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How is Climate Change Impacting shellfish in the ocean? 

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How is Climate Change Impacting shellfish in the ocean? 

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This text explores the point of view of indigenous communities affected by ocean acidification in addition to science ideas. Students may enable my students to be environmental and indigenous advocates against human caused destruction.

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This texts acts a mirror of my LA students. They are the ones who are drinking the water in LA. They are the ones involved in the debate on what is considered safe drinking water in LA.

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The Climate Crisis, Migration, and refugees. 

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The Climate Crisis, Migration, and refugees. 

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This text incorporates human voice in terms of race, gender, age, ability, and geographical position. It shows this by reflecting the lived experiences of migrants fleeing climate disasters in their own countries. Students can use these text and the beginning of the ocean acidification unit.

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Climate Action Benefits Report: Shellfish

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Climate Action Benefits Report: Shellfish

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This text is relevant to the current discussions around climate change and ocean acidification. This text states the the harm caused by a declining shellfish population beyond the shellfish themselves such as economical harm.

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The Passing: A climate fiction short story

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The Passing: A climate fiction short story

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This text is a short story about a climate immigrant and her family and the hostile felt in their new country. It tells about the societal divisions and discrimination that occurred and the importance of understanding and embracing diversity. It serves as window for my students on the topic of climate caused human migration.

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As rising seas disrupt toxic sites, communities of color are at most risk

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As rising seas disrupt toxic sites, communities of color are at most risk

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This text makes a connection between people of color and global warming caused sea level rise. People of color and low income people tend to live near toxic waste sites. Flooding of these sites can injure these communities for decades.

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This texts explores the global nature of ocean acidification. In particular is the socio-economical harm. Ocean acidification effects many different ocean species of which humans eat. Therefore, a decline in deniable ocean specials can impact the Earth's poorest and most vulnerable to food access.

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This text is relevant the my students local community and they leave near the coast. It also serves as a window into the experiences of shellfish growers in California and how people in coastal communities. It offers opportunities for students to learn about diverse livelihoods and environmental stewardship practices.

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This text acts as a window in the point of view of general fishing jobs and not just shellfish harvesters. Fishing is a culturally relevant to Alaska and other coastal communities in Los Angeles. I would use this to have a discussion about culture, economics and the environmental issues.

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Design A Solution:  Electrolytic seawater mineralization and how it ensures (net) carbon dioxide removal

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Design A Solution:  Electrolytic seawater mineralization and how it ensures (net) carbon dioxide removal

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We present the mass balances associated with carbon dioxide (CO ₂) removal (CDR) using seawater as both the source of reactants, and as the reaction medium via electrolysis following the "Equatic TM" (formerly known as "SeaChange") process. The process involves the application of an overpotential that splits water to form H⁺ and OH- ions, producing acidity and alkalinity, i.e., in addition to gaseous co-products, at the anode and cathode, respectively. The alkalinity that results, i.e., via the "continuous electrolytic pH pump" results in the instantaneous precipitation of calcium carbonate (CaCO ₃), magnesium carbonates (MgCO ₃), and/or magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH) ₂) depending on the CO ₃ ²⁻ activity in solution. This results in the trapping, and hence durable and permanent (at least ~10,000-100,000 years) immobilization of CO ₂ that was originally dissolved in water, and that is additionally drawn down from the atmosphere within: a) mineral carbonates, and/or b) as solvated bicarbonate (HCO ₃⁻) and carbonate (CO ₃ ²⁻) ions (i.e., due to the absorption of atmospheric CO ₂ into seawater having enhanced alkalinity). Taken together, these actions result in the net removal of up to ≈4.6 kg of CO ₂ per m ³ of seawater processed. Geochemical simulations quantify the extents of net CO ₂ removal including the dependencies on the process configuration. It is furthermore indicated that the efficiency of realkalinization of the acidic anolyte using alkaline solids depends on their H⁺ neutralization capacity and dissolution reactivity. We also assess changes in seawater chemistry resulting from Mg(OH) ₂ dissolution with emphasis on the change in its alkalinity and saturation state. Overall, this analysis provides direct quantifications of the ability of the Equatic TM process to serve as a means for technological CDR to mitigate the worst effects of accelerating climate change.

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We present the mass balances associated with carbon dioxide (CO 2) removal (CDR) using seawater as both the source of reactants, and as the reaction medium via electrolysis following the "Equatic TM" (formerly known as "SeaChange") process.

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Design a solution: Equatic Unveils Plans for the World’s Largest Ocean-Based Carbon Removal Plant

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Design a solution: Equatic Unveils Plans for the World’s Largest Ocean-Based Carbon Removal Plant

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Los Angeles, California (Feb 27, 2024) - Carbon removal company, Equatic, today unveils plans for the world's largest ocean-based carbon removal plant. The effort stems from an exclusive project with PUB (Singapore's National Water Agency) and UCLA to remove 10 tonnes of carbon dioxide and create 300kg of carbon-negative hydrogen per day. When completed, the 3,650tpa CDR plant will be among the world's largest carbon dioxide removal facilities.

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"This plant is the essential next step towards carbon dioxide removal at a globally relevant scale and a competitive price," says Lorenzo Corsini, principal advisor at Equatic. "We are on track to deliver a replicable, easy-to-manufacture electrochemical reactor-the beating heart of our CDR technology-that will bring removal costs below the $100 per tonne industry target well before 2030."

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The demonstration project, named Equatic-1, will be commissioned in Tuas, Singapore in mid-2024. The engineering design, fabrication, and installation builds on the learnings from two pilot facilities in Los Angeles and Singapore, first operational in March 2023. Equatic-1 is a modular system, allowing the performance of individual units to be staged and stacked to allow systematic and rapid expansion. These units employ Equatic's oxygen-selective anodes developed with the support of the Department of Energy's Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E) to produce carbon-negative hydrogen, while eliminating the unwanted production of chlorine gas. This opens a new pathway to carbon removal at the gigaton scale with the co-production of carbon-negative hydrogen to support decarbonization in hard-to-abate industries.

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Equatic's carbon removal demonstration plant will use four inputs-seawater, air, rock, and renewable electricity-to remove and store CO2 while simultaneously generating carbon-negative hydrogen. Equatic will pass an electrical current through seawater (electrolysis) and then pass atmospheric air through the processed seawater (direct air capture); these steps trap CO2 in solid minerals and as dissolved substances that are naturally found in the oceans, ensuring that the trapped CO2 will remain securely stored for 100,000+ years. Finally, Equatic will use rock to neutralize the processed seawater and to preserve the ocean's chemistry.

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This project continues Equatic, PUB and UCLA's joint efforts to identify methods, processes, and practices to scale global deployment of carbon dioxide removal technologies. Importantly, Equatic-1 will demonstrate improvements in the unit cost per tonne of CO2 removed using the electrochemical reactors manufactured by Equatic, and will use the ISO 14064-2:2019 standard MRV methodology that was established during the Equatic pilot phase.

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Equatic has commenced development for its first commercial scale deployment-a plant capable of removing 109,500 tonnes of CO2 and generating 3,600 tonnes of carbon-negative hydrogen per year as early as 2026. This plant will be a modular system that deploys the electrolyzers optimized during the Equatic-1 demonstration project. Carbon credits and hydrogen from future plants have been pre-sold to companies such as Boeing with further sales ongoing.

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Equatic | Equatic Unveils Plans for the World's Largest Ocean-Based Carbon Removal Plant

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Los Angeles, California (Feb 27, 2024) - Carbon removal company, Equatic, today unveils plans for the world's largest ocean-based carbon removal plant. The effort stems from an exclusive project with PUB (Singapore's National Water Agency) and UCLA to remove 10 tonnes of carbon dioxide and create 300kg of carbon-negative hydrogen per day.

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Design a Solution: Direct removal of Carbon Dioxide from Ocean Water

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Design a Solution: Direct removal of Carbon Dioxide from Ocean Water

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Direct Removal of Carbon Dioxide from Oceanwater

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This Exploratory Topic seeks to develop technologies to focus on the capture process of removing carbon dioxide from oceanwater. Direct ocean capture (DOC) technologies are a promising option for servicing a very large and diverse carbon removal industry needed to mitigate legacy carbon dioxide emissions that are exacerbating anthropogenic climate change. Projects will focus on the development of robust, energy efficient, and low-cost strategies for direct removal of carbon dioxide from oceanwater and other natural waters by addressing challenges and opportunities specifically found in operation in an oceanic environment. The removal of CO2 from oceanwater and other natural waters, or direct ocean capture (DOC), is one method of capturing dispersed CO2. DOC also has the potential for offshore deployment that offers a variety of useful potential benefits such as reducing competition for useful land, allowing access to oceanic CO2 storage sites currently only reachable by pipeline, and producing valuable CO2 streams offshore for a number of potential uses, including as a feedstock for fuel and chemical synthesis. Finally, DOC represents a direct reversal of ocean acidification caused by anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Teams will focus on de-risking technologies that can capitalize on the unique benefits of ocean-based systems to help meet the promise of energy-efficient, low-cost, scalable CO2 capture. Program Director(s) Dr. David Babson

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Design a solution: How to remove carbon dioxide and carbonic acid in coastal communities 

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Design a solution: How to remove carbon dioxide and carbonic acid in coastal communities 

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Design a Solution: Using algae  to remove carbon dioxide from ocean water. 

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Design a Solution: Using algae  to remove carbon dioxide from ocean water. 

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Atkinson, M. J. and Smith, S. V.: C:N:P ratios of benthic marine plants, Limnol. Oceanogr., 28, 568-574, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1983.28.3.0568, 1983.  a, b, c

Bowie, G., Mills, W., Porcella, D., Campbell, C., Pagenkopf, J., Rupp, G., Johnson, K., Chan, P., Gherini, S., and Chamberlin, C.: Rates, constants, and kinetics formulations in surface water quality modeling, EPA, 600, 3-85, 1985.  a

Froehlich, H. E., Afflerbach, J. C., Frazier, M., and Halpern, B. S.: Blue Growth Potential to Mitigate Climate Change through Seaweed Offsetting, Curr. Biol., 29, 3087-3093.e3, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.07.041, 2019.  a, b, c, d, e, f

Gao, K. and McKinley, K. R.: Use of macroalgae for marine biomass production and CO remediation: a review, J. Appl. Phycol., 6, 45-60, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02185904, 1994.  a, b

Garcia, H. E., Locarnini, R. A., Boyer, T. P., Antonov, J. I., Zweng, M. M., Baranova, O. K., and Johnson, D. R.: World Ocean Atlas 2009, Volume 4: Nutrients (phosphate, nitrate, and silicate), NOAA World Ocean Atlas, 71, 398, http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/OC5/indprod.html (last access: 13 February 2023), 2010.  a, b

IPCC: Summary for Policymakers, in: Global Warming of 1.5 C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, edited by: Masson-Delmotte, V., Roberts, P. Z. H.-O. P. D., Skea, J., Shukla, P., Pirani, A., Moufouma-Okia, W., Péan, C., Pidcock, R., Connors, S., Matthews, J., Chen, Y., Zhou, X., Gomis, M., Lonnoy, E., Maycock, T., and Tignor, M., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 3-24, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157940.001, 2018.  a, b

Jacobucci, G. B., Güth, A. Z., and Pereira Leite, F. P.: Experimental evaluation of amphipod grazing over biomass of Sargassum filipendula (Phaeophyta) and its dominant epiphyte, Nauplius, 16, 65-71, 2008.  a

Keller, D. P., Oschlies, A., and Eby, M.: A new marine ecosystem model for the University of Victoria Earth System Climate Model, Geosci. Model Dev., 5, 1195-1220, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-5-1195-2012, 2012.  a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o

Keller, D. P., Feng, E. Y., and Oschlies, A.: Potential climate engineering effectiveness and side effects during a high carbon dioxide-emission scenario, Nat. Commun., 5, 3304, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4304, 2014.  a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h

Krause-Jensen, D. and Duarte, C. M.: Substantial role of macroalgae in marine carbon sequestration, Nat. Geosci., 9, 737-742, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2790, 2016. a, b, c, d, e, f

Oschlies, A., Pahlow, M., Yool, A., and Matear, R. J.: Climate engineering by artificial ocean upwelling: Channelling the sorcerer's apprentice, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, 1-5, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL041961, 2010b.  a, b, c, d

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Rogelj, J., Popp, A., Calvin, K. V., Luderer, G., Emmerling, J., Gernaat, D., Fujimori, S., Strefler, J., Hasegawa, T., Marangoni, G., Krey, V., Kriegler, E., Riahi, K., van Vuuren, D. P., Doelman, J., Drouet, L., Edmonds, J., Fricko, O., Harmsen, M., Havlík, P., Humpenöder, F., Stehfest, E., and Tavoni, M.: Scenarios towards limiting global mean temperature increase below 1.5 C, Nat. Clim. Chang., 8, 325-332, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0091-3, 2018.  a

Schmittner, A., Oschlies, A., Matthews, H. D., and Galbraith, E. D.: Future changes in climate, ocean circulation, ecosystems, and biogeochemical cycling simulated for a business-as-usual CO emission scenario until year 4000 AD, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 22, 1-21, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GB002953, 2008.  a, b

Trancoso, A., Saraiva, S., Fernandes, L., Pina, P., Leitão, P., and Neves, R.: Modelling macroalgae using a 3D hydrodynamic-ecological model in a shallow, temperate estuary, Ecol. Modell., 187, 232-246, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.01.054, 2005.  a, b, c, d, e, f

Weaver, A. J., Eby, M., Wiebe, E. C., Bitz, C. M., Duffy, P. B., Ewen, T. L., Fanning, A. F., Holland, M. M., MacFadyen, A., Matthews, H. D., Meissner, K. J., Saenko, O., Schmittner, A., Wang, H., and Yoshimori, M.: The UVic earth system climate model: Model description, climatology, and applications to past, present and future climates, Atmosphere-Ocean, 39, 361-428, https://doi.org/10.1080/07055900.2001.9649686, 2001.  a, b, c, d

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Zhang, J., Wu, W., Ren, J., and Lin, F.: A model for the growth of mariculture kelp Saccharina japonica in Sanggou Bay, China, Aquac. Environ. Interact., 8, 273-283, https://doi.org/10.3354/aei00171, 2016.  a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l

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Carbon dioxide removal via macroalgae open-ocean mariculture and sinking: an Earth system modeling study

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Abstract. In this study, we investigate the maximum physical and biogeochemical potential of macroalgae open-ocean mariculture and sinking (MOS) as an ocean-based carbon dioxide removal (CDR) method. Embedding a macroalgae model into an Earth system model, we simulate macroalgae mariculture in the open-ocean surface layer followed by fast sinking of the carbon-rich macroalgal biomass to the deep seafloor (depth>3000 m), which assumes no remineralization of the harvested biomass during the quick sinking.

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Design a solution: The coastal blue carbon system to remove carbon dioxide from coastal waters. 

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Design a solution: The coastal blue carbon system to remove carbon dioxide from coastal waters. 

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Coastal wetland ecosystems (salt marshes, mangroves, and seagrass beds) can store large quantities carbon for two main reasons:

1. Their plants usually grow a lot each year, and in the process, capture (or sequester) large amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2).

2. Their soils are largely anaerobic (without oxygen) so carbon that gets incorporated into the soils decomposes very slowly and can persist for hundreds or even thousands of years (carbon storage).

Carbon Pathways

Coastal wetlands tend to be very productive ecosystems-meaning that the plants grow a lot each year. As part of the growth process, plants capture carbon dioxide from the air and convert it to plant parts such as leaves, stems, or roots. This process is called "fixation" or "uptake" of carbon dioxide.

Carbon is also lost back to the atmosphere when plants respire (exhale) carbon dioxide, the same way people exhale carbon dioxide. This carbon dioxide is the byproduct of the plants breaking down sugars (i.e. food) and converting it to energy.

Some of the carbon that plants capture gets added to soils either via internal transport in the plant or when plant parts, such as leaves and roots, die and become incorporated into the soil.

Once carbon is in the soil some of it is respired by microbes and returns to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. However, some of the carbon stays stored in the soils, often for hundreds or even thousands of years, buried deep underground.

The Importance of Anaerobic Soils

One reason coastal wetlands are particularly good at storing carbon is because the soils are largely anaerobic, which means they lack oxygen.

In most coastal wetlands there is usually a thin layer of soil that is oxygenated and above water, but the remainder of the soil is submerged in water. Oxygen diffuses very slowly through water, so saturated (wet) soils in these wetland habitats tend to have little to no oxygen present.

Decomposition of organic plant material is much slower when there is no oxygen present, so the carbon present in this plant material remains intact, rather than being broken down by microbes and respired back to the atmosphere. As a result, wetlands are very good carbon sinks (meaning they store a lot of carbon).

In summary, coastal wetlands are particularly good at storing carbon because the plants annually sequester (capture) a lot of carbon and then these ecosystems store carbon for long periods of time in their soils.

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national oceanic and atmospheric administration

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Coastal wetland ecosystems (salt marshes, mangroves, and seagrass beds) can store large quantities carbon for two main reasons: Their plants usually grow a lot each year, and in the process, capture (or sequester) large amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2).