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https://evolution.berkeley.edu/the-history-of-evolutionary-thought/pre-1800/the-ecology-of-human-populations-thomas-malthus/
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/02/5/l_025_01.html
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thomas-Malthus

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Before, Darwin actually thought that organisms must reproduce just enough to keep the population stable, but Malthus’s theories introduced the idea of competition into the mix
Darwin concluded that since said competition produces organisms better suit for the environment, they must pass these on and create organisms that are even better, which will compete until the cycle starts all over again
This theory would eventually become natural selection

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Popularized the idea of studying humans as groups rather than individuals, an idea he took from the biologists of the day
Applied his work to other species as well (flies reproducing unchecked would mean that we'd be knee deep in maggots, and the only reason we aren't is because not all of them get to

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Essentially the real life Thanos - argued that the infinite desire for human happiness is worthless, due to the increase of the population always outpacing production growth (geometric vs arithmetic progression)
Argued that the only manners of fixing this were “vice” (ie: war), “misery” (famines, droughts, sickness) and “moral restraint” (abstinence, putting off marriage and having kids until later in life)
So yeah, not a fun guy

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Who - Thomas Malthus
What - Economist and demographer
When - Born February 14, 1776
Where - England
Why - I study Economics already so picking him was killing two birds with one stone