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a. I learned that Lyme disease can actually have much more serious and chronic effects if left untreated, including heart problems, fatigue, and nerve or joint pain.
b. I learned that nearly 15% of the world's population had been infected with Lyme disease, but only about 11 people died from Lyme disease between 1985 and 2019.
c. I came across an article that talked about the different trends of the disease in other countries and the multitude of factors that accentuate those changes. It also talked about co-infections, which could be interesting to explore.

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a. Lyme disease cases have been on a steady increase in many countries, including those where it had not been prevalent before. The social impact includes increased awareness about the disease and the effect of climate change on the spread of this disease.
b. There was no major social change following the recognition of Lyme disease, other than prevention methods and taking antibiotics to cure the infection. However, due to the increase in vector-borne diseases and chronic Lyme disease symptoms, more studies have been explored to prevent the effects.
c. Society "learned" from Lyme disease by exploring vector-borne diseases further, which account for 17% of the world's infectious diseases. Tick-transmitted infections have not been studied as closely, so understanding and preventing the long-term effects will benefit society.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5576071/

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a. The disease was handled by the government through funding for the education and research of Lyme disease in 1991. The first Lyme disease vaccine became available in 1997, but the study ended in 2002
b. In 2018, the Lyme Innovation Roundtable was formed to study tick-borne diseases with new technologies and data. It includes the collaboration of politics, research, and patients to learn more about these types of diseases.
c. Although it is quite easy to prevent the disease from spreading and causing more issues, there are still increasing amounts of people diagnosed with Lyme disease. It may be beneficial to set requirements, to educate more people about this disease, and help them with preventative measures.

https://www.hhs.gov/ash/osm/innovationx/lyme-innovation/real-world-impact/index.html
https://portal.ct.gov/DPH/Epidemiology-and-Emerging-Infections/A-Brief-History-of-Lyme-Disease-in-Connecticut

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a. The CDC provides educational materials to help identify tick bites. They state that Lyme disease can be managed with insect repellent, removing ticks immediately and reducing tick habitat.
b. To combat this disease, antibiotics such as doxycycline or amoxicillin are primarily used and can successfully cure the infection. When treated late, other measures must be used to reduce symptoms of infection and pain.
c. It has been recently studied that stem cell therapy can be used for more serious cases if patients have chronic Lyme disease effects. If treated too late, many patients experience persistent symptoms.
https://www.dvcstem.com/post/stem-cell-therapy-for-lyme-disease#:~:text=Early%20clinical%20trials%20have%20shown,Lyme%20disease%20syndrome%20(PTLDS).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9601439/

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Stem Cell Therapy: Lyme Disease Breakthrough in 2023?

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Mar 02, 2023 - Explaining the relationship and possible benefits of stem cell therapy for Lyme Disease.

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(Virulence factors of Borrelia Burgdorferi)

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a. Lyme Disease can be quite virulent if not dealt with immediately, as the infection can spread to the heart and nervous system. However, only 11 deaths caused by Lyme disease have been recorded between 1985 and 2019, so it is not very life-threatening.
b. Lyme disease was previously only carried by small rodents (white-footed mice specifically) and then to other animals, such as deer, birds, etc. It then became more widespread and began infecting humans as well.
c. Virulence is defined as a microorganism's ability to cause damage to its host.

https://medicine.yale.edu/news-article/ancient-history-of-lyme-disease-in-north-america-revealed-with-bacterial-genomes/#:~:text=Ticks%20expanded%20into%20suburbanized%20landscapes,allowed%20the%20bacterium%20to%20spread.

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a. This disease spread throughout North America but is most common in the Northeast, upper Midwest, and Northwestern states. It also spread to large areas in Europe (mostly central) and Asia.
b. Lyme disease was recognized by the US in 1975 but had been roaming the country for over 60,000 years. It was first reported in 1985 and 1982 in Asia and Europe, respectively.
c. Nearly 15% of the world's population has been infected with Lyme disease. The CDC states that around 476,000 people in the US are infected with Lyme disease every year. Death caused by Lyme disease is infrequent, with only 11 people dying between 1985 and 2019 worldwide.

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/can-you-die-from-lyme-disease

https://medicine.yale.edu/news-article/ancient-history-of-lyme-disease-in-north-america-revealed-with-bacterial-genomes/

https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/stats/humancases.html

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a. My disease was first recognized in Lyme, Connecticut in 1975. However, the disease has been around for thousands of years prior to being recognized by the US. For example, a 5,300 year old mummy autopsy showed the presence of this bacteria. Additionally, the distinct erythema migrans rash was described by Alfred Buchwald 130 years ago.
b. The suspected infectious agent is the bacteria, Borrelia burgdorferi.
c. Lyme disease is zoonotic, which means that it can spread between humans and animals.

https://www.bayarealyme.org/about-lyme/history-lyme-disease/#:~:text=In%20fact%2C%20a%20recent%20autopsy,more%20than%20130%20years%20ago.
https://www.avma.org/resources/pet-owners/petcare/lyme-disease-pet-owners-guide#:~:text=Lyme%20disease%20(Lyme%20borreliosis)%20is,Control%20and%20Prevention%20(CDC).

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Week 1: Borreliosis- Lyme Disease (3/14)

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Week 1: Borreliosis- Lyme Disease (3/14)

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Borreliosis, also known as Lyme disease, is caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi.
Ticks are the most common vectors for carrying this disease. Symptoms can be treated easily with antibiotics and may include a rash (erythema migrans), fever, chills, and headaches. When left untreated, the infection can spread to the heart, nervous system, and joints.

https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/index.html