# data[].attributes.body
The Bakke v. California case had a profound impact on the Civil Rights Movement, shaping affirmative action policies and challenging discrimination in education and employment.

# data[].attributes.body
In 1978, the Supreme Court ruled on Bakke v. California, a case challenging the use of racial quotas in university admissions. The decision had far-reaching implications for affirmative action and equal opportunity.

# data[].attributes.body
Allan Bakke, a thirty-five-year-old white man, had twice applied for admission to the University of California Medical School at Davis. He was rejected both times. The school reserved sixteen places in each entering class of one hundred for "qualified" minorities, as part of the university's affirmative action program, in an effort to redress longstanding, unfair minority exclusions from the medical profession.

# data[].attributes.body
Bakke's qualifications (college GPA and test scores) exceeded those of any of the minority students admitted in the two years Bakke's applications were rejected. Bakke contended, first in the California courts, then in the Supreme Court, that he was excluded from admission solely on the basis of race.

# data[].attributes.body
The case raised questions about the constitutionality of using affirmative action to address historical discrimination. It sparked a national debate on the role of race in admissions and employment, and the pursuit of diversity.

# data[].attributes.body
Decades after the ruling, Bakke v. California continues to influence discussions on affirmative action, diversity, and equality. It remains a landmark case in the ongoing pursuit of civil rights.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke | BRI's Homework Help Series

# data[].attributes.body
The case contributed to the evolution of legal interpretations of affirmative action and equal protection. It highlighted the complexities of addressing inequality and diversity through legal frameworks.

# data[].attributes.body
The decision in Bakke v. California set a legal precedent for evaluating affirmative action programs. It established that while quotas were unconstitutional, race could be considered as one factor in a holistic admissions process.

# data[].attributes.body
The case sparked public debate about the role of race in admissions and the pursuit of equality. It raised awareness about the need to address historical injustices and promote inclusive policies.

# data[].attributes.body
The case prompted universities to reconsider their admissions policies and strive for diversity. It also influenced the development of merit-based admissions criteria to promote equal opportunity.

# data[].attributes.body
The case prompted broader discussions about the intersection of law, civil rights, and social change. It underscored the ongoing need to address institutional barriers and promote inclusive policies.

# data[].attributes.body
The legacy of Bakke v. California is seen in ongoing efforts to promote diversity, challenge discrimination, and advance civil rights. It continues to shape policies and legal interpretations.

# data[].attributes.body
The ruling in Bakke v. California empowered individuals to challenge discrimination in education and employment. It underscored the importance of equal access and opportunity for all.

# data[].attributes.body
The Supreme Court ruled 5-4 that the UC Davis affirmative action program was unconstitutional, as it amounted to a racial quota system. However, the Court also ruled that race could be considered as one factor among many in admissions decisions

# data[].attributes.body
Four of the justices contended that any racial quota system supported by government violated the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Justice Lewis F. Powell, Jr., agreed, casting the deciding vote ordering the medical school to admit Bakke. However, in his opinion, Powell argued that the rigid use of racial quotas as employed at the school violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

# data[].attributes.body
The remaining four justices held that the use of race as a criterion in admissions decisions in higher education was constitutionally permissible. Powell joined that opinion as well, contending that the use of race was permissible as one of several admission criteria. So, the Court managed to minimize white opposition to the goal of equality (by finding for Bakke) while extending gains for racial minorities through affirmative action.

# data[].attributes.body
The impact of Bakke v. California on the Civil Rights Movement is evident in the ongoing pursuit of equality and diversity. It remains a pivotal case in shaping affirmative action policies and challenging discrimination.

# data[].attributes.body
After the ruling, UC Davis modified its admissions program to comply with the Court's decision. Bakke was subsequently admitted to the medical school.

# data[].attributes.body
The Bakke decision was the first time the Supreme Court had rules on the constitutionality of affirmative action programs in higher education admissions.

# data[].attributes.body
The case was argued before the Supreme Court on October 12, 1977. It was one of the longest oral arguments in the Court's history, lasting over 5 hours.

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.loc.gov/exhibitions/drawing-justice-courtroom-illustrations/about-this-exhibition/race-based-crimes/

https://www.oyez.org/cases/1979/76-811

https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/regents_of_the_university_of_california_v_bakke_(1978)

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978) | Wex | US Law | LII / Legal Information Institute (cornell.edu)

Regents of Univ. of California v. Bakke :: 438 U.S. 265 (1978) :: Justia US Supreme Court Center

The Supreme Court . Expanding Civil Rights . Landmark Cases . Regents of University of California v. Bakke (1978) | PBS (thirteen.org)

Bakke decision | Affirmative Action, Education, Supreme Court | Britannica

When the Supreme Court first ruled on affirmative action | Constitution Center

REGENTS OF the UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, Petitioner, v. Allan BAKKE. | Supreme Court | US Law | LII / Legal Information Institute (cornell.edu)

The University of California V. Bakke: The Court's Three Decisions | American Enterprise Institute - AEI