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acetylcholine

pilocarpine (Pilocar)

bethanechol (Urecholine)

neostigmine (Prostigmin)

atropine

dicyclomine (Bentyl)

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ephedrine

phenylephrine  (Neo-Synephrine)

epinephrine (Adrenalin)

prazosin (Minipress)

terazosin (Hytrin)

doxazosin (Cardura)

dobutamine

formoterol (Foradil)

albuterol (Proventil, Ventolin)

terbutaline (Brethine)

nadolol (Corgard)

propranolol (Inderal)

timolol (Blocadren)

atenolol (Tenormin)

metoprolol (Lopressor)

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Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: directly stimulate the muscarinic receptors and mimics ACh.

Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: inhibit acetylcholinesterase and increases ACh.

Anticholinergics: binds to a cholinergic receptor and acts as a blocking drug (competitive antagonism).

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Alpha-1 Adrenergic Agonists: stimulates alpha-1 receptor and causes contraction of smooth muscles and blood vessels, increase of blood pressure, and decongestant effect.

Adrenergic Agonists: stimulates all alpha and beta receptors and causes cardiac stimulation, bronchodilation, vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure.

Alpha-1 Adrenergic Blocking Drugs: binds to and blocks alpha-1 receptors causing relaxation of smooth muscle, vasodilation of blood vessels, decreased blood pressure, and increased urine flow.

Beta-1 Adrenergic Agonists: Low doses stimulate dopaminergic (d-1) receptors in kidneys causing vasodilation and increased renal blood flow. Moderate dose stimulates beta-1 receptors in heart causing an increase in cardiac output & force of contraction. High doses stimulate alpha-1 receptors and cause vasoconstriction, leading to increased blood pressure.

Beta-2 Adrenergic Agonists: stimulates beta-2 receptors causing bronchodilation (relaxation of smooth muscle of the lungs) and relaxation of the smooth muscle of the uterus.

Selective Beta-1 Blockers: blocks beta-1 receptors causing a decrease in heart rate, conduction, force of contraction, cardiac output and blood pressure.

Non-selective Beta Blockers: block beta-1 & beta-2 receptors and causes decreased force of contraction, heart rate, conduction, cardiac output and blood pressure.

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The Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) or the cholinergic division of the ANS, is responsible for the rest and digest response.

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muscarinic receptor:

Heart -

decrease heart rate

Intestines -

increased GI secretions, increased digestion, increased defecation

Iris muscle (eye) -

pupillary constriction (miosis)

Bronchiolar smooth muscle -

bronchoconstriction

Urinary bladder -

contraction, increased urination

Urinary sphincter -

relaxation, increased urination

nicotinic-1 (Nn) receptor:

CNS excitement

nicotinic-2 (Nm) receptor:

Neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle -

muscle contraction

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alpha-1 receptor: contraction of smooth muscle

Most arteries and veins -

vasoconstriction

Smooth muscle -

contraction

Iris muscle (eye) -

pupillary dilation (mydriasis)

alpha-2 receptor: relaxation/inhibition (parasympathetic response)

Adrenergic nerve ending -

decrease release of Norepinephrine

Most arteries and veins -

vasoconstriction

Smooth muscle -

contraction

beta-1 receptor:

Heart -

increase in HR, AV conduction and force of contraction

beta-2 receptor: relaxation of smooth muscle

Bronchiolar smooth muscle -

bronchodilation

Uterus -

relaxation

Coronary & skeletal muscle blood vessels -

vasodilation/relaxation

Smooth muscle -

relaxation

Urinary bladder -

relaxation, decreased urination

Urinary sphincter -

contraction, decreased urination

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The primary receptors associated with the SNS are all considered adrenergic receptors. They subdivide into alpha-1, alpha-2, beta-1, and beta-2.

Alpha-1 receptors are located on smooth muscles, most arteries & veins, eyes, and glands.

Alpha-2 receptors are located on adrenergic nerve endings.

Beta-1 receptors are located on the heart.

Beta-2 receptors are located on the smooth muscle of the lungs, uterus, and coronary & skeletal muscle arteries.

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Acetylcholine (ACH) which is released at the ganglia and at the postganglionic nerve endings.

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Acetylcholine (ACh) which is released at the ganglia.

Norepinephrine (NE) which is released at the postganglionic nerve endings.

Epinephrine (EPI) which is produced at the adrenal medulla and acts on adrenergic receptors.

Dopamine (DA) which produced by the hypothalamus and is a precursor to NE.

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The primary receptors associated with the PNS are all considered cholinergic receptors. They subdivide into muscarinic, nicotinic-1/nicotinic nerve (Nn), and nicotinic-2/nicotinic muscle (Nm).

Muscarinic receptors are located on cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands.

Nicotinic-1 (Nn) receptors are located at the area of synapse (ganglia of parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves).

Nicotinic-2 (Nm) receptors are located at the neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle. These receptors are not autonomic, but somatic.

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The Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) or the adrenergic division of the ANS, is responsible for the fight or flight response.