay and reaching Gaspé, where he encountered Iroquoian lndigenous people from the region of Quebec. They had come to the area for their annual seal hunt. After planting a cross and engaging in some trading and negotiations, Cartier's ships left on 25 July. Before leaving, Cartier abducted two of Iroquoian chief Donnacona's sons. They returned to France by following the coast of Anticosti Island and re-crossing the Strait of Belle Isle.

Second Voyage (1535-6)

The expedition of 1535 was more important than the first expedition. It included 110 people and three medium-sized ships. The ships were called the Grande Hermine (the Great Stoat), the Petite Hermine (the Lesser Stoat) and the Émérillon (the Merlin). The Émérillon had been adapted for river navigation. They left Brittany in mid-May 1535 and reached Newfoundland after a long, 50-day crossing. Following the itinerary from the previous year, they entered the Gulf, then travelled the "Canada River" (later named the St. Lawrence River) upstream. One of chief Donnacona's sons guided them to the village of Stadacona on the site of what is now the city of Quebec. Given the extent of their planned explorations, the French decided to spend the winter there and settled at the mouth of the St. Charles River. Against the advice of chief Donnacona, Jacques Cartier decided to continue sailing up the river towards Hochelaga, now the city of Montreal. Cartier reached Hochelaga on 2 October 1535. There he met other Iroquoian people, who tantalized Cartier with the prospect of a sea in the middle of the country. By the time Cartier returned to Stadacona (Quebec), relations with the Indigenous people there had deteriorated. Nevertheless, they helped the poorly organized French to survive scurvy thanks to a remedy made from evergreen trees ( see also Indigenous Peoples' Medicine in Canada). When spring came, the French decided to return to Europe. This time, Cartier abducted chief Donnacona himself, the two sons, and seven other Iroquoian people. The French never returned Donnacona and his people to North America. ( See also Enslavement of Indigenous People in Canada.)

Third Voyage (1541-2)

The war in Europe led to a delay in returning to Canada. In addition, the plans for the voyage were changed. This expedition was to include close to 800 people and involve a major attempt to colonize the region. The explorations were left to Jacques Cartier, but the logistics and colonial management of the expedition were entrusted to Jean-François de La Rocque, sieur de Roberval. Roberval was a senior military officer who was responsible for recruitment, loading weapons onto the ships, and bringing on craftsmen and a number of prisoners. Just as the expedition was to begin, delays in the preparations and the vagaries of the war with Spain meant that only half the personnel (led by Cartier) were sent to Canada in May 1541 by Roberval. Roberval eventually came the following year. Cartier and his men settled the new colony several kilometres upstream from Quebec at the confluence of the Cap Rouge and St. Lawrence rivers. While the colonists and craftsmen built the forts, Cartier decided to sail toward Hochelaga. When he returned, a bloody battle had broken out with the Iroquoian people at Stadacona.

Return to France

In a state of relative siege during the winter, and not expecting the arrival of Jean-François de La Rocque, sieur de Roberval until spring, Jacques Cartier decided to abandon the colony at the end of May. He had filled a dozen barrels with what he believed were precious stones and metal. At a stop in St. John's, Newfoundland, however, Cartier met Roberval's fleet and was given the order to return to Cap Rouge. Refusing to obey, Cartier sailed toward France under the cover of darkness. The stones and metal that he brought back turned out to be worthless and Cartier was never reimbursed by the king for the money he had borrowed from the Breton merchants. After this misadventure, he returned to business. Cartier died about 15 years later at his estate at Limoilou near Saint-Malo. He kept his reputation as the first European to have explored and mapped this part of the Americas, which later became the French axis of power in North America.

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Jacques Cartier, navigator (born between 7 June and 23 December 1491 in Saint-Malo, France; died 1 September 1557 in Saint-Malo, France). From 1534 to 1542, Car...

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We do not know how Jacques Cartier learned the art of navigation, but Saint-Malo, the town where he was born between the summer and winter of 1491, was at the time one of the most important ports in Europe. In 1524 he probably accompanied Giovanni da Verrazzano on unofficial explorations initiated by the king of France. Some ten years later, Jacques Cartier was a sufficiently experienced navigator to be asked by Francis I to undertake the official exploration of North America. There is no doubt that he was already familiar with the sea route that he took in 1534.

Routes

To the New Lands

On March 19, 1534, Cartier was assigned the mission of "undertaking the voyage of this kingdom to the New Lands to discover certain islands and countries where there are said to be great quantities of gold and other riches". The following April 20, the navigator from Saint-Malo cast off with two ships and a crew of 61. Twenty days later he reached Newfoundland. The exploration began in an area frequented by Breton fishermen: from the Baie des Châteaux (Strait of Belle Isle) to southern Newfoundland. After erecting a cross at Saint-Servan on the north coast of the Gulf, Cartier tacked to the south. He first encountered the Magdalen Islands, and then set course for present-day Prince Edward Island, failing to notice that it was in fact an island.

A Lie and A Claiming of Possession

Cartier then moved on to Chaleur Bay, where he encountered some Micmacs on July 7. The talks were accompanied by a swapping of items, which history has recorded as the first act of trade between the French and Amerindians. Soon after, Cartier reached Gaspé Bay.

More than 200 Iroquois from Stadacona (Québec) were on the peninsula to fish. Initially trusting and cordial, relations were tarnished when Jacques Cartier claimed possession of the territory on July 24. The 30-foot cross he erected at Pointe-Penouille seemed improper to Donnacona, the Native chief. Fearing the consequences of this discontent, Cartier lied, describing the cross as an insignificant landmark.

Jacques Cartier in Gaspé On the 25th he left the Gaspé area, heading for the Gulf of St. Lawrence. After navigating the strait separating Anticosti Island from the north shore, he set off again for Saint-Malo, where he landed on September 5. The St. Lawrence River had not been discovered.

Revelations of the Amerindian Guides

Jacques Cartier arrived in France with two precious trophies: Domagaya and Taignoagny, the sons of Donnacona, whom he had convinced to come with him. They told him of the St. Lawrence River and the "Kingdom of the Saguenay", the objectives of his second voyage upon which he set forth on May 19, 1535. Cartier had been persuasive: his crew had doubled and he had command of three ships: the Grande Hermine, Petite Hermine and Émérillon.

Fifty days after putting to sea, a first vessel laid anchor off the shores of Newfoundland. On July 26 the convoy was reunited, and exploration could begin again. On August 10, the day of St. Lawrence, the explorer gave the saint's name to a little bay. Cartographers later applied it to the the "great river of Hochelaga and route to Canada" leading to the interior of the continent, "so long that no man has seen its end".

From the Saguenay to Hochelaga

Sailing along the river to Stadacona (Québec), the ships passed Anticosti Island and the mouth of the Saguenay. Cartier established his headquarters on the Sainte-Croix (Saint-Charles) river, and five days later boarded the Émérillon to travel to Hochelaga (Montreal). Leaving the ship in Lake Saint-Pierre, he proceeded in a small craft to the Iroquois village, where he arrived on October 2.

There were nearly 2,000 people living there. The island and village were overlooked by a mountain, which he named mount Royal. He was taken there by his hosts, who spoke to him of the riches of the west, and again of the "Kingdom of the Saguenay". The rapids north and south of Montreal Island prevented him from continuing his route to the west. Cartier had to return to harbour on the Saint-Charles river, where he found that relations with the Iroquois had become more acrimonious. The threat of an early winter lay before the Frenchmen.

Isolation, Cold and Scurvy

From mid-November, the ships were imprisoned in the ice. December began with an epidemic of scurvy. The Iroquois, the first affected, were slow in delivering up the secret of anedda, a white cedar tea which would save them. Of the 100 Frenchmen afflicted, 25 died.

On May 3, Cartier planted a cross on the site where he had just wintered. The same day, he seized about ten Iroquois, one of them Donnacona, the only one who was able to "relate to the King the marvels he had seen in the western lands".

The voyage back began three days later, without the Petite Hermine. Following a swerve along the Newfoundland coast, Jacques Cartier discovered the strait which bears the name of the explorer Giovanni Caboto. On July 16, 1536, Cartier was again in Saint-Malo.

The Colonization of Canada

On October 17, 1540, Francis I ordered the Breton navigator to return to Canada to lend weight to a colonization project of which he would be "captain general". But on January 15, 1541 Cartier was supplanted by Jean-François de La Roque de Roberval, a Huguenot courtier.

Authorized to leave by Roberval, who was awaiting the delivery of artillery and merchandise, Jacques Cartier departed from Saint-Malo on May 23, 1541. He led five vessels "well provisioned with victuals for two years", including the Grande Hermine, Émérillon, Saint-Brieux and Georges. There were 1500 people travelling with him. The crossing took more than three months.

With the exception of one little girl, all the Iroquois died in France. Cartier admitted the death of Donnacona, but claimed that the others "had remained in France where they were living as great lords; they had married and had no desire to return to their country".

Being no longer welcome in Stadacona, the colonists settled at the foot of Cap Rouge (Cap Diamant), named Charlesbourg Royal. The experience was a disaster. In June 1542 Cartier left the St. Lawrence valley with the survivors. At Newfoundland he met with Roberval's group, which had only left La Rochelle in April. The night after their encounter, Cartier placed the entreprise in jeopardy by slipping away from his leader. He landed in Saint-Malo in September.

Jacques Cartier would never return to Canada. As for Roberval, he continued on to Charlesbourg Royal, which he renamed France-Roi. After putting up with the climate, scurvy, quarrelling and adversity, his colony was extinguished in 1543 with the repatriation of those who survived.

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We do not know how Jacques Cartier learned the art of navigation, but Saint-Malo, the town where he was born between the summer and winter of 1491, was at the time one of the most important ports in Europe. In 1524 he probably accompanied Giovanni da Verrazzano on unofficial explorations initiated by the king of France.

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“Jacques Cartier.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., 6 Oct. 2023, www.britannica.com/biography/Jacques-Cartier.

Joseph, Bob. “The Impact of Smallpox on First Nations on the West Coast.” Indigenous Corporate Training Inc., Indigenous Corporate Training Inc., 7 June 2023, www.ictinc.ca/blog/the-impact-of-smallpox-on-first-nations-on-the-west-coast#:~:text=Throughout%20the%20Americas%2C%20Indigenous%20contact,scarlet%20fever%2C%20influenza%20and%20measles.

Joseph, Bob. “The Impact of Smallpox on First Nations on the West Coast.” Indigenous Corporate Training Inc., Indigenous Corporate Training Inc., 7 June 2023, www.ictinc.ca/blog/the-impact-of-smallpox-on-first-nations-on-the-west-coast#:~:text=Throughout%20the%20Americas%2C%20Indigenous%20contact,scarlet%20fever%2C%20influenza%20and%20measles.

“Positive and Negative Impacts on Canada.” Jacques Cartier, jacquescartierkc.weebly.com/positive-and-negative-impacts-on-canada.html. Accessed 13 Oct. 2023.

“Quotes by Jacques Cartier: A-Z Quotes.” A, www.azquotes.com/author/26713-Jacques_Cartier. Accessed 13 Oct. 2023.

“Today in History - June 9.” The Library of Congress, www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/june-09/#:~:text=French%20navigator%20Jacques%20Cartier%20sailed,underlay%20France’s%20claims%20to%20Canada. Accessed 13 Oct. 2023.