# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Personal messages, photos, banking information, credit card numbers, names, addresses, health records-a lot of your family's private information is stored on computers and zipping through the Internet! Cybersecurity is the act of keeping information, ranging from embarrassing baby photos to national secrets, private and viewed by only the right people.

Try the annual Engineering Challenge from Science Buddies! Open to all students worldwide, a new challenge and prizes are announced every January. Explore the current challenge as well as ones from past years! Read more

In this engineering challenge, you will build a car powered by nothing but a rubber band. The farther the car goes, and the fewer materials you use to build it, the higher your score. Enter your score in the 2024 Science Buddies Engineering Challenge for a chance to win prizes! Teachers, lesson plan versions of this challenge are also available. Read more

When you play Connect 4, what strategies do you use to increase your chances of winning? In this project, you will explore how artificial intelligence can make decisions in two-player games such as Connect 4. This project requires little to no coding skill. Instead, you will need patience and an open mind. Why not give it a try yourself? Read more

Did you know you can make paintings or drawings using sunlight? You can do it by leaving objects on top of special sun print paper until the light creates an imprint of the objects. How does this process work? How long should you leave the paper in the sun to get the best result? What does any of this have to do with the process of making the microchips that power our phones and computers? Try this project to find out! Read more

Explore Our Science Videos

Build A Wall Marble Run!

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Over 1,200 free science projects searchable by subject, difficulty, time, cost and materials. Browse the library or let us recommend a winning science project for you!

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Overview

Students learn about various types of cybercrimes and the cybersecurity measures that can help prevent them. Then students perform a Rapid Research project investigating a particular cybercrime event with a particular focus on the data that was lost or stolen and the concerns that arise as a result. The Rapid Research activity features vocabulary, concepts, and skills that should help prepare them for the AP Explore PT, and also serves as a capstone for the sequence of lessons on encryption and security.

Purpose

This lesson serves two roles. 1. Review terminology about cybersecurity and crime that is relevant for the AP CS Principles Exam and 2. Practice research and writing skills that will help students on the Explore PT.

Following this lesson you may opt to either run the research activity in the next lesson or move on to running the full Explore PT with your class. Note that the Explore PT prep unit includes additional resources that will help students prepare for the task.

Agenda

Getting Started (5 mins)

Activity (40 + 30 mins)

Wrap Up (10 mins)

Assessment

Objectives

Students will be able to:

Explain the characteristics of a phishing attack

Explain how a DDoS attack works

Describe how one computer virus works

Research and describe a cyber attack found in the news

Reason about the threats posed by, and methods of recourse for, various types of cyber attacks

Describe plausible storage, security, or privacy concerns for particular pieces of data

Preparation

Review the video

Review annotated responses to terminology at end of lesson for wrap up

Links

Heads Up! Please make a copy of any documents you plan to share with students.

For the Teacher

For the Students

Vocabulary

Antivirus Software - usually keeps big lists of known viruses and scans your computer looking for the virus programs in order to get rid of them.

DDoS Attack - Distributed Denial of Service Attack. Typically a virus installed on many computers (thousands) activate at the same time and flood a target with traffic to the point the server becomes overwhelmed.

Firewall - software that runs on servers (often routers) that only allows traffic through according to some set of security rules.

Phishing Scam - a thief trying to trick you into sending them sensitive information. Typically these include emails about system updates asking you send your username and password, social security number or other things.

SSL/TLS - Secure Sockets layer / Transport Layer Security - An encryption layer of HTTP that uses public key cryptography to establish a secure connection.

Virus - a program that runs on a computer to do something the owner of the computer does not intend.

Getting Started (5 mins)

Teaching Tip

NOTE: this video is also embeded at the top of the How Not To Get Hacked - Web Resource page that students read in the actvity, as well as in Code Studio. You might choose to send them directly to that at this point or show the video to the whole class.

Content Corner

The video touches on types of cybercrimes and cyber attacks NOT covered in the How Not To Get Hacked - Web Resource article but are still vocabulary that students need to know, specifically DDoS attacks and how they work.

Video: Cybersecurity & Crime

Remarks

To conclude our thinking about encryption and security we're going to look at how cybercrimes are conducted, how cybersecurity measures can protect us, and what the implications are of data leaking. Then you'll research a particular cybercrime and quickly prepare a one-pager about it.

Show: The Internet: Cybersecurity and Crime - Video

The video touches on a number of topics that students might choose to research later:

DDoS Attacks (and Bot Nets)

Cyber warfare

Viruses and Anti Virus Software

Phishing Scams

Credit Card theft

Types of people who commit cybercrimes

Activity (40 + 30 mins)

Rapid Reseach - Cybersecurity and Crime

Distribute: Give students copies of Rapid Research - Cybercrime - Activity Guide
and Cybersecurity One-Pager - Template.

Teaching Tip

Differences from the actual Explore PT: The actual Explore Performance Task will be completed over 8 class hours. The fact that this schedule is significantly shorter reflects several differences in this Practice PT.

Some categories and topics have been supplied ahead of time.

Students are not creating any kind of computational artifact

Students are not describing the beneficial or harmful effects of an innovation / event.

Below is a suggested schedule for completing the project.

Day 1 - Choose Innovation, Read and Research

Teaching Tip

Review Activity Guide and Rubric: At the beginning of the project, emphasize the importance of reviewing the one-pager template and rubric. Students may assume that more is required of them than is actually the case. Point out that the written component is quite short. They probably have space for at most 100-150 words per response.

Choosing Your Cybercrime Event: It is recommended that you place a time limit on this process (e.g. 20 minutes). Students should not leave class after the first day without a topic in mind and ideally with some resources identified. Luckily, in choosing their topics, students will likely have begun to identify resources they can use in completing their project.

Conducting Your Research: This document is intended to serve primarily as a guide to students for identifying online sources of information. The skill students need to develop is identifying useful resources on their own and then synthesizing this information. Being presented with a structured way of doing this means students will have a model for how to complete their research when completing the actual Explore PT.

Day 2 - Prepare one-pager

Complete One-Pager: Students should find this aspect of their project most familiar. The prompts are similar in style and content to prompts students have already seen. Emphasize the need for clarity in their writing, and remind them that everything must fit on a single page. If they have responded completely to each of the prompts, it is fine to write less.

Sharing/Submission: You may want to collect students' one-pagers, have them share in small groups, or with the whole class. Since students were researching something of their own choosing, they might be eager to show what they found out.

Wrap Up (10 mins)

Review Cybersecurity Terms

Content Corner

These terms are pulled directly from the AP CSP Framework. Check out the mappings to the framework at the bottom of this lesson plan.

These statements can be used as the basis for question on the AP CSP Exam.

The annotations given here should provide enough depth for the kinds of responses expected of students.

Below is the list of cybersecurity terms that students were introduced to throughout this lesson.

We've annotated them with brief explanations that should come out during discussion.

Teaching Tip

If you are running out of time, assigning some of these terms for homework might be a good way to review and kick off the next day.

Implementing cybersecurity has software, hardware, and human components.

This is a theme for the whole lesson

Vulnerabilities in hardware and software can be compromised as part of an attack.

But, as mentioned in the video, a large percentage of cybersecurity vulnerabilities are human-related, such as choosing bad passwords, (unintentionally) installing viruses, or giving personal information away.

Sockets layer/transport layer security (SSL/TLS)

An encryption layer of HTTP. When you see the little lock icon and https it means that you are visiting a website over HTTP but the data going back and forth bewtween you and the server is encrypted.

SSL (secure sockets layer) and TLS (transport layer security) use public key cryptography to establish a secure connection.

Cyber warfare and cyber crime have widespread and potentially devastating effects.
This is especially true in the case of warfare which (fortunately) we have not experienced much of on a global scale. But using cyber attacks to cripple basic infrastructure (power, water) and communication could be devastating.

Distributed denial of service attacks (DDoS)

Typically a virus installed on many computers (thousands) activate at the same time and flood a target with traffic to the point the server becomes overwhelmed -- doing this can render web services like DNS, or routers, or certain websites useless and unresponsive.

Phishing scams

Typically a thief trying to trick you into sending them sensitive information. Typically these include emails about system updates asking you send your username and password, social security number or other things.

More sophisticated scams can make websites and email look very similar to the real thing.

Viruses / Antivirus software and firewalls

A virus is program that runs on a computer to do something the owner of the computer does not intend. Viruses can be used as a Bot Net to trigger a DDoS-style attack, or they can spy on your computer activity, such as capturing all the keystrokes you make at the computer, or websites you visit, etc.

Antivirus software usually keeps big lists of known viruses and scans your computer looking for the virus programs in order to get rid of them.

A "firewall" is simply software that runs on servers (often routers) that only allows traffic through according to some set of security rules.

Assessment

Rapid Research: Use the rubric provided with the Activity Guide to assess the one-pagers.

Video: These questions refer to ideas in the Cybercrime video.

What does the s in https refer to?

It's the plural of http - a more robust version of http that runs on multiple channels.

s is for "secure" - a version of http that is encrypted.

s is for "simple" - a simplified version of http that runs faster on modern computers

s is for "standard" - to distinguish the original http from non-standard versions like httpv and httpx

When someone tries to get you to give up personal information through email or a bogus website it is called a:

When someone attemps to compromise a target by flooding it with requests from multiple systems that is called a:

The vast majority of computer security failures are due to:

Software vulnerabilities

Hardware limitations

Human carelessness

Bot Nets

Computer Science Principles

6.2 - Characteristics of the Internet influence the systems built on it.

6.2.2 - Explain how the characteristics of the Internet influence the systems built on it. [P4]

6.2.2H - Standards for sharing information and communicating between browsers and servers on the Web include HTTP and secure sockets layer/transport layer security (SSL/TLS).

6.3 - Cybersecurity is an important concern for the Internet and the systems built on it.

6.3.1 - Identify existing cybersecurity concerns and potential options to address these issues with the Internet and the systems built on it. [P1]

6.3.1C - Implementing cybersecurity has software, hardware, and human components.

6.3.1D - Cyber warfare and cyber crime have widespread and potentially devastating effects.

6.3.1E - Distributed denial of service attacks (DDoS) compromise a target by flooding it with requests from multiple systems.

6.3.1F - Phishing, viruses, and other attacks have human and software components.

6.3.1G - Antivirus software and firewalls can help prevent unauthorized access to private data.

6.3.1H - Cryptography is essential to many models of cybersecurity.

7.3 - Computing has a global affect -- both beneficial and harmful -- on people and society.

7.3.1 - Analyze the beneficial and harmful effects of computing. [P4]

7.3.1G - Privacy and security concerns arise in the development and use of computational systems and artifacts.

CSTA K-12 Computer Science Standards (2017)

NI - Networks & the Internet

2-NI-05 - Explain how physical and digital security measures protect electronic information.

3A-NI-05 - Give examples to illustrate how sensitive data can be affected by malware and other attacks.

3B-NI-04 - Compare ways software developers protect devices and information from unauthorized access.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Students pick a type of cyber attack or cybercrime and do some "rapid research" to learn more about it. The lesson can be used to wrap up the unit or students may optionally complete the Practice PT in the following lesson before moving on to complete the Explore PT.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website.

If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Cryptography | Computer science theory | Computing | Khan Academy

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
How have humans protected their secret messages through history? What has changed today?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
1. Analyzing Circuits

In this activity students will build various series, parallel, and compound circuits using wire, batteries, switches, and resistors. Students will use a digital multimeter to measure current, voltage, and resistance at different points in each circuit. By adding in additional resistors students will experimentally determine the behavior of electricity in circuits. The students will record their measurements, draw circuit diagrams for each circuit, and make calculations using Ohm's Law (V=IR) and the electrical power equation (P=IV) to compare their experimental measurements to calculated values for each circuit. Further investigation of circuits can be made using online simulations (https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/circuit-construction-kit-dc) or by developing a simple computer program able to make electrical calculations.

Once the students have an understanding of circuits, they will research and write a report the application of circuits into the components and connectivity of motherboards. This work prepares students for assignment three in this unit.

2. Transistors and Computer Chips

Transistors are the building blocks of computer chips. In this activity students will expand upon their understanding of circuits by investigating the role of a transistor in moving from electric circuits to electronic systems capable of logical computations. Students will use a phototransistor and a breadboard to build a simple device capable of turning on a light-emitting diode (LED) in response to an input light (see Activity: Simple Light to Voltage Sensor for an example). After completing this investigation students will research Moore's Law. This will lead to a project where students investigate the design of various integrated circuits at different points in time. As part of this project students will focus on the critical role of heat generation as a design constraint in chip development. This heat is a form of entropy as energy is lost to the system. For each chip students will calculate the efficiency of the chip based upon its heat generation. As a final reflection students will make the connection between transistors and the development of the computer chip in shaping modern society.

3. Preparing a Single-board Computer

Students will build upon their knowledge of understanding of circuits, transistors, computer chips, and programming by preparing a single-board computer (SBC) and creating a program. This is a laboratory activity that should be completed by small groups of students. Students will search the Internet to find online resources for the SBC that they will be using. Using this information each team should:

1. Download the selected Operating System to the SBC boot medium.

2. Assemble the hardware including connection to the breadboard that will support various student electronic circuit projects. Students will observe basic power-on sequencing and interpret LED indicators.

3. Connect to the local area network (LAN).

4. Verify Internet connectivity

5. Install software development system

6. Verify setup by writing, compiling, and executing a simple program, such as "blinky" that will activate the student created electronic circuit on the breadboard.

Students will provide a source code listing of the program that they wrote. Students write a reflection or report that summarizes and explains the physics principles which allow the computer to work and informed their building of the computer.

4. System Hardening

Computer Systems are designed to work with a broad range of applications. This flexibility means that there are many configuration options and inevitably many possibilities for configurations and operational modes that increase the vulnerability of a computer to attack (attack surface). In addition, hackers actively attempt to discover and exploit weaknesses within the operating systems and application programs. Systems must be hardened to protect them from these types of attacks. Using the computer they built in assignment three, students will work in groups, using open source software to identify vulnerabilities in SBCs and take mitigation steps to harden these systems against the identified vulnerabilities. Students harden their systems while other students find vulnerabilities. Students should produce a table listing the vulnerabilities identified, the penetration testing tool that identified the vulnerability, the mitigation applied, and any additional observations. Though this assignment does not incorporate physics, it builds in essential knowledge used in the final unit project.

5. PIO Programing

In this assignment, the students will strengthen their understanding of current electricity by creating and coding an application program interface. The students will apply their knowledge of electric potential difference, electric current, electric resistance, circuit connections, and other related physics concepts to build and control an external breadboard circuit using the single-board computer (SBC) with programmed input/output (PIO) capabilities.

The students will build and code automated circuit connections using either series or parallel circuits and their knowledge of Ohm's Law. The students will use circuit symbols including battery, connecting wire, resistor, and switch to construct a schematics diagram of their circuit. In addition to the diagram, the students will turn in a schematic diagram detailing their choice of circuit and its effects upon the electrical quantities such as electric potential, resistance, and current. Sample activities could be:

6. Professional Community

In this activity, students will have an opportunity to communicate with professionals in the area or online community forums/discussions so they can learn from professionals in the related disciplines. An ideal professional community would be system administrator specialists who can further the students knowledge of the process of hardware, softwares, and network installations in the related career explorations and advising. Through these speakers, the students will get a glimpse of the teamwork necessary to work in a professional setting to develop a useful product. Students should complete a writing assignment at the end of each presentation to identify the key physics and cybersecurity concepts discussed as well as making connections to their real lives.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
1. Analyzing Circuits In this activity students will build various series, parallel, and compound circuits using wire, batteries, switches, and resistors. Students will use a digital multimeter to measure current, voltage, and resistance at different points in each circuit. By adding in additional resistors students will experimentally determine the behavior of electricity in circuits.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Can you spot when you're being phished? Identifying phishing can be harder than you think. Take the quiz to see how you do.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
So how do I protect my data?

We're already well on our way, but now it's time to actually take action. Get started today with one of the solutions below to better protect your data!

Create at least one Backup on #WorldBackupDay!

Go through the steps below and read how you can easily secure your files via backups and how you can improve the security per device and solution. March 31st is WorldBackupDay: the day to prevent data loss!

Online Backup Services

Keeping your backup in the cloud is a good and future-proof alternative to physical data storage, instead of an external hard drive or USB stick. An external hard drive or USB stick can be lost or damaged. The biggest advantage of storing files in the cloud is that they are available anytime, anywhere. In terms of security, you should always pay close attention to access and security with cloud backups.

Also check out: Best Backup Software!

Below we list the best-known parties where you can make a backup in the cloud. Many of the companies below also offer a few GB of free space online.

Cloud Backup
For full backups: Backblaze or iDrive

Cloud Storage For storing a smaller amount of photos or files:

MEGA - 20 GB Free

pCloud - 10 GB Free

Apple iCloud - 5 GB Free

OneDrive - 5 GB Free

Google Cloud - 15 GB Free
There are more services like this though, Google 'Best Smartphone Backup' and you'll see many top lists from different blogs and experts!

External Storage Backup

External Hard Disk Drives (HDD)

External hard drive backups are still quite popular. Please note that you do not use a good backup method if you then keep the physical backup at home or on the same PC. Safe storage of an external hard drive is important.

External hard drives are mainly used for data storage and PC backups. The biggest disadvantage of an external hard drive is that the hard drive can break down or get lost. Physical external hard drives are often not handled with care or they are collecting dust for too long. The biggest advantage is that the storage space only needs to be purchased once. It is also a nice addition to a cloud or online backup. Don't forget to update your physical hard drive every year.

An external hard drive is usually available at web shops that sell other electrical hardware. You can purchase external hard drives from e-commerce platforms such as Amazon.com and BestBuy.

External Solid State Drive: (SSD)

The advantage of an SSD Backup vs an HDD Backup is faster access to data by using memory chips rather than a physical spinning disk that's found in hard drives. : The speed difference between an SSD vs a hard drive is most apparent when copying and moving huge files. HDDs can copy 30 to 150 MB per second (MB/s), while standard SSDs perform the same action at speeds of 500 MB/s. (Source: Backblaze.com) Since SSDs don't contain moving parts, they're less prone to damage if you drop or bang your computer.

SSDs are usually available at web shops that sell other electrical hardware already mentioned above.

Computer Backup

Where you previously had freedom of choice regarding making a backup, and you could easily make multiple choices from the operating system on your computer. Now the PC operating systems are mainly promoting and integrating their own cloud services. However, there are still several options for making a backup. Before you go into business with a storage or backup service, you should only thoroughly familiarize yourself with the backup providers. This is partly due to the fact that you can no longer properly select these options from, for example, Windows itself.

Creating a Computer / PC Backup with Windows operating system

Make a backup of your PC on an external (and connected) hard drive via "Backup Settings".

Make a backup of your PC on OneDrive via "Settings for Backups".

Select a party specialized in Backups and have your PC made a backup via the service or application of the service.

Some commonly used PC Backup specialists: Backblaze, iDrive

Creating a Computer Backup with macOS operating system

Make a basic backup of your Mac on an external hard drive via Time Machine. Go to System Settings, search for Time Machine, and add the backup disk.
Back up some of your data to iCloud (subscription required).
For greater control over your backup setup, you can select a company that is specialized in backups and use their software.
A commonly used Mac Backup specialist: Carbon Copy Cloner.

Backup Smartphone

It often goes wrong here! Did you know that a backup with, for example, iPhone does not store your photos and documents? 9 out of 10 times these images are stored in your iCloud and therefore not on backups. (1*) So is your iCloud account stolen or hacked? Then you can still lose everything. In addition, these backups pushed from operating systems are often stored in the cloud storage of expensive services, there are cheaper alternatives!
How ​​do you solve this?
Super easy.. Use another cloud storage or backup party for backups of your crucial files. Various backup services provide additional security and safe distance from the original files.
If you seek additional backup services for smartphone backups.

MEGA - 20 GB Free

pCloud - 5 GB Free

Apple iCloud - 5 GB Free (If you want to differentiate from Android systems)

OneDrive - 5 GB Free

Google Cloud - 15 GB Free (If you want to differentiate from IoS systems)
There are more though, Google 'Best Smartphone Backup' and you'll see many top lists from different blogs and experts.

1. Source: - What does Apple Backup

Creating a NAS Backup

Backing up to a NAS is a good safe way to backup mainly for small businesses, Tech-Savvy PC users, and smart homes. NAS is an abbreviation for Network Attached Storage. A NAS Server is a kind of computer cabinet that can convert one or more hard drives into one wireless network storage via a wireless connection.

A NAS is usually available at Webshops that sell electrical products. You can purchase a NAS from web shops such as Amazon.com and BestBuy

Other Backup Methods

Obviously, there are more methods for making backups. Both online and offline. Actually, there are too many topics to deal with per device, but we will mention most of them here briefly:

Backup via USB stick
One of the old and still effective methods is to use a USB stick, this is an easy method. Insert the USB stick into the Computer or Laptop and drag the files you want to save on the USB stick to the correct folder.

Backup from a MAC
Go to System Preferences and then Time Machine and follow the instructions within the Time Machine application to backup your Mac.

Back up your Website
If you want to make a backup of your website, open the file manager via the web hosting company or via an FTP server. Copy all folders from the website to a folder on the hard disk or to a cloud storage provider.

Back up Whatsapp
Whatsapp can be backed up via the export functionality or via the backup function, these backups (outside the export) can only be saved with the operating system. So iCloud with iPhones and with Android to Google Drive.

Secure Encrypted Backup Solutions
When you have sensitive data you need to back up consider using data-encrypted backup solutions. The Whitehouse recently said the following regarding using data encrypted backup solutions:
"Back up your data, system images, and configurations, regularly test them, and keep the backups offline: Ensure that backups are regularly tested and that they are not connected to the business network, as many ransomware variants try to find and encrypt or delete accessible backups. Maintaining current backups offline is critical because if your network data is encrypted with ransomware, your organization can restore systems."
Take the pledge

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Be prepared against data loss and data theft. March 31st is the day to backup and better protect your data.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
How computers work - Google Arts & Culture

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Computers are arguably the most important invention for humankind since the development of agriculture 10,000 years ago. No other invention has changed the way humans work, play, and explore as dramatically as the computer. Find out about how they work on this tour.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Supersonic flight, electric aircraft propulsion and integrating unmanned aircraft into the national airspace system are some focuses for Armstrong, which is NASA's lead center for atmospheric research. Experience preparation for a flight in this virtual tour.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
NASA Armstrong's Go for Flight - Google Arts & Culture

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Welcome to NASA's Armstrong Flight Research Center located on Edwards Air Force Base in California. Armstrong has contributed for more than 70 years to the agency's space exploration, Earth and space science, and aeronautics missions.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
How Computers Work: Hardware and Software

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
AI Scholars inspires curious high school students globally by exposing them to the defining technology of our times: Artificial Intelligence. AI is already present everywhere: in our voice-activated devices, smartphone face recognition systems, and autonomous vehicles. The potential to apply this technology for good is limitless.

This online program - developed and taught exclusively by a team of alumni and graduate students from Stanford, MIT, and other top universities - provides guidance on initiating AI projects, pursuing AI ventures, and preparing for college.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Inspirit AI: AI Taught by Stanford/MIT Alum for High School

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Inpsirit AI Scholars is an artificial intelligence program for high school students, developed and taught by Stanford and MIT alumni and graduate students.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Computer Algorithms Inspired by Nature - Google Arts & Culture

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
There are More Than 250, but Let's Take a Closer Look at Some of Them

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
NOVA Online | Tales from the Hive | Anatomy of a Hive

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
OK Go Sandbox is an online resource for educators that uses OK Go's music videos as starting points for integrated guided inquiry challenges allowing students to explore various STEAM concepts.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Problem with Plastics & Recycling - Information is Beautiful

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Guess what % of plastics have ever been #recycled? No prizes :(Data on why recycling doesn't work - visualized.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Explore how global rising temperatures impact
the survival of different species and what this means
for us and the planet we call home.

This experiment is not supported on this platform
For a better experience, please view the experiment
on desktop resolution higher than 1024x768

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Explore how global rising temperatures impact the survival of different species and what this means for us and the planet we call home.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A Periodic table to view elements in 3D.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Lightest and Heaviest # Almost any list that comes out of a computer is sorted into some sort of order, and there are many more sorted lists inside computers that the user doesn’t see. Many clever algorithms have been devised for putting values into order efficiently.
In this activity students compare different algorithms to sort weights in order.
Activity description (PDF) # Instructions for Sorting Algorithms activity (English) Translations and other versions # Arabic language version Chinese language version French language version German language version Greek language version Hungarian language version Italian language version Polish language version Portuguese (Brazil) language version Slovenian Language Translation Turkish language version Videos # See our video page.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Simulating a Marine Ecosystem (2023) - Code.org

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Anyone can learn computer science. Make games, apps and art with code.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Lab-grown woolly mammoths could walk the Earth in six years if geneticist’s new start-up succeeds

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Tech entrepreneur Ben Lamm is helping fund a project by Harvard geneticist George Church to revive the woolly mammoth by genetically engineering Asian elephants.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
A new way to do digital chemical synthesis

Predict chemical reactions, retrosynthesis pathways, and experimental procedures. Train teachable AI models that can build intelligence in specific chemistry domains. Scale your analysis and model training while securing your data using features of the Discovery Platform. Execute chemical synthesis procedures in an autonomous laboratory.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The free AI Tool in the Cloud for Digital Chemistry.

# data[].attributes.body
Utilize Khan Academy’s computing courses to introduce or deepen students' understanding of computer science principles. Their interactive lessons and practice exercises are great for self-paced learning or classroom integration.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
This is a video recording of a talk-through, uploaded to make it easier to create subtitles. Please watch the original interactive talk-through on Khan Academy, where you can pause and edit the co...

# data[].attributes.body
Use computer simulations to deepen understanding of complex physics concepts like quantum mechanics or relativity. Many platforms offer interactive simulations that make abstract concepts more tangible and engaging for students.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Physics Simulations at The Physics Classroom

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
This collection of interactive simulations allow learners of Physics to explore core physics concepts by altering variables and observing the results. This section contains more than 70 simulations and the numbers continue to grow.

# data[].attributes.body
Show students how computer science and environmental science can intersect by analyzing large datasets to identify patterns in climate change or biodiversity. Utilize public datasets and free analysis software to bring real-world issues into the classroom.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
11 Best Climate Change Datasets for Data Science Projects | HackerNoon

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Data is a central piece of the climate change debate. With the climate change datasets on this list, many data scientists have created visualizations and models to measure and track the change in surface temperatures, sea ice levels, and more.

# data[].attributes.body
Teach students how algorithms can be used to solve scientific problems. Use simple algorithm design tasks related to topics in physics or chemistry, such as calculating reaction rates or modeling gravitational pulls.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Teaching computer science and coding to students can often be a difficult task - many of the concepts and skills involved can seem dauntingly complex at first glance. This is often the case for algorithms, which are an essential part of computer science - but which many students can easily get confused by if they aren't taught effectively. "Algorithms" is also one of those technical sorts of words that can cause panic just because of the associated difficulty with them.

Algorithms don't have to be a challenge, though - there are a number of ways to make them simple to understand for students of all ages. This guide will cover everything you need to know to successfully introduce your high-school students to the concept of algorithms and begin to explore how they relate to the wider topics of computer science, coding, and digital technology.

Try out Zenva Schools with your students for free! Contact our team via and we'll be in touch to set up your free access.

What Is an Algorithm?

In simple terms, algorithms are a series of ordered steps that are required to carry out a task, sort information, or solve a problem. In order for an algorithm to work, it needs to be structured correctly, with each step in the sequence placed in a logical order.

Algorithms are everywhere, not just in computer science. At their simplest level, algorithms can be understood as a series of instructions that enable us to carry out basic tasks and solve simple problems. For example, a recipe is essentially an algorithm for creating a specific type of food; and a morning routine is an algorithm for getting ready for work efficiently.

In terms of computer science, algorithms provide programs with rules and sequences to follow in order to take a specific course of action or solve a problem. They're a fundamental aspect of how many programs work, so any coding or computer science student should have a firm understanding of how they operate.

How Are Algorithms Used In Daily Life?

One of the best ways to help students understand how algorithms work is to introduce them to some of the algorithms they encounter on a daily basis. Algorithms are used in a variety of scenarios in order to complete a task efficiently or with the desired results - for example, the directions your students take to get to school can be considered an algorithm for getting there as fast as possible (unless you have a student who likes the scenic route).

Another example would be the recipe for baking a cake. If you don't complete the steps in the recipe in the right order, then you won't end up with a particularly good cake. Likewise, if an algorithm's steps aren't sequenced logically and correctly, then it will fail to carry out its intended purpose.

Algorithms are present in the technology your students use on a daily basis, too. For example, social media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, and TikTok use algorithms to decide which posts and content to show them based on who they follow, what their interests are, and their typical browsing habits.

Another example is Google. Google's search algorithm is used to sort search results for a particular term according to their relevance. While the primary factor is the search terms used, Google's algorithm also takes note of a wide range of other information to sort results, such as location and previous searches. These factors are used to provide further context to the algorithm, enabling it to pick out the most relevant results for each user.

Finally, another way to examine algorithms is by considering the rules and win/loss conditions that govern how games work. This works for both board games and video games.

For example, in chess, you could consider determining check and checkmate as an algorithm, as the player must examine all possible actions until they find one that gets their king out of danger, and if they can't then checkmate has been achieved. Video games, meanwhile, may use more complex algorithms to determine how AI opponents react to the player's actions.

Important Algorithm Concepts To Teach

As well as explaining how algorithms work on a basic level, it's important for high-school students to understand some of the broader concepts that underpin algorithmic functions. An important starting point is to explain linear algorithms - a simple form of an algorithm that uses a linear, step-by-step process to achieve a particular outcome.

Linear algorithms can be contrasted with branching. Algorithms that incorporate branching can take multiple different actions and operate on multiple potential sequences depending on a specific set of conditions and the information they're provided with. For branching algorithms, it can be helpful to use flowcharts to represent the different pathways and the conditions which trigger them.

Branching algorithms link to two other important algorithmic concepts: conditional statements and loops.

A conditional statement is a step in the algorithm's sequence that is dependent on certain requirements being met, and they are therefore one of the main drivers of a branching algorithm. For example, a streaming website might ask you for your age when you log on. An algorithm could then use a conditional statement to decide whether you're old enough to access age-restricted content and change what content you're shown as a result.

Loops, meanwhile, are an action or group of actions that are repeated by an algorithm until a conditional statement returns a different result. A practical example is boiling a kettle - the kettle keeps boiling water until the water is boiling hot, then turns off. The conditional statement required to end a loop and progress the sequence of an algorithm is known as the exit condition.

By learning about branches, conditional statements, and loops, your students can gain a firmer understanding of how algorithms perform highly complex functions that rely on a variety of different conditions being met.

Exercises For Teaching Algorithms

One of the best ways to teach algorithms to high school students without overwhelming them with complex theoretical concepts is to explain different aspects of algorithms through practical activities. These don't necessarily need to be coding activities - there are many exercises you can run with your class that don't even need a computer, meaning that the less technically experienced students in your class can still get to grips with algorithms easily.

For example, a simple way of explaining algorithms as a series of instructions is to run an art-based activity. Get students into pairs, then provide one student in each pair with a drawing that they must describe to their partner, who then draws it themselves. Compare the drawings they produce with the original image to see how close they get.

Then, read out a specific set of instructions to the entire class that clearly explains how to draw an object. With any luck, the clear set of instructions will result in more accurate drawings than the first time around. This can then be linked to algorithms by explaining how taking the proper sequence of clear instructions is vital to producing the desired result with an algorithm.

Another option for explaining sequencing within algorithms is to run a water measuring challenge, tasking students to measure a certain volume of water with a series of smaller containers. They should develop a methodology to measure the water as efficiently as possible, which can then be linked to the way that algorithms can be used to sort information efficiently through proper sequencing.

To explain branching algorithms, one effective and engaging activity is to task your students with creating a choose-your-own-adventure story using a flowchart. This story should have multiple pathways depending on the choices made. The exercise is a fun way of explaining branching and conditional statements, as well as demonstrating how flowcharts can be used to map out algorithms to make them easier to plan and design.

Finally, for a more technical activity, your class can take on a robot programming challenge - either with real robots, a simple game or program, or even by having your students act as the "robots" themselves. Tasking your class with programming their robot to navigate an obstacle course through a clear set of instructions is another way of demonstrating how sequencing works within algorithms.

Resources For Teaching Algorithms

In addition to the exercises above, it can be helpful to look online for resources that can help you to effectively teach your high school students about algorithms, The following are some great examples of online courses, resources, and tools to use in your lessons.

Zenva Schools

Zenva Schools is an online learning platform dedicated to teaching coding in schools. It features a varied library of project-based coding and computer science lessons and courses made by industry professionals, including various modules that teach students about algorithms with coding itself.

Since Zenva Schools focuses on practical learning through projects spanning web design, game design, app coding, and more, it keeps lessons fun and engaging for students. In addition, it features in-browser coding and on-demand video, meaning that students can access Zenva's resources even when they aren't in the classroom.

Zenva Schools also functions as a learning management platform for teachers, enabling them to track students' progress through different courses. Thanks to all of these features, Zenva Schools is not only a great tool for teaching high school students about algorithms, but it's also extremely helpful for teaching wider coding and computer science subjects as well.

Scratch is a fun and intuitive block-based coding platform which is highly popular as an educational tool in schools. Since it uses block-based coding rather than a text-based programming language, it's much easier for beginners to use, so it's a great way to introduce students to new concepts without needing too much technical experience.

There are a variety of lesson plans available as part of Scratch's library of teaching resources as well as from other teachers and education websites, many of which offer fun and engaging ways of using the platform to teach algorithms. As an example, Scratch could be used in place of an actual robot for the robot-programming exercise outlined above.

Essentially, Scratch provides an easy-to-use platform for practical coding exercises, meaning it's an ideal option for when your students are ready to start creating their first algorithms.

Hour Of Code

Hour of Code is a library of roughly one-hour-long coding activities covering a variety of subjects, including algorithms. Most of the lessons on offer focus on using game or app design as a means of explaining different coding concepts to students, meaning it can be a fun way to keep students engaged while they learn about algorithms.

The Hour of Code activity library contains exercises designed for a wide range of ages and experience levels, so you should be able to find suitable activities centered on algorithms no matter the needs of your class.

CS Unplugged

CS Unplugged is a site dedicated to giving teachers the resources to teach computer science without the need for students to have any previous coding experience. It does this by providing lesson plans and activities that don't require a computer, instead focusing on practical, physical activities.

CS Unplugged has an extensive library of resources for different computer science subjects, including a variety of exercises and lesson plans designed to teach students about algorithms. As such, it can be a great place to start if you want to introduce your students to algorithms without needing to explain the coding technicalities first.

Conclusion

Algorithms are a vital subject to cover when teaching coding or computer science, as they form the backbone of many programs and technologies that we use in everyday life. As such, it's important that teachers have the right approaches and resources to teach students about algorithms effectively.

Using the information and resources from this guide should make algorithms a much easier subject to handle for high-school teachers. Whether you opt for some of the practical exercises listed above or rely on ready-made courses and lessons from the likes of Zenva Schools and other online learning sites, these resources will enable you to explain algorithms to your class with ease.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Teaching Algorithms for High School Students

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Teaching computer science and coding to students can often be a difficult task - many of the concepts and skills involved can seem dauntingly complex at first glance.

# data[].attributes.body
Start with basics of coding using platforms like Scratch or Code.org. Introducing students to coding through visual programming languages can help demystify the subject and make it accessible. Perfect for biology classes where you can simulate ecosystems or genetic principles.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Scratch is a free programming language and online community where you can create your own interactive stories, games, and animations.

# data[].attributes.body
Engage students in coding through Tynker, a platform designed to teach coding and computational thinking through interactive projects and games. Ideal for integrating into any science subject to enhance learning and problem-solving skills.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Over 5,000 Award-Winning Lessons

Tynker empowers over 100 million students and serves over 150,000 schools worldwide.

Mod Minecraft

Make your own skins and experience basic Minecraft modding with Tynker.

Learn Python

Learn to code browser-based games using Python, pen drawing and Turtle graphics.

Explore AI

In this exciting elective course, you'll explore artificial intelligence and machine learning - with JavaScript.

Empower the Next Generation with Tynker -
Unleash Creativity and Innovation in Kids Everywhere

Approved by Educators.
Loved by Kids

Story Based Lessons

Kids learn with block-based coding before transitioning to text-based languages like JavaScript and Python.

Built-in Tutorials

Tynker's interactive lessons break down coding fundamentals as they solve fun puzzles.

Interactive Assessments

Quick practice quizzes and assessment tests evaluate's a child's comprehension of subjects taught.

Explore Curriculum

Why Should Kids
Learn to Code with Tynker?

Because technology is so integrated into virtually every aspect of our lives, learning about it is more important than ever. Our coding platform makes it convenient and fun for kids and teens to gain knowledge that will serve them well throughout their lives. You can count on our trusted methods to help them develop and grow their capabilities with computers.

Tynker isn't just for schools and coding camps, though. Parents who value STEM education and want their children to know how to code should know that our kids programming platform can be used at home, too. Tynker offers a range of coding for kids solutions with icon-coding for pre-readers, block-based coding, and advanced courses in Python, JavaScript, data science, art, and image processing. There are quarterly, yearly and lifetime plans which include access for up to 3 children, and our online classes for all ages are an excellent way for them to gain the supplemental STEM skills needed for their future.

Trusted by Leading Brands

Our methods for learning to code all are provided within a safe, moderated community that is built around encouraging students to gain confidence in their abilities and do so without fear of failure.

Frequently asked questions

Is coding good for kids?

We're living during a high-tech revolution, witnessing life-changing advancements in medicine, environmental conservation, and much more. At the core of all these amazing projects and discoveries is CODE. Code can be the thing that differentiates your child from peers and allows them to stand out as an asset for companies when they are looking for employment. The children who learn to code today will become the creators of the technology tomorrow. Learning how to code can help children make a major contribution to the world that they live in and make a lasting impact.

As kids and teens learn to code, they also build essential skills like critical thinking, logic, and problem-solving. They learn to logically sequence events, create playable games, tell good stories, and model real situations. They also learn computational thinking by developing algorithmic and design thinking abilities. Coding for kids has become an essential element of a child's education and an excellent way to express their creativity and imagination.

How do I start my child coding?

Coding, otherwise known as programming, is a creative activity for all children. Your child might not care about writing data processing algorithms, but they might enjoy creating games, programming music, designing websites, or just playing with code. Learning to code is for everyone; you don't have to be good at math or a "techie" to learn how to code. Kids as young as five can learn to code and pick it up faster than most adults.

When your kids are starting, pick a program like MIT's Scratch or Tynker Junior app. The visual style of these programs makes it easy for young children to learn to code. Scratch and Tynker have a graphical interface that works. Drag-and-drop code blocks snap together. Pieces of code that don\'t make computational sense won't fit together, making syntax errors impossible.

Older children can learn to code with Python by building games, art, music, and more. Some programs like Tynker offer a placement test to set your child on the right track for their age and experience level.

What age is best to introduce coding to kids?

Every child learns at their own pace. They can learn different subjects at varying rates and ways. Experts believe that children should learn coding at an early age. According to MIT, the best age for kids to start learning coding languages such as Scratch Jr or Tynker Jr is from 5 to 7. Many programs allow your children to progress at their own pace or hire an instructor to help them move along.

With Tynker, a placement test will place your child on the correct path based on age and skill level, and Tynker supports children up to age 18 with real-world text languages like Python and JavaScript. Children progress to more difficult coding courses with the support of interactive tutorials and video instructions at their own pace.

Which is the best coding for kids program?

With so many great services available, learning to code has never been easier! For example, Scratch and Tynker provide innovative visual coding languages that make coding fun. Coding is a great way to broaden your child's worldview and develop their creativity, critical thinking, and problem-solving skills. Here are a few coding for kids options to review:

Game-based learning -Game-based platforms such as Tynker and the challenges on Code.org motivate kids to use code to complete game levels.

Independent learning with Scratch -Scratch from MIT is a great way of getting started with code. Although they don't have courses, there's a vibrant community to learn from.

Online courses-Enroll in a Python or JavaScript course on Codecademy or Tynker or learn to code with Processing on Khan Academy. Tynker offers advanced courses like Processing 1, using p5.js to introduce the foundational concepts of art and computer science.

Build an app-Learn to build your own iOS app using Swift. Install the Swift Playgrounds app by Apple.

Use a book-Learn by following along with books like Mission Python, Super Scratch Programming Adventure, or Coding with Minecraft. Tynker has a series of super-informative coding activity books, including Code These Games, Code These Minecraft Mods, and Code This Art.

Why is coding needed?

Coding is the method of giving a computer instructions to perform a specific task. You may also hear coding referred to as software programming or computer programming. These instructions are communicated using a language that computers can understand, like visual blocks, JavaScript and Python.

Coding for kids lays the groundwork for our world's technology, from microprocessors in everyday items like refrigerators and water heaters to sophisticated programs that run our cars and buildings. Learning to code is a great opportunity for children of all ages to develop their problem-solving and critical thinking skills, while building the necessary focus and organization to see projects through to completion.

Coding usually begins with drag-and-drop visual programming in which children connect blocks together to make programs. Visual programming teaches the fundamental concepts without typing or syntax by placing the focus on the logic behind the code. Once they've learned the basics, children can transition to real-world programming languages like Python, JavaScript, and C.

From online coding courses and games to offline learning, from in-person coding instruction to live online tutoring, there are endless coding resources available. The best coding platforms and programs like Scratch, Code.org and Tynker give children of all ages and experience levels the ability to code while making the process fun and engaging.

Why should we use Tynker coding for kids?

Tynker is the world's number one coding platform for children ages 5 to 18 for a reason-it works! Tynker powers the creativity of over 100 million students and serves thousands of schools and educators worldwide.

Tynker's award-winning, gamified courses and coding for kids activities encourage kids to complete projects as they have fun, allowing them to progress from novices to experts using languages like Python. Tynker's interactive lessons have built-in tutorials for all ages and skill levels. Our highly-rated mobile app (4.7 stars) lets students take Tynker on the go. Learning how to code with Tynker unlocks and empowers children's creativity, teaching them life-long skills they can use today and into the future.

How do I teach my 7 year old code?

Learning to code is for everyone; you don't have to be good at math or a "techie" to learn how to code. Kids as young as five can learn to code and pick it up faster than most adults. Tynker Junior is a fun, interactive way to spark your kid's interest in coding. Kids (ages 5-7) learn coding basics by connecting picture blocks to move their characters. Tynker's immersive game-like coding courses and interactive lessons with built-in tutorials are perfect for beginners 5+ through experts 18+.

What options are there for coding for teens?

Code.org has a year-long course in Computer Science Principles that introduces students to the foundational concepts of computer science and challenges them to explore how computing and technology can impact the world.

Tynker has coding for kids courses that align with subject standards like CCSS-ELA, CCSS-Math, NGSS and CS standards such as CSTA, ISTE, CA CS, UK National Curriculum, and several state-level standards like TEKS.

Tynker is recognized by College Board as an endorsed curriculum provider for AP Computer Science Principles and AP Computer Science A.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Coding For Kids, Kids Online Coding Classes & Games | Tynker

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Tynker makes it fun and easy to learn computer programming. Get started today with Tynker's easy-to-learn, visual programming course designed for young learners in 4th through 8th grades.

# data[].attributes.body
Incorporate PhET Interactive Simulations into your teaching to explain various science topics through engaging online simulations. Covers a wide range of subjects from physics to chemistry.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Over 1.1 billion simulations delivered

160interactive simulations

97language translations

3001teacher-submitted lessons

Founded in 2002 by Nobel Laureate Carl Wieman, the PhET Interactive Simulations project at the University of Colorado Boulder creates free interactive math and science simulations. PhET sims are based on extensive education research and engage students through an intuitive, game-like environment where students learn through exploration and discovery.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Founded in 2002 by Nobel Laureate Carl Wieman, the PhET Interactive Simulations project at the University of Colorado Boulder creates free interactive math and science simulations. PhET sims are based on extensive education research and engage students through an intuitive, game-like environment where students learn through exploration and discovery.

# data[].attributes.body
Integrate computer science and earth sciences by having students develop their own weather forecasting app. This project can introduce them to APIs, databases, and the basics of web development, while learning about meteorology.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Every developer has their own ideas as to the best way to create top-notch iOS apps. Some developers take advantage of Auto-Layout, some like to create all of their graphics in code, and some developers even like to code in Vim!

With the recent release of iOS 7 and Xcode 5, I thought it would be a great time to provide a case study using a unique set of approaches and tools to create a basic weather app; you can look upon these as my recommended iOS 7 best practices. The first stepping-stone to iOS development used to be building a Todo List app. However, as iOS has matured new iOS developers are expected to be proficient in modern techniques such as data management and consuming web requests.

In this 2-part tutorial series, you'll explore how to create your own apps using the following tools and techniques:

This tutorial is designed for intermediate-level developers who know the basics, but haven't moved into too many advanced topics. This tutorial is also a great start for anyone wanting to explore Functional Programming in Objective-C.

Getting Started

Fire up Xcode and go to File\New\Project. Select Application\Empty Application. Name your project SimpleWeather, click Next, select a directory to save your project, and then click Create.

You now have your base project set up. The next step is to set up your third-party tools - but first make sure you close Xcode so it won't interfere with the next steps.

Cocoapods

You'll be using Cocoapods to take care of downloading the code, adding files to your Xcode project, and configuring any project settings that those projects require. Let's first cover what projects you'll be using.

Mantle is a project by the Github team that helps remove all of the boilerplate code that Objective-C requires to turn JSON data into NSObject subclasses. Mantle also does value transformation, which is a fancy way to turn JSON primitive values (strings, ints, floats) into complex values like NSDate, NSURL, or even custom classes.
LBBlurredImage
LBBlurredImage is a simple project that extends UIImageView and makes blurring images a breeze. You'll be creating a fancy blur with just a single line of code. If you're interested in seeing how the blur works, check out the source code.
TSMessages
TSMessages is another wonderfully simple library that takes care of displaying overlay alerts and notifications. When presenting error messages that don't directly impact the user, it's better to present an overlay instead of a modal view (like UIAlertView) so that you irritate the user as little as possible.

You'll use TSMessages when a network connection is lost or the API encounters some other error. If something were to go wrong, you'd see an overlay like the one below:
ReactiveCocoa
The last library you'll use is ReactiveCocoa, also made by the Github team. ReactiveCocoa brings functional programming to Objective-C by following patterns introduced by Reactive Extensions in .NET. You'll be spending a good portion of your time in Part 2 implementing ReactiveCocoa.

Setting Up Your Cocoapods Libraries

To set up your Cocoapods libraries, first ensure that you have Cocoapods installed. To do that, open the Terminal application, type the following, and hit Enter.

which pod

You should see something similar to the following output:

/usr/bin/pod

Depending on how you manage your Ruby gems, for instance if you use rbenv or RVM, then your path may differ.

If the terminal simply returns to the prompt, or states pod not found, Cocoapods isn't installed on your machine; check out our tutorial on Cocoapods for installation instructions. It's also a great resource if you just want to learn more about Cocoapods.

Podfiles are used to tell Cocoapods which Pods, or open-source projects, to import.

To create your first Cocoapod, first use the cd command in Terminal to navigate to the the folder where you saved your Xcode project. Launch the Pico editor by entering the pico command in Terminal.

Once pico has opened, paste in the following lines:

platform :ios, '7.0'

pod 'Mantle'
pod 'LBBlurredImage'
pod 'TSMessages'
pod 'ReactiveCocoa'

This file does two things:

It tells Cocoapods which platform and which version you're targeting. Here you're targeting iOS 7.0.

It gives Cocoapods a list of all the projects you want to import and set up.

To save your file, press Control-O, name the file Podfile and hit Enter. Now press Control-X to exit Pico.

To install the four Pods noted in your Podfile, type the following into Terminal and hit Enter.

pod install

Be patient - it could take a minute or two for pod to finish installing the various packages. Your Terminal output should look like the following:

You should see output like this:

$ pod install
Analyzing dependencies

CocoaPods 0.28.0 is available.

Downloading dependencies
Installing HexColors (2.2.1)
Installing LBBlurredImage (0.1.0)
Installing Mantle (1.3.1)

Installing ReactiveCocoa (2.1.7)
Installing TSMessages (0.9.4)
Generating Pods project
Integrating client project

[!] From now on use `SimpleWeather.xcworkspace`.

Cocoapods will create a bunch of new files in your project directory; however, the only one that you'll be concerned about is SimpleWeather.xcworkspace.

Open SimpleWeather.xcworkspace in Xcode. Take a look at your project setup; there's now a Pods project in the workspace, as well as folders for each of the libraries you imported in the Pods folder, like so:

Make sure you have the SimpleWeather project selected, as shown below:

Build and run your app to make sure everything is working properly:

It doesn't look like much right now, but you'll add some content shortly.

Note: You might notice a few projects have build warnings. Projects imported with Cocoapods are made by many different developers, and different developers have different tolerances for build warnings. Most of the time you should be able to ignore them. Just make sure there are no compiler errors!

Creating Your Main View Controller

Although the app looks complex, it will be powered by a single view controller. You'll add that now.

With the SimpleWeather project selected, click File\New\File and select Cocoa Touch\Objective-C class. Name your class WXController and make it a subclass of UIViewController.

Make sure that both Targeted for iPad and With XIB for user interface are both unchecked, as shown below:

Open WXController.m and replace the boilerplate -viewDidLoad method with the following:

- (void)viewDidLoad {
    [super viewDidLoad];

    // Remove this later
    self.view.backgroundColor = [UIColor redColor];
}

Now open AppDelegate.m and import the following two classes:

#import "WXController.h"
#import <TSMessage.h>

Sharp-eyed readers will note that WXController is imported with quotes, while TSMessage is imported with angle brackets. What gives?

Look back to when you created the Podfile; you imported TSMessage with Cocoapods. Cocoapods created the TSMessage Pod project and added it to your workspace. Since you're importing from other projects in the workspace, you use angle brackets instead of quotes.

Replace the contents of -application:didFinishLaunchingWithOptions: with:

- (BOOL)application:(UIApplication *)application didFinishLaunchingWithOptions:(NSDictionary *)launchOptions {
    self.window = [[UIWindow alloc] initWithFrame:[[UIScreen mainScreen] bounds]];
    // 1
    self.window.rootViewController = [[WXController alloc] init];
    self.window.backgroundColor = [UIColor whiteColor];
    [self.window makeKeyAndVisible];
    // 2
    [TSMessage setDefaultViewController: self.window.rootViewController];
    return YES;
}

Walking through the numbered comments, you'll see the following:

1. Initialize and set the WXController instance as the application's root view controller. Usually this controller is a UINavigationController or UITabBarController, but in this case you're using a single instance of WXController.

2. Set the default view controller to display your TSMessages. By doing this, you won't need to manually specify which controller to use to display alerts.

Build and run to see your new view controller in action:

The status bar is a little difficult to read against the red background. Fortunately, there's an easy way to make the status bar a lot more legible.

There's a new API in UIViewController in iOS 7 to control the appearance of the status bar. Open WXController and add the following code directly below -viewDidLoad:

- (UIStatusBarStyle)preferredStatusBarStyle {
    return UIStatusBarStyleLightContent;
}

Build and run again and you'll see the following change to the status bar:

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
iOS 7 Best Practices; A Weather App Case Study: Part 1/2

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Learn various iOS 7 best practices in this 2-part tutorial series. You'll master the theory and then practice by making a functional, beautiful weather app.

# data[].attributes.body
Introduce robotics by having students build and program simple robots that can simulate behaviors of living organisms. This can be linked with biology to explore concepts of motion, sensorimotor functions, and artificial intelligence.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Here are the top 100 robotics projects that students should try at least once in their lifetime

With the help of robotics, human efforts to perform complex tasks have become easier and more precise. Robotics is extremely fun to stream and equally interesting to learn. An aspiring robotics professional must be highly passionate to learn and be actively involved in various problem-solving environments with robust skills in presentation, research, communication, and detailed knowledge of programming languages, as well as physical engineering. Robotics is a multidisciplinary technology that combines mechanical, electrical, computer science, and many other fields together. Improving programming and innovation is helping robots to discover their way into various fields, which are excessively risky, dull, or unimaginable for humans to accomplish. Robotics has advanced drastically in the 20th and 21st centuries. Because of this, job opportunities in this field had also increased rapidly. At present, there are few varieties of robots available like serial type, parallel type, walking type and mobile type robots. The parts of the robotics mainly comprise a power supply, controllers, grippers, manipulators and end effectors. When we think about a robot, the primary factor that strikes our mind is that imitates somebody. However, in real terms, there's no actual definition of a robot. But there are some basic characteristics that a robot ought to have like intelligence, sensing, energy, and movement, etc. Some robots do work by themselves to perform particular tasks. But, alternative robots need help from human beings. As a result, these robots are dependent. Robotics has come up hugely. It's not just something to meddle with now. A dedicated stream of engineering has come up in several engineering colleges. College events, Robotic festivals, and competitions see a very large interest from robot enthusiasts. Analytics Insight presents the list of top 100 robotics project ideas for engineering students to try in 2022. How many have you tried?

Top 100 Robotics Projects for Engineering Students

1. 3D Printed Robot

It so happens that 3D printing is a wonderful application for the discipline of robotics. It provides designers with the freedom to add new functionality to their creations. That, and end-users can customize a robot for their specific needs. With robotics and 3D printing combined, people are pushing the boundaries of possibility every day. Therefore, 3D Printed robot would be the best project to make in your final year to make an everlasting impact.

2. Stair Climber Robot

Robots have widely been used for a wide number of tasks. But a very promising use of robotics lies in goods transport. Most robots use either a wheeled or a tracked mechanism for mobility. While wheeled mechanisms offer impressive speed and a significant advantage in steering, this often proves to be difficult to use in off-road conditions and for climbing over obstacles.

3. Robotic Arm Controlled by Touch Screen Display

The project proposes a touch screen operated robotic vehicle that is operated remotely. The touch screen remote is used as the transmitter to send RF control signals. The robotic vehicle consists of receivers used to capture those signals and perform required tasks. The project uses an 8051 microcontroller for this purpose. The touch screen device is used as the transmitter to send movement commands to the robotic vehicle. The receiver on the vehicle receives those commands and operates the vehicle using an 8051 microcontroller.

4. Line Follower Robot

A line follower is a simple robot that follows a thick line drawn on the floor using infrared (IR) or other optical sensors. This line follower robot uses two motors with wheels on the rear and a castor wheel as support on the front. Line follower robot is one of the best robotic projects to try especially, for the final year engineering students who want to make an everlasting impression.

5. Solar Floor Cleaner Robot

A solar-based floor cleaner robot helps to clean outdoor spaces, terraces, open restaurants, large campuses, etc. You can prepare a robot to help cleaners clean large open spaces without any physical effort and without the need to charge the robot. Students can use the RF remote to control the robot and send movement commands. Solar floor cleaner robot is a must-try robotic project for engineering students.

6. Metal Detector Robotic Vehicle

The system works in conjunction with an 8051 series microcontroller to achieve this operation. The pushbuttons are used to send commands to move the vehicle forward, backward, left, and right. Two motors at the receiving end operate the vehicle as per the commands received. As soon as a command is sent it gets transmitted through the RF transmitter. At the receiving end, an rf receiver reads the command and passes it to an 8051 microcontroller for processing. The microcontroller then operates the motors to move the vehicle through a motor driver IC. The metal detection system attached to the system detects any metal underneath it. On detection, it automatically sends on a small buzzing alarm to notify the user about it. Thus the metal detection system coupled with a robotic vehicle allows for operating the robotic vehicle on a 200-meter radius remotely through RF technology.

7. Pick and Place Robotic Vehicle

A pick and place robot is the one that is used to pick up an object and place it in the desired location. It can be a cylindrical robot providing movement in horizontal, vertical, and rotational axes, a spherical robot providing two rotational and one linear movement, an articulated robot, or a scary robot (fixed robots with 3 vertical axes rotary arms). The basic function of a pick and place robot is done by its joints. Joints are analogous to human joints and are used to join the two consecutive rigid bodies in the robot. They can be rotary joints or linear joints. To add a joint to any link of a robot, we need to know about the degrees of freedom and degrees of movement for that body part. Degrees of freedom implement the linear and rotational movement of the body and Degrees of movement imply the number of axes the body can move.

8. Mobile Autonomous Robot

The proposed system is capable of detecting obstacles at various ranges. This was inspired by a visual looming algorithm and was achieved by defining the minimum number of pixels within the code while measuring the distance between the camera and the obstacle. The proposed system was implemented on a Raspberry Pi using a USB webcam to capture images. The proposed system will incorporate a USB camera which will be connected to a Raspberry Pi. Raspberry Pi will be running a python script that will grab images in the video while looking for a geometrical shape i.e. circles. If the circle is detected then based on the location of the circle on the screen, the script will pull up or down the GPIO port pins that will be used to control the direction of the robot.

9. Chess Playing Robot

This project integrates aspects of robotics, computer vision, and of course chess. And don't worry! It's very easy to set up, the code is written in Python and every step of the project is explained in this tutorial series, so it's perfect for those who don't have much experience in the field. It uses a camera and a visual recognition system running on a Raspberry Pi to detect the movements of chess pieces in the game. It uses Stockfish as a chess engine to validate the human player's moves and decide which move the robot will make, then it uses all this information to transcribe the game in a graphical user interface that shows the game state and allows you to configure all the aspects of it, for example, at the start of the game it allows you to calibrate the camera and choose which color you would like to play with. It does not require any special chess board or pieces; in fact, the GUI allows you to enter the dimensions of your board so you can play without making any changes to the code or having to make a custom board.

10. Cleaning Robot

This allows for automatic cleaning of a particular area or room by covering the area using border analysis. The robotic system follows a zigzag path to cover the entire room. The system uses ultrasonic sensors for boundary sensing and operates accordingly in order to cover the entire room. The system also has a vacuum suction cleaner attached to its back for dust suction. It also displays the time utilized for a complete cleaning session and displays it on an LCD display post the cleaning process. The system uses a microcontroller-based circuit system in order to monitor ultrasonic sensors as well as operate LCD displays and control robot movement at the same time. The system detects one corner of the room and starts from there, it then activates the vacuum cleaner motor in order to start the suction system.

11. Obstacle Avoiding Robot

An obstacle-avoiding robot is a fully autonomous robot that is able to avoid any obstacle which it faces when it moves. Simply, when it meets an obstacle while it is moving forward, automatically stops moving forward and makes a step back. Then it looks its two sides left & right and starts to move the best possible way; which means either in the left direction if there is another obstacle in the right or in the right direction if there is another obstacle in the left side. The obstacle avoiding robots is very helpful and it is the base of many large projects such as Automatic cars, robots used in Manufacturing factories, even in robots used in spacecraft.

12. GreenHouse Managing Robot

This is one of the important projects amongst various agriculture projects for engineering students. This project consists of temperature, humidity monitoring & controlling, and light monitoring. This unit is installed on a Robot that moves through the greenhouse on a predefined track. This High technology farming project will consist of three basic modules. First is "Parameters Monitoring" second is "Parameters Controlling" and third is the automatic movement of Robot on a predefined path. A display unit will show the values of parameters like Temperature and Light. This will help the person to know the values, for this purpose we are going to use various sensors, which will be connected to ADC.

13. Automatic Wall Painting Robot

In this project, the screw rod arrangement has the main role in the working of the model. A table is mounted on the frame such that it can be moved front and back with the help of a bearing set up at the four corners of the table. A dc motor is mounted on one end of the upper frame and the shaft of the motor is coupled with the screw rod. When the motor is operated the table moves in the x-direction and the same setup is made separately for z-direction also. Here the die is kept for the purpose of holding the workpiece. A u-slot sensor is kept at the end of the frame so that the rotation can be calculated. By this, the distance of the movement of the table can be determined. Proximity sensors are kept at both ends of the table setup. Totally four proximity sensors are used in the model to make it an automatic machine. The total setup is constructed on a single frame.

14. Intelligent Combat Robot

The combat robot can be designed to tackle cruel terror attacks. This robot is radio-operated, self-powered, and has all the controls like a normal car. A wireless camera has been installed on it so that it can monitor enemies remotely when required. It can silently enter into enemy areas and send us all the information through its tiny Camera eyes. This spy robot can be used in star hotels, shopping malls, jewelry showrooms, etc where there can be threats from intruders or terrorists. Since human life is always precious, these robots are the replacement of fighters against terrorists in war areas.

15. Autonomous Underwater Robot

Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) are robotic submarines that are a part of the emerging field of autonomous and unmanned vehicles. This project shows the design implementation of an AUV as a testbed platform for a variety of research in underwater technologies especially involving small-scale, surface water, and low-cost underwater robots. The AUV prototype has been developed by SolidWorks. It will have a fixed mechanical system and body, having a modular electronic system that allows the development of various controllers. The controller and motors have been tested in small-scale surface water and the result is encouraging.

16. Robotic Arm

The programmable robotic arm finds extensive applications in its use in extreme conditions like space missions or underwater expeditions. It is also used in nuclear power plants and in toxic atmospheres where human surveillance is difficult. There are numerous types of robotic arms used in industries but going to give you details on a basic prototype. The movement of parts is done by servo motor, which can rotate approximately up to 190 degrees. The whole circuit is powered by a 12-volt adapter and an Arduino Nano is used as the controlling unit. The servo motor for the robotic arm is controlled by android mobile. The communication between mobile phone and servo robot arm is done by Bluetooth module HC-05.

17. Biped Walking Robot

The robot replicates the walking style of a human, particularly walking upright. The robot is built with lightweight Aluminium sheets which act as the structural members and also house the servos. Controllers using EyeBot produce intelligent commands to the servos for walking and kicking. The robot is controlled in an open-loop utilizing the lateral balancing feature for maintaining walking and kicking. This work enables one to realize an insight into the design and development of a mechatronic system using the concept of synergetic unison of electronics, mechanical, and computation engineering fields.

18. Sensor Guided Robotics

The aim of the project is to design a robot system for joining ship sections in the final stage when ship sections are to be assembled together in a dry dock. Due to a high degree of manual work involved in the assembly procedure of the ship, the project addresses both productivity and quality issues. In addition, many welding operations are done in closed areas and the improvement of working conditions is of great importance as well. An important part of the project is to develop control algorithms for seam tracking during welding. The aim is to be able to cope with tolerances in the joints after manual set-up and tack welding of the structure.

19. Hexapod

Hexapod is a biomimetic, six-legged robot, which emulates insect locomotion. The robot is a fully mobile Hexapod capable of multi-directional walking and self-balancing. The hexapod robot is a mechanical vehicle that walks on six legs. Since a robot can be statically stable on three or more legs, the hexapod robot has a great deal of flexibility in how it can move. The robot has six legs, each consisting of three servo motors, for a total of eighteen. Mounting the other components onto this frame is not a trivial task. Most works went into mounting these components to allow for (a) robustness, (b) ease of replacement, and (c) neat design.

20. Swarm Robotics

Swarm robotics is the implementation of Swarm intelligence. Swarm Intelligence (SI) is an artificial intelligence technique based around the study of collective behaviour in decentralized, self-organized systems. Swarm robotics is a new approach to the coordination of multi-robot systems which consist of large numbers of mostly simple physical robots. It is supposed that a desired collective behaviour emerges from the interactions between the robots and interactions of robots with the environment. This approach emerged in the field of artificial swarm intelligence, as well as the biological studies of insects, ants, and other fields in nature, where swarm behaviour occurs. The main objective of Swarm robotics is to reduce the workload and increase the efficiency of the system.

21. Mobile Robotics

Mobile robots have the capability to move around in their environment and are not fixed to one physical location. Mobile robots can be "autonomous" (AMR - autonomous mobile robot) which means they are capable of navigating an uncontrolled environment without the need for physical or electro-mechanical guidance devices. Alternatively, mobile robots can rely on guidance devices that allow them to travel a predefined navigation route in relatively controlled space. By contrast, industrial robots are usually more-or-less stationary, consisting of a jointed arm (multi-linked manipulator) and gripper assembly (or end effector), attached to a fixed surface. The joint-arms are controlled by a linear actuator or servo motor or stepper motor.

22. Sixth Sense Robot

The Sixth Sense robot works as follows: 1. It captures the image of the object in view and tracks the user's hand gestures. 2. There are colour markers placed at the tip of the user's finger. Marking the user's fingers with red, yellow, green, and blue coloured tape helps the webcam to recognize the hand gestures. It is one of the best robotics projects for final year engineering students those who want to try something different from usual.

23. Surveillance Robot

Surveillance literally means to watch from above, while surveillance robots are used to monitor the behaviour, activities and other changing information that are gathered for the general purpose of managing, directing, or protecting one's assets or position. The Raspberry Pi when configured and all the required software has been installed then the Pi is ready to be used for surveillance then write a python script in order to capture a still image, or for live streaming or for motion capture from your phone and also to move the robot according to the commands received from the Android app. After finishing all the configured steps the surveillance system is ready and you can control your robot from any remote place and monitor through the Pi camera.

24. Gesture Based Robotics

Gesture-Based Robotics (also known as Accelerometer Controlled Robotics) deals with robots that involve human-machine interaction - where a robot is controlled through hand movements sensed by an accelerometer. This is an ARM controller-based project which controls the robot based on the accelerometer gesture recognition technique. For establishing the communication between the controller and robot, a Zigbee module is interfaced with the circuit. It is one of the best robotics projects for final year engineering students those who want to try something different from usual.

25. Voice Controlled Robot

A voice control robot is just a practical example of controlling the motions of a simple robot by giving daily used voice commands. In this system, an android app is used as a medium for the transmission of human commands to the microcontroller. The main purpose of this project is to operate the robot based on voice commands given by the user. The Speech recognition module, RF transmitter and receiver, and microcontroller unit are the primary components in this design.

26. WiFi Controlled Robot

This Arduino-based Robot can be controlled wirelessly using any Wi-Fi-enabled Android smartphone. For a demonstration of the Wi-Fi Controlled Robot, we have used an Android Mobile App named "Blynk". Blynk is a very compatible app with Arduino, to make IoT-based projects. This is an outstanding robotic project to try in 2022. There are many sources available on the internet today from where you can learn to make your own WiFi Controlled Robot.

27. Maze Solver Robot

The maze-solving robot - also known as a micro mouse - is designed to find a path without any assistance or help. As a type of autonomous robot, it has to decode the path on its own to solve the maze successfully. So, its logic is quite different from the line following robot which follows a predetermined route. It is one of the best robotics projects for final year engineering students those who want to try something different from usual.

28. Bluetooth Robotics

Bluetooth Controlled Robotics involves the operation of Robots in accordance with the signals sent from a smartphone using an Android Application and Bluetooth Communication. In the Bluetooth Based Robotics Workshop, serial programming of the Microcontrollers is an integral part. The android-based robot has a Bluetooth receiver unit that receives the commands and gives it to the microcontroller circuit to control the motors. The microcontroller then transmits the signal to the motor driver IC's to operate the motors.

29. Raspberry Pi Robot

A Raspberry Pi board is a small computer (credit card size) that can easily connect to the Internet and interface with a lot of hardware components. If you want to use Raspberry Pi for your robot, you will need to know some basic programming, and how to connect to hardware devices. But don't worry, as many tools are available to make your life easier with that, and you can still count on the great community online.

30. Fire Fighting Robot

Fire-fighting is an important job but it is a very dangerous occupation. Due to that, Robots are designed to find a fire, before it rages out of control. It could be used to work with firefighters to reduce the risk of injury to victims. This project aims to develop a multi-flame sensor-based firefighting robot. If the fire takes place, the robot moves towards the fired area and starts sprinkling the water from the water pump attached to it.

31. Metal Segregation from the Waste

A Metal Segregation from the Waste Robot is useful to sense the metals from the waste. This will be necessary requirement in case land mines are detected. So this project meets the requirement with a simple microcontroller-based robot. This is an outstanding robotic project to try in 2022. There are many sources available on the internet today from where you can learn to make your own Metal Segregation from the Waste Robot.

32. SnakeBot

A SnakeBot, also known as a snake robot, is a biomorphic hyper-redundant robot that resembles a biological snake. This redundancy makes them resistant to failure because they can continue to operate even if parts of their body are destroyed. There are multiple sources available on the internet today from where you can learn to make your own SnakeBot. It is one of the best robotics projects for final year engineering students those who want to try something different from usual.

33. Steam Power Generation

Power derived from water heated into steam, usually converted to motive power by a reciprocating engine or turbine. The pistons are driven by steam power. A steam power generation robot is a heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid. The steam power generation robot uses the force produced by steam pressure to push a piston back and forth inside a cylinder. This pushing force can be transformed, by a connecting rod and flywheel, into rotational force for work.

34. Smart Umbrella with Solar Cell

Smart Umbrella with Solar Cell typically pulls power through a small solar panel mounted to the top of the unit so it's constantly exposed to the sun. The unit captures sunlight and turns it into electricity through what is called a "photovoltaic effect." That power is then stored and accessed by flipping a switch on the umbrella pole that powers the built-in LED lighting. It is one of the best robotics projects for final year engineering students those who want to try something different from usual.

35. Wall Climbing Robot

A wall-climbing robot is a robot with the capability of climbing vertical surfaces. This paper describes the design and fabrication of a quadruped climbing robot. One needs to design and create a wall-climbing robot that uses suction as a means of sticking to the wall. The robot will be controlled using Basic Stamp and the movement of its legs will be generated by two servo motors.

36. Smart Irrigation System

Smart irrigation systems are a combination of advanced technology of sprinklers with nozzles that improve coverage and irrigation controllers that are watering and water conservation systems that monitor moisture-related conditions on your property and automatically adjust watering to optimal levels. This is an outstanding robotic project to try in 2022. There are many sources available on the internet today from where you can learn to make your own smart irrigation systems.

37. Pipe Adaptive Robot

A robot, which is composed of adaptive mobile mechanism, is developed for the purpose of performing the internal inspection tasks of pipelines. Adaptability and efficiency are the basic considerations for this robot. Based on these concepts, a prototype is designed and fabricated. It is one of the best robotics projects for final year engineering students those who want to try something different from usual.

38. Water Filling Conveyor

Water filling conveyor is one of the popular robotics projects where the bottle filling project is an interdisciplinary engineering design experience. It includes concepts like machining and fabrication, mechanical design, project planning, and many more. Embedded systems will consist of three sensors where the first one will detect an empty bottle for the motor to turn on the conveyor for the bottle to move forward, the second sensor will detect the bottle and the pump will remain on for 15 seconds to fill the bottle. The third sensor will detect the filled bottle and pass it to the user.

39. Real-Time Transmission Line Monitoring Bot

Building a real-time transmission line monitoring bot as a robotics project is very useful to protect human workers from climbing poles. The monitoring bot helps to make inspection easier, efficient, and safe. It can traverse transmission lines and cross obstacles with an android mobile phone application. The application works as an interface between the operator as well as the transmission line monitoring bot. It consists of a dual robotic arm, robot mobile base, and pulley mechanism.

40. Metal and Plastic Segregation Mechanical Setup Robot

Metal and plastic segregation mechanical setup robot is a one-step towards sustainable development and a green environment. A mechanical setup robot can be developed as a robotics project to automatically segregate metal and plastic from waste. Engineering students can use LASER and LDR with a weight sensor and counter to look for the sorted materials. It will consist of a robotic arm to pick up the waste and put it on a conveyor belt, database, and a mobile app to control and track efficiently.

41. Gesture Controlled Robotic Car

Engineering students can create a gesture-controlled robotic car with Arduino Nano, motor driver, and many more to control a robot with their hands. The robotics project is based on wireless communication where the real-time data from hand gestures can be transmitted to the robot through a transmitter and receiver section.

42. Android Controlled Robotic Car

Android-controlled robotic car is one of the interesting robotics projects for engineering students. It is also known as a Bluetooth-controlled robot with a smart android app to control the robotic car. There are different modules to be used in the project for controlling the robotic car efficiently without any trouble.

43. Off-Road Adventure Robot

Off-road adventure robot is one of the interesting robotics projects for engineering students to start their professional career in robotics. Engineer students can use a 300 PRM motor on wheels to travel through the roughest terrains efficiently without any trouble. The motor moves in a rotational direction to get out of sticky situations with a simple mechanism. It is very easy to operate and repair and replace batteries, microcontrollers, as well as circuits. There is an action camera to record the rough track and look at the adventurous road. This off-road adventure robot consists of high-torque motors, a heavy-duty chassis, high-profile wheels, an in-built camera.

44. Android Controlled Robotic Arm

Android-controlled robotic arm project enables engineering students to control a robotic arm with an android device. The device is used for sending Bluetooth commands to the Bluetooth receiver in the receiver circuit. Then the microcontroller controls the motor to move the robotic arm according to commands like grip open, up, down, grip close, etc. Users can create these robotics projects to pick any object, move, place, and drop as per the commands through an android device.

45. Obstacle Avoidance Robot

Obstacle avoidance robot is one of the top robotics projects for engineering students to develop an autonomous intelligent robot with infrared sensors. These infrared sensors help to sense and detect any obstacle in the path of this robot. This makes some changes in the direction of the robot while avoiding the obstacle in front of it.

46. War Field Spying Robot with Night Vision Wireless Camera

War field spying robot with night vision wireless camera is a popular robotics project that needs the implementation of a remote-controlled spy robot that will helpful in war situations. The night vision wireless camera is attached to the robot to provide real-time information in total darkness with the help of infrared lighting. It is useful for spying in dangerous areas in the events of wars without putting any human soldier at potential risks.

47. PC Controlled Human Detection Robot

A PC-controlled human detection robot helps to detect any human through a robotic vehicle. It uses infrared sensors as well as microcontroller units at the times of earthquakes or any other natural disaster to detect human bodies under debris.

48. GSM Mobile Phone Controlled Intelligent Robot

GSM mobile phone-controlled intelligent robot is a well-known robotics project for engineering students to control the movements or motion of robots with modern GSM technology. Developers or users can send SMS to the remote robot control unit to control movements efficiently and complete the necessary work.

49. MEMS Sensors Controlled Haptic Forefinger Robotic Aid

MEMS sensors controlled haptic forefinger robotic aid deals with the full control of forefinger direction-based pathway robot for helping disabled/physically challenged/handicapped people efficiently. Engineering students use MEMS sensor, a microcontroller, an RF module to achieve the success of this robotics project.

50. Hector SLAM Mapping and Indoor Positioning Robot

One of the robotics projects known as Hector SLAM (Simultaneous Localization and Mapping) mapping and indoor positioning robot helps robots to facilitate real-time accurate mapping of rooms indoors. Engineering students can develop this project by devising a low-cost system for creating accurate maps of indoors. This helps the robots to move freely without any collisions or barriers on the indoor floors.

51. Artificial Intelligence-Based Chatbot for Appliance Control

Artificial intelligence-based chatbot for appliance control is a robotics project that helps senior citizens or handicapped people in their household chores. Chatbots can help to control the electrical appliances at home efficiently without any extra trouble. The features of this robotics project include easy maintenance, leveraging the power of artificial intelligence, and reducing the workload of old people.

52. Colour Sensing Robot with MATLAB

Colour sensing robot with MATLAB is a very helpful robotics project for engineering students. MATLAB plays a very important role in the image processing of a robot with high sensor cameras. The images taken by these cameras are processed for colours and the position of a red object is extracted out of that image. The colour sensing robot with MATLAB helps to send different real-time data through a COM port for multiple industrial applications. There is a corresponding movement with the position of the red coloured object.

53. RF Controlled Robot

RF-controlled robot is known for controlling a robot with four push buttons located at the transmitter side. One needs to just push the buttons to control the robot for completing any specific task. The transmitting device consists of an RF transmitter as well as an RF encoder. This part helps to provide commands to the robot to follow necessary instructions such as moving reverse, turning left, moving forward, turning right, and finally stopping.

54. Sun-Tracking Solar Panel without Controller

Solar energy is one of the most commonly used renewable energy in areas that experience a lot of sunlight annually. Through the solar tracking system, the users will be able to produce an immense amount of energy, which facilitates working with a solar panel much more efficiently. The system will have a single axis of freedom since a commercially single tracker is cheaper to use. This system can be considered as an eco-friendly alternative and is a valuable asset.

55. Concept Design of an Ultra-light Industrial Robot

The aim of this project is to develop a conceptual design of a lightweight robot with the help of lightweight materials like aluminum and carbon fiber, along with a newly developed servo actuator prototype. Since, the uses of industrial robots are increasing in areas such as food, consumer goods, wood, plastics, and mostly in the automotive industry. A complex situation pertaining to using robotics in these sectors is that smaller and medium-sized companies that produce fewer batches of products, do not get productive enough by deploying a permanent industrial robot. The advent of such lightweight robots will solve this issue by being more adaptable to the products' needs.

56. Metal Detecting Robot Using Microcontroller

This robot is designed to detect metals where human beings cannot reach easily. The robot can detect metals coming its way with the help of sensors. While detecting metals, it produces a sound at the control room or at the receiver side. It uses the radio frequency transmitter and receiver that are interfaced with the microcontroller to send and receive data. The robot can be applied for metal detection in mines, in remote areas, security systems, and more.

57. New Interface for Rapid Feedback Control on ABB Robots

The manufacturing industry is automating its operations with the help of industrial robots. But industrial robots require static calibration due to their lack of senses, including force and vision sensing. So, by integrating advanced and more dynamic sensors in real-time robotic controllers, the dynamic process will need exponentially fewer calibrations, facilitating a reduced lead time. The new system for rapid feedback control is a complex system that can be implemented in existing robotics cells to enable real-time sensor feedback to robotic controls.

58. Cockroach Inspired Robots with Artificial Muscles

This robot was developed for the purpose of research in legged locomotion. Legged robotics have complex mechanisms as their developments can be highly aided by insights into the mechanisms by which animals usually locomote, both physical and by control. The robot is controlled by a hierarchal control system and with the help of an inter-leg coordination mechanism, which is a variant of the distributed network of the stick insect interleague coordination. The robot possesses the capability of performing the air-walking motions while suspended from the gantry, along with walking on the treadmill while weight is partially supported.

59. Automatic Pesticide Sprayer for Agricultural Purposes

The aim of this project is to provide a guidance system to build a robotic platform that is designed independently to drive through the crops in a field. The system is designed to boost agricultural production by spraying pesticides that are crucial for the growth of crops. The system is capable of detecting crops on both sides by using an ultra-sonic sensor. Currently, the industry uses systems that need to be operated manually by humans, but his robot is created to enhance human efforts and also provide comfort to the users by performing the hard work.

60. Autonomous Quadcopter Docking System

The primary goal of this project is to design the systems and algorithms which are necessary for the quadcopters to automate locate and land on a targeted station. The purpose is to outline the framework for a quadcopter-based data collection or a surveillance system that can carry on with the low battery life of these highly mobile devices, by consistently landing the AVV safely in the designated location to be recharged.

61. Real-Time Transmission Line Monitoring Bot

In the domain of electrical engineering, a transmission line plays a crucial role. Several faults might occur while transmitting electricity through these transmission lines, including damage to insulators, conductor corrosion, vibration damage, leakage of current, and so on. Several of these lines are sometimes located in rugged and remote environments. So, to ensure that there are no damages caused to these transmission lines, this robotic system can be deployed that can run inspections on small mountain ranges, and even in plains to monitor and minimize chances of power line disaster.

62. Metal and Plastic Segregation Mechanical Setup

Due to the exponential increase in population and the rapid development of urban cities, waste management has become quite challenging. Governments face considerable challenges in waste management and disposal activities due to the lack of effective waste removal and segregation systems. Therefore, the implementation of advanced technologies like IoT and RF-ID will be quite helpful. Advanced, automated waste segregation systems in the scrap industry will be effective in sorting out the trash between metallic, plastic, and glass waste and preparing them for the next operation.

63. FPGA-Based Robotics Arms

Robotics arms have a wide variety of applications in real-world industrial use. Currently, it is the core of all manufacturing processes. The aim of this robot is to control the movement of a material handling robotic arm using the FPGA controller. The advantage of using an FPGA over other controllers is that it can provide multiple functions that factories need to reduce the cost of construction. FPGA is a fast and accurate system, with parallel data processing and stability in performance.

64. Physiotherapy Robot

In a physiotherapy rehabilitation process, a physiotherapist needs to give regular massages to the patients who suffer from various health complications. Heatstroke is one of the main reasons that cause paralysis, which requires intensive physiotherapy. A decrease in skilled caretakers has accelerated the problems of accessing good physiotherapy. So, robotics technology can be deployed to address this concern. The aim of this project is to review robotics devices for upper limb rehabilitation and facilitate the creation of new and more improved devices for physiotherapy services.

65. Amphibious Robot

Experts believe that self-navigating robots are the future of robotics. The aim of this project is to create a self-navigating robot with integrated GPS technology. In this system, the robot can optimize a path from the source to the designated destination, while avoiding all the obstacles at the same time. It uses a rotating ultrasonic sensor for obstacle sensing, therefore, minimizing power consumption to a great extent.

66. Line Follower Robot without Controller

Generally, a line following robot has integrated controllers in it. But this project focuses on creating a line following robot with microcontrollers. It will be a behavior-stimulated robot that uses interfaces for sensors to make the behaviour of the robot as versatile as possible. Two light detectors will be mounted at the front of the robot, along with a designated path. The robot is made to follow black tape on a white floor or white tape on a back floor.

67. Milk Feeding Robot

Cows in herds that are facilitated with conventional milking parlors follow a structured, consistent, and social milking pattern. The global trends in developing technological equipment for feeding cattle include the automation and robotization of various processes. The integration of robotics or an automated milking system offers the possibility of feeding the cows to their estimated individual nutrient needs by combining different feeds in real-time, with a focus on maximizing profits through milk yields.

68. Smart Phone-Controlled Robotic Car

The advancement of technology has enabled smartphones to control a host of electrical and electronic devices, including motor cars, music systems, and lights. This project aims to present an Arduino-based robotic car that can be operated using an Android smartphone having Arduino RC installed in it. This bot will receive commands from the smartphone with the help of a Bluetooth module. The car can be used for surveillance at home and can be used to pick and place fallen objects.

69. Metal Detector Robot

The primary objective of this project is to detect the metal near to the sensor. Whenever the sensor comes close to the metal, it makes a buzzing sound from its speaker. And whenever the sensor is removed from the metal, the buzzer switches itself off. The robot's magnetic flux can pass through some of the opaque objects like clothes, plastics, and others, and can detect metals that can be hidden in certain objects.

70. Solar Panel Cleaning System

This Solar Panel Cleaning Robot aims to maintain the efficiency of solar power production by making sure the Solar panels are kept clean without putting humans at risk. This robot comes equipped with a roller brush and a water sprayer to clean all dirt and grime from the surface of the panels. The sprayer gets its supply of water through an onboard tank. The rubber caterpillar tracks ensure that this robot can adhere to the slick surface of solar panels. This robot operates remotely and wirelessly.

71. Ball Tracking Robot

The major drawback in today's surveillance rests on the involvement of human operators which can easily be distracted, so we need a system that can autonomously monitor regions continuously, making decisions while identifying unwanted or obnoxious things and responding accordingly. Object tracking using computer vision is crucial in achieving automated surveillance. The objective was to make a basic prototype for such a bot that can sense color and shape and follow it. This robot tries to find a color that is hardcoded, if it finds a ball of that color it follows it.

72. Color Following Robot

These robots are built around the Pixy computer vision sensor. This vision sensor is a low-cost sensor for under 80 dollars. The sensor tracks color hues at a whopping 50 frames per second. If you're interested, you can find more information about Pixy on their wiki page. This project sprang up from the idea that Arch Reactor members often go to events to get the community involved in making and repairing. Robots would be a nice way to draw individuals to the table and get them interested in robotics, this would be an interactive display. People are able to play with the robots by moving around the balls so the robots can follow them.

73. Solar Panel Cleaning System Using Arduino

Solar power is mainly harnessed from photovoltaic (PV) panels which are arranged in multiple arrays in a solar farm or solar system. However, the efficiency of energy generated from PV panels is affected by the accumulation of dust and debris, even on one panel in an array. This condition leads to the need for regular cleaning of the surface of PV panels. Current labour-based cleaning methods for photovoltaic arrays are costly in time, water, and energy usage as well as lacking in automation capabilities. To overcome this problem, a fully automatic solar panel cleaning system with/without water is proposed. The design utilizes an Arduino controller system to control the robot's movement during the cleaning process. In addition, it is equipped with two rough sponges and a water pump system that can be used to clean dust or debris found on PV panel surfaces. The efficiency of the PV panels before and after the cleaning process is also observed. The result shows that the developed solar panel cleaning robot is able to clean the panel effectively and increase back the output current as well as the maximum power of the panel by 50%, after the dust on the PV panel is cleaned.

74. Human Detector Robot

Human detection robot is not a new technology. Many types of human detection robots were designed depending on the application. During natural calamities like earthquakes, it is difficult to rescue the human beings under the buildings. Though detection by the rescue team is done, it consumes a lot of time. Detection of humans at an appropriate time is very important in such situations. This article presents a simple human detection robot that is operated manually using RF technology. The main principle of the circuit is to detect the human using a human detection sensor. The wireless robot is operated manually using a PC. The wireless technology used here is Radio Frequency technology. The data is transmitted to the receiver through RF. Using the received data, the robot is operated and controlled.

75. Gesture Controlled Robot

A Gesture Controlled robot is a robot that can be controlled by hand gestures. You just need to have a small transmitting device in your hand, which included an acceleration meter to transmit an appropriate command to the robot so that it can do whatever we want. The transmitting device included an ADC for analog to digital conversion and an encoder IC(HT12E) which is used to encode the four-bit data and then will transmit by an RF Transmitter module. At the receiving end, an RF Receiver receives the encoded data, and decoder IC decodes it. A microcontroller processes this data, and the motor driver is used to control the motors.

76. Leaping Robot Frog

Jumping robots can overcome obstacles higher than their own height, while robots with wheels or caterpillars cannot. In this paper, a 22.5g frog-inspired small jumping robot is presented. It can jump more than 2.5 m, i.e., 58 times its own height. The four-bar linkage structure is employed to imitate the musculoskeletal structure and behavior of the frog's hind leg, and twisting actuation is applied to store large elastic energy on the elastomer using the motor of small power.

77. Waste Management Robot

Smart robots can think for themselves while sending and sorting garbage. All you have to do is to put the trash into the container. The container then takes advantage of its detectors to compare or study the garbage recovered from the previous waste records and then decides on what has to be done with trash. Primarily based on the decision, the container itself sends the waste to a proper disposal system, whether it's a drop zone or a recycling plant. With more intelligent solutions to dump the trash, we can certainly expect a substantial reduction in the waste generated throughout the world. This may significantly help in maintaining our ecosystem for a sustainable and better future.

78. Soccer Robot

A soccer robot is one kind of mobile or autonomous robot, used to play soccer with variants. Every year there are many tournaments are organized like FIRA, Robocup. At present, the RoboCup contest has various soccer leagues like Simulation, Small Size, Middle Size, Four-Legged, and Humanoid. At the present robot, technology offers many services in the field of robotic vehicles, intelligent systems, soccer-playing robots, etc. This article discusses soccer robots and their work.

79. Obstacle Avoidance Robot

Obstacle Avoiding Robot is an intelligent device that can automatically sense the obstacle in front of it and avoid them by turning itself. The basic principle behind the working of ultrasonic sensors is to note down the time taken by the sensor to transmit ultrasonic beams and receive the ultrasonic beams after hitting the surface. Then further the distance is calculated using the formula. In this project, the widely available HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor is used. To use this sensor, a similar approach will be followed explained above.

80. Mini Conveyor

This is the best project that can easily be made. Mini Conveyor products offered are the Low Profile (LP) Series small conveyor and the Lite Series small conveyor. The breadth of options and accessories allows for a custom small conveyor setup that fits your needs. The various options categories are drive packages, motor voltage options, belt options, drive mount positions, and conveyor options. The "accessory categories are guides & rails, part stops, couplers & drive shaft (LP Series), product indexing timer, product guide cushions, mounting brackets and conveyor stand

81. Link Conveyor

Precision-link conveyors index components with high accuracy, speed, and quality to give manufacturers a way to make assemble, mark, weld, and manufacturing operations more efficient. ... Standard precision-link conveyors deliver standard link-positioning accuracy of ±0.08 mm (±0.003 in.) or better.

82. Solar Panel Cleaning System

The system consists of a water Solar Pump and a device. There is water spraying nozzles on the top of every panel that will spray high-pressure water on the panel in order to clean it. The device has a microcontroller unit that is programmed such that, the whole water pressure, created by Solar Pump, is applied to each and every water spraying section individually. So, high-pressure water is sprayed to every solar panel row one by one in order to clean every panel in the solar power plant. The device also consists of a timer which enables the system on/off automatically to this system.

83. Brain Controlled Robotic Arm

The robotic arm has an embedded controller that runs the PID algorithm for controlling the angle of the DC motor, and also controls the servo motors. In addition, for changing joint angles, it implements a communication interface to receive commands through the serial port. The forward and inverse kinematics algorithms are implemented using Mathworks MATLAB programming language. They are run in a companion computer, which interfaces to the embedded controller by using the serial communications command interface. The MATLAB code also implements a Graphical User Interface (GUI), from which the user can control the robotic arm and run the forward and inverse kinematics algorithms. A 3D simulation/visualization of the robotic arm is displayed in the GUI in real-time.

84. Robocar with Wireless Steering

The wireless steering is built around the Arduino Uno board. Arduino Uno is programmed using Arduino IDE software. ATmega328 on Arduino Uno comes pre-burnt with a boot loader that allows you to upload new code to it without the use of an external hardware programmer. It communicates using the original STK500 protocol. You can also bypass the boot loader and program the microcontroller through ICSP (in-circuit serial programming) header, but using boot loader programming is quick and easy. Select Arduino Uno from the 'Tools→Board menu (according to the microcontroller on your board) in Arduino IDE and burn the program through the standard USB port in the computer.

85. Line Follower Robot

The Line Follower Robot is a basic robot that follows a specific path indicated by a line (usually a black line on a light-colored surface) having some particular width. This circuit mainly consists of 8051 microcontrollers, two IR sensors, motors, and motor driver IC (embedded in a module). The line follower robot needs the mechanical arrangement of the chassis. I have used a 4WD Acrylic chassis. The two IR sensors are mounted on the front of the robot facing with the diodes facing towards Earth. When the robot is placed on the fixed path, it follows the path by detecting the line. The robot's direction of motion depends on the two sensors' outputs. When the two sensors are on the line of the path, the robot moves forward. If the left sensor moves away from the line, the robot moves towards the right. Similarly, if the right sensor moves away from the path, the robot moves towards its left. Whenever a robot moves away from its path it is detected by the IR sensor.

86. Whisker for Robots

Whiskers for robots are simple switch-type sensors that work like an animal's whiskers detecting nearby objects in the environment. When disturbed, the sensor sends a pulse to the robot to indicate that an obstacle is present. Sensitive but inexpensive general-purpose whiskers can be made using commonly available steel guitar strings. These strings are very flexible, conductive, and easy to use. The work is simple. Initially, when there is no interruption, the output of the comparator remains low. As and when any obstacle disturbs the guitar string of the whisker switch, pin 4 of IC1 goes low and output pin 2 of the first comparator of IC1 becomes high momentarily.

87. Line Following Robot

This circuit mainly consists of 8051 microcontrollers, two IR sensors, motors, and motor driver IC (embedded in a module). The line follower robot needs the mechanical arrangement of the chassis. The two IR sensors are mounted on the front of the robot facing with the diodes facing towards Earth. When the robot is placed on the fixed path, it follows the path by detecting the line. The robot's direction of motion depends on the two sensors' outputs. When the two sensors are on the line of the path, the robot moves forward. If the left sensor moves away from the line, the robot moves towards the right. Similarly, if the right sensor moves away from the path, the robot moves towards its left. Whenever a robot moves away from its path it is detected by the IR sensor.

88. RFID Warehouse Robot

This project is aimed to build an autonomous robot with an RFID application. The project integrates an RFID reader and PIC microcontroller as the main components. The movement control comprises servo-motor with infrared sensors for the line follower. The whole programming operation was carried out by assembly language using MPLab 7.3. The robot has the ability to identify the items by reading the tag on the items. The robot will pick up the item and navigate to the prescribed destination using a line follower module to store the item at the appropriate place and location. A small white platform with a black line is built for demonstration and testing.

89. Namaste Greeting Robot

The concept of controlling various servo motors through the Arduino Uno board is introduced here with a fun project called 'Namaste Greeting robot.' The robot turns its head by 180° and scans people in its range using an ultrasonic module. If it finds anyone nearby, it greets the person with 'namaste' with both hands pressing together, which is the traditional Indian way of wishing people. The robot can be used in offices, shopping centers, parks, and party halls where it can greet and attract people.

90. Automatic Steering Control Robot

Automatic steering systems are a standard function for robotic agricultural equipment. Ackerman steering is the most common type of steering mechanism on such equipment, making them perform as car-like vehicles. Because of their kinematic constraints, it is quite difficult to maneuver carlike vehicles effectively in orchards due to confined working space, constrained by physical boundaries such as tree rows and other obstacles. To remove such technical difficulties, more sophisticated steering mechanisms and steering control strategies are required for robotic agricultural equipment. In order to conveniently manage fruit bins in confined tree aisles constrained by high-density tree rows, a robotic bin management system, called bin-dog system, implementable in typical Washington State tree fruit orchards has been developed.

91. Cube Solving Robot

Cube images are captured by a python program module, then color extraction for each sticker is processed by other program modules and finally, the cube is solved by the Kociemba algorithm, the solution is sent to Arduino through a serial port. Once the solution is received the Arduino code starts to process the movements, after 6-8 minutes the process finish, es and the robot show all the faces of the cube solved.

92. Design of Amphibian Robot '

Amphibots are robots that have mobility in both land and water. These kinds of bots will be useful for surveillance and transportation purposes. In autonomous defense and surveillance applications, the robots have to move in various platforms and surfaces. In ocean sea-shores, the robots have to navigate in rock-solid terrains and in sandy beaches. The robot has to move in all directions.

93. BCI-Based Desired Bot

A Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) acts as a communication mechanism using brain signals to control external devices. The generation of such signals is sometimes independent of the nervous system, such as in Passive BCI. This is majorly beneficial for those who have severe motor disabilities. Traditional BCI systems have been dependent only on brain signals recorded using Electroencephalography (EEG) and have used a rule-based translation algorithm to generate control commands. However, the recent use of multi-sensor data fusion and machine learning-based translation algorithms has improved the accuracy of such systems.

94. Rescue Bot

A wheel-legged rescue robot design with strong environmental adaptability is proposed. The design presented is aimed at helping rescue workers complete their missions, such as environmental and personnel search, quickly and accurately. So it has broad application prospects. In order to achieve the advantages of simple structure, easy control, small occupation space, and wide motion range, a wheel-legged rescue robot is designed in this paper, and the robot can realize three kinds of motion states, which include wheel state, rotation center lifting process, and leg state. Then the motion states are analyzed in detail, which provides a reference for motion control.

95. Library Book Management Robot

The Library Management Robot (LMR) will mitigate the problems by collecting the books from the library counter and then arranging the books, one by one, into shelves. The LMR works on the general principle of RFID, Line following, and kinematics of the robotic arm. The LMR will initially scan the RFID tag of a book and then find its shelf according to the data previously fed into it. Then it will travel to the shelf according to the path following the lines made on the floor of the library. After reaching the shelf, LMR will pick the book and place it in the respective rack on the shelf. The same procedure will be repeated for every book.

96. Mobile Robot Navigation System with RFID and Ultrasonic Sensors

The robot system is composed of a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tag sensor, a laser range scanner, and a mobile platform and Ultrasonic sensors. The RFID tags are used as landmarks for global path planning and the topological relation map which shows the connection of scattered tags through the environment is used as course instructions to a goal. The robot automatically moves along hallways using the scanned range data until a tag is found and then refers to the topological map for the next movement.

97. Four-Legged Walking Robot

A four-legged walking robot was designed as a research robot platform, to be used in the indoor environment, walking straight and curved paths and detecting and overcoming known obstacles. Straight paths are done with gait matrix strategy and curved paths are accomplished by the four legs which have differential strokes in inclined paths relative to the robot longitudinal axis. Obstacle overcoming is done using only information from contact sensors installed on the robot's feet. Complex movements and tracking sequences are proposed to be built from a small group of simple movements sequenced according to the contact keys switching sequence.

98. Underwater Dockey

The underwater robotic system will be used to perform ultrasonic inspections of nuclear reactor vessel weldments. The development effort consists of problem definition, various levels of conceptual design, evolving a final concept, and detailed design. The final concept, now under construction, is a six-degree-of-freedom manipulator attached to a moveable base. Suction cups hold the manipulator base to the vessel wall while the arm generates precise scanning paths on the curved vessel surfaces. After completing a scanning area, a suction tool holds the manipulator end-effector to the vessel wall while the base is moved to a new scanning position. This concept minimizes the system complexity by using the same joints for global locomotion as are required for tool scanning.

99. Dancing Robot

The robot uses two small motors in order to move. Each motor spins around when it is turned on and has a popsicle stick attached to it as a "leg," which pushes the robot around when it moves. In order to power the motors, the robot also needs a battery, which provides electricity to the motors. Electricity powers battery-operated devices that you use every day, like toys or television remotes, and also powers things that plug into wall outlets like lamps. When you connect the motors to the battery, you complete an electrical circuit, which allows electricity to flow and make the motors spin. Electricity cannot flow to the motor without a complete circuit.

100. Drawing Robot

Drawing robot Arduino Uno module is built on a parts kit that was used for the mechanical part of servo motor 3 except that the toy is being used. Generate image data of the robot for communication on Matlab Arduino IO you need to install the package. AxiDraw machines work with a variety of writing instruments, including permanent markers and fountain pens. The unique writing head extends beyond the base of the machine, making it possible to write or draw on almost any flat surface.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Top 100 Robotics Projects for Engineering Students

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Robotics has a very wide scope in today's generation and in the field of engineering. However, many students find it very tiresome to find the right project under robotics. Here, we at Analytics Insight made your job really easy by presenting the top 100 robotics projects for engineering students.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Welcome to the Future Engineers, which invites K-12 students to create 3D designs for space!

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Flipgrid is where social and emotional learning happens! The leading video discussion platform for millions of PreK to PhD educators, students, and families.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Founded in 2002 by Nobel Laureate Carl Wieman, the PhET Interactive Simulations project at the University of Colorado Boulder creates free interactive math and science simulations. PhET sims are based on extensive education research and engage students through an intuitive, game-like environment where students learn through exploration and discovery.

# data[].attributes.body
Leverage online platforms like Codecademy that offer specialized courses linking coding with scientific topics. These can serve as supplementary materials or a primary learning tool for students.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
What will you be able to do?

Here are just a few things you'll be able to do with this Career Path.

BECOME A PYTHON MASTER

Learn the ins and outs of one of the fastest growing programming languages.

WRITE SUPER-EFFICIENT CODE

Apply your problem-solving skills to write cleaner code from the beginning.

LAND AN ENTRY-LEVEL JOB

Build your portfolio, prove your mastery with certificates, and prep for your next role.

You really feel like there's nothing you can't learn, which in turn builds so much confidence in your skills and gives the momentum to keep learning.

Joey
Codecademy Learner

How are Career Paths different?

Get in-depth knowledge.

Learning to code means more than just memorizing syntax. Instead, we help you think like a real programmer.

Get a helpful roadmap.

Like a career advisor, we guide you through each step. You'll learn the right thing at the right time, all in one place.

Get job ready.

Gain practical experience as you go by creating portfolio-worthy projects that will help you land your next job.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Learn Computer Science - Kick-Start Your Career | Codecademy

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Here are just a few things you'll be able to do with this Career Path. Learn the ins and outs of one of the fastest growing programming languages. Apply your problem-solving skills to write cleaner code from the beginning. Build your portfolio, prove your mastery with certificates, and prep for your next role.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
8th -  Research Lab on Faults (Earth Science)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Apatosaurus, a sauropod (long necked dinosaur), lived in what is now North America during the late Jurassic. It's one of the largest terrestrial animals discovered so far. Fossils show that the bones of the apatosaurus were filled with air sacs, possibly the only way the dinosaur could have held up its massive neck. Due to its massive size scientists estimate a single apatosaurus needed to eat over 800 pounds / 363 kilos of vegetation a day. The tail of the apatosaurus was used in communication, as it moved the end of its tail like a whip and the sound was so loud that it probably broke the sound barrier. Scientists think that the apatosaurus needed to keep its head relatively parallel to the ground most of the time in order to maintain correct blood pressure. Apatosaurus measured 85 feet / 26 meters long, 15 feet /4.5 meters high at the hip, and weighed 18 tons /16 tonnes. Due to its massive size scientists estimate a single apatosaurus needed to eat over 800 pounds / 363 kilos of vegetation a day.

Explore museums and play with Art Transfer, Pocket Galleries, Art Selfie, and more

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Apatosaurus - Vida Systems - Google Arts & Culture

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Apatosaurus, a sauropod (long necked dinosaur), lived in what is now North America during the late Jurassic. It's one of the largest terrestrial animals di...

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
NYSED CS/DF Activities and Examples - Click to view this library, made with Book Creator

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
NYSEDCSDFTtT Profile and Collections - Wakelet

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Public Collections from NYSED Computer Science and Digital Fluency Standards - Train the Trainer Resources

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Materials Development Timeline

The development of our high school science classroom materials began in January 2021 and includes materials for Biology, Chemistry, and Physics courses with the Earth and Space Science standards woven throughout each. The first units were released in February 2023 and the full courses will be completed in early 2024. More details are available on our Unit Release Schedule page.

The high school instructional materials and associated professional learning are being developed by the High School Development Consortium, led by inquiryHub at the University of Colorado, Boulder.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The development of our high school science classroom materials began in January 2021 and includes materials for Biology, Chemistry, and Physics courses with the Earth and Space Science standards woven throughout each. The first units were released in February 2023 and the full courses will be completed in early 2024.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Get DataClassroom

DataClassroom is available with a free trial (no card required) so you can see what it can do for you and your students.

Individual, Teacher and School licenses available.

There are three ways to get Professional Development with DataClassroom

Free Online Workshops

Twice a month, we host - usually together with guest teachers - online workshops focusing on practical ways to working with DataClassroom in everyday teaching.

Online Demos

Book an online demo with any of the teachers and scientists at DataClassroom. We are happy to show you what you can do with DataClassroom and how to get started.

Onsite or Remote Pro Dev

Tailored to the needs of your school or district! Learn to use DataClassroom to meet the data skills demands of the Next Generation Science Standards, or state specific standards.

Data skills are key to solving the biggest problems of tomorrow. DataClassroom exists to help students understand both those problems and how to unlock their solutions.

As data becomes an increasingly valuable resource across all fields, the teaching of data skills is becoming increasingly important for middle and high school classrooms. At the same time, as educators, we recognize that the best part of a science education will always be hands-on labs and authentic experimentation. DataClassroom provides teachers the opportunity to integrate next generation data-skills seamlessly with the learning experiences they are already creating.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
DataClassroom is available with a free trial (no card required) so you can see what it can do for you and your students. Individual, Teacher and School licenses available. There are three ways to get Professional Development with DataClassroom Twice a month, we host - usually together with guest teachers - online workshops focusing on practical ways to working with DataClassroom in everyday teaching.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Smithsonian Science for Computational Thinking

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Smithsonian Science for Computational Thinking (SSfCT) is a set of freely available instructional units developed by the Smithsonian Science Education Center, which integrate science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) and computational thinking (CT). Using an phenomenon- and problem-driven pe…

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Computer Science Resources | Texas Instruments

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Fun computer science activities and projects for students. Control robotics, design smart systems, download coding lessons and more. It's free to get started.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Desmos offers best-in-class calculators, digital math activities, and curriculum to help every student love math and love learning math.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Home - databot™ - Real Data, Real Science, Real Fun!

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
databot is an innovative STEM education tool designed to teach students through hands on experiments. Real Data, Real Science, Real Fun!

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
ERROR: The request could not be satisfied

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Beginning in school year 2023-24, the Patrick Leahy Farm to School Grant Program will support 103 grants, serving an estimated 2,791 schools and more than 1.2 million students. An estimated 71 percent of the children served in the participating schools are eligible for free and reduced-price meals. To learn more about the 2023 Farm to School grantees, visit the Grant Awards page.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Patrick Leahy Farm to School Program

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Beginning in school year 2023-24, the Patrick Leahy Farm to School Grant Program will support 103 grants, serving an estimated 2,791 schools and more than 1.2 million students. An estimated 71 percent of the children served in the participating schools are eligible for free and reduced-price meals.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Review data on establishments, investigations, frequently cited standards, penalties, and more.

Find fatality inspection data, severe injury reports, and injury tracking application data.

Search chemical exposure health data and an occupational chemical database.

Learn about North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) Codes and Bureau of Labor Statistics and other Department of Labor data.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Data | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Review data on establishments, investigations, frequently cited standards, penalties, and more. Find fatality inspection data, severe injury reports, and injury tracking application data. Search chemical exposure health data and an occupational chemical database. Learn about North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) Codes and Bureau of Labor Statistics and other Department of Labor data.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
USDA - National Agricultural Statistics Service - New York

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service Information. NASS publications cover a wide range of subjects, from traditional crops, such as corn and wheat, to specialties, such as mushrooms and flowers; from calves born to hogs slaughtered; from agricultural prices to land in farms. The agency has the distinction of being known as The Fact Finders of U.S.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The New York State Mesonet is a weather network consisting of 126 weather stations, with at least 1 in all 62 counties in the state of New York.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
How can we create environments that are healthy for everyone?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Explore NOAA data collected around the globe in formats designed just for educators. These resources take information from our atmosphere and ocean and package it in easily accessible, classroom-friendly lesson plans, activities, and curricula.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
January-February 2017 Volume 105, Number 1 Page 13 A quiet but profound revolution has been taking place throughout science. The computing revolution has transformed science by enabling all sorts of new discoveries through information technology. Throughout most of the history of science and technology, there have been two types of characters.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
To make the LEGO.com experience more targeted and user-friendly, LEGO System A/S (and selected third parties) use “cookies” on this website. This technology helps us gather statistical and analytical information for marketing purposes, but the choice to accept the cookies is always yours.

Clicking “Just Necessary” will only set those cookies necessary for us to enable the website to function. These cookies cannot be disabled. Selecting “Accept All” sets all cookies, enables us to optimize the experience for you and allows us to market our products and services to you. Or you can pick and choose! Simply click "Cookie Settings" and use the toggles to opt in the categories you like best.

Remember, you can always withdraw your consent or change your cookie settings at any time. Please visit our Cookie and Privacy Policy for more information.
Cookie Policy and Privacy Policy.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Demystify Computational Thinking - AVID Open Access

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Learn four foundational skills for computational thinking: abstraction, algorithms, decomposition and patterns.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Support Science Concepts & Inquiry through AI

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Zooniverse is the world's largest and most popular platform for people-powered research.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Franklin Institute is pleased to announce The Franklin Institute Awards Class of 2024! Celebrating its 200th year, The Franklin Institute Awards honors the greatest minds in science, engineering, and industry.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Design and plant gardens for endangered bees, butterflies and other pollinators using the algorithmic tool - an artwork by Alexandra Daisy Ginsberg.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Act now! For Giving Tuesday, your gift to the National Geographic Society will be matched dollar-for-dollar. Make your tax-deductible contribution today and make TRIPLE the impact for Explorers working to preserve threatened species around the world.

Donate today!

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Education Resources | National Geographic Society

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Inspire learners to explore National Geographic through interactive lesson plans, maps, storytelling and a wide variety of resources to illuminate their world.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Before landing on the Moon or studying the surface of Mars, astronauts must go through years of training to be prepared mentally and physically for their space journey ahead. Deep-Dive with a few of the NASA crews and learn what training to be an astronaut is all about.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.provider_name
Teaching London Computing: A RESOURCE HUB from CAS LONDON & CS4FN

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Computational Thinking has given biologists a powerful new way to work. Rather than doing experiments on living things they can now build computational models and simulations of the biological systems of interest, from whole hearts to cancer cells. Experiments on the models can help them refine their understanding. Computer Scientists have also drawn from biology new ways of doing computation based on the brain and evolution, for example. New subjects like bioinformatics have emerged where powerful computing techniques are combined with statistics to held decode and understand the DNA of living things.

Activity Sheets

The following activities draw out issues on the links between biology and computing.

The Brain-in-a-bag Activity
Model the way brain works both as a way to illustrate computational modelling as applied to biology and understand how neurones work. Suitable both for computing and biology lessons.

The Sodarace Evolution Activity
Evolve creatures to try and win a race, learning about how computational modelling can help test and understand scientific theories, in this case evolution by natural selection.

Booklets and Magazines to download

cs4fn subject portals

There are lots of fun articles on the cs4fn website linked to biology. See the following portals:

External Resources

Explore evolution and the vast variety of choice creatures have in the way they move around the world with .

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Computational Thinking has given biologists a powerful new way to work. Rather than doing experiments on living things they can now build computational models and simulations of the biological systems of interest, from whole hearts to cancer cells. Experiments on the models can help them refine their understanding.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.provider_name
Teaching London Computing: A RESOURCE HUB from CAS LONDON & CS4FN

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Computational Thinking has changed the way scientists do science and physics is no exception. It has given physicists a powerful new way to explore the way the universe works. Once they have equati…

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Connect It - ENGINEERING.com | Games & Puzzles

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
ENGINEERING.com presents Connect It gear game.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Algodoo is now FREE!

Algodoo gives you the opportunity to play with physics. Use your own hands and simple drawing tools to design, construct and explore the world of physics.

Sounds like an interesting idea? Algodoo is that program.

If you want to support the development of Algodoo, use the Donate button.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Back to News & Impact

March 19, 2024

Day of AI offers curricula and activities for elementary, middle school, and high school students intersecting with multiple content areas including History, Civics, Computer Science and Math. The program is completely free and accessible to students and teachers of all backgrounds and abilities.

This year, we have three new curricula focused on the intersection of Data Science & Climate Change! Check them out below:

Description: This curriculum introduces students to basic concepts of data literacy through the lens of weather, and climate change. Using their basic external senses, students observe the natural world around them and graph their data for basic analysis and comparison.

Description: Students learn the fundamentals of collection, analysis, and visualization of data collected from the environment. They collect weather data using Micro:bits, and then create an app to visualize collected data using AppInventor.

1. Description: In this module, students use a data analysis pipeline and machine learning to work with global data sets to "tell a story" of the localized, human impacts of climate change. Students will begin by learning the basics of Pandas (a Python library for data analysis), before exploring how data is collected, cleaned and prepared.

2. Prerequisites: Basic Python knowledge (variables, lists, dictionaries, how to call functions)

We developed these courses for two reasons:

1. We heard from many teachers about their desire to bring Climate Change as a content area into the conversation about AI.

2. We wanted to highlight the importance of having a critical understanding of dataset design and collection as part of AI literacy.

Check them out, and we hope you like them!

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
New Courses on Data Science & Climate Change! - Day of AI

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Day of AI offers curricula and activities for elementary, middle school, and high school students intersecting with multiple...

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Cybersecurity Lessons & Educator Guide | Sphero BOLT Cybersecurity

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Explore hands-on cybersecurity lessons in the classroom; designed to help students, educators, and communities stay safe online. Download now to learn more!

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Spintronics Simulator - Build and test spintronic circuits online.