# data[].attributes.body
-It is important to teach spelling first to help students familiarize with the letters.
-Students need to learn the structure and characteristics of the text they want to write.

# data[].attributes.body
We know that teaching writing is an ongoing process and a productive skill that requires concentration.

# data[].attributes.body
-To what extent young students can learn to do writing.

# data[].attributes.body
-How can you asses writing?
- What kind of activities involves writing?
-What type of writing should we teach according to the levels?

# data[].attributes.body
-If we are going to teach how to write certain kind of text, we have to present to them how the structure will have to be, show examples also.

-It is also useful to show them expressions that they can use before the activity, this can guide them about what to write.

-If we want to give extra help, we can provide vocabulary that can be included in the text.

# data[].attributes.body
What we know is that students need a certain level of English (vocabulay, gramar, etc.) to produce well structured sentences.

# data[].attributes.body
- Techniques to improve writing in our students
- How to provide feedback in student's writing
- How to evaluate writing.

# data[].attributes.body
-What strategies are necessary to teach writing?
-How can we motivate to write our students?
What kind of activities can we use to teach writing?
Are there methodologies, technics, or materials that enhace our performance to teach writing?

# data[].attributes.body
Brown:
-It has several steps like thinking, drafting or editing.
-The way students write may be influenced by their culture.
-Some of the writing characteristics are complexity, vocabulary, permanence, production time, distance, orthography and formality.
-Teachers have to consider students background and knowledge to analize if the texts they choose are appropriate or relevant for them.
-It is important to have rubrics.

Harmer:
-Handwriting is not getting obsolete in the near future. There are many things we need it for (like memos and postcards). That's why is important to help students with it.
-Students first language may have very different punctuation rules and that may be confusing for them.
-Genre represents the norms of different kinds of writing.
-On the pre-writing stage, it may be useful for students to familiarize with actual texts of the genre they are going to write.
-Two key aspects of text construction are the coherence and the cohesion.
-Students must consider the context and the audience they are writing for.
-We must make students aware of the varieties of English, because this may create "issues" with the spelling. There are the same words with different sounds and spelling by the variation of English.
-Writing has a process; drafting, edition, and final product, but the writing process could be more complex. It is recommended to do reviewing, redrafting and re-editing. It's important to give time to do this kind of tasks and this could be a disvantage.

Brown:
Mechanical or imitative writing refers to the most basic stage of writing that includes recognizing the letters, the sounds and learning to write them.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
When you visit any website, it may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. This information might be about you, your preferences or your device and is mostly used to make the site work as you expect it to. The information does not usually directly identify you,…

# data[].attributes.body
Brown
-It follows the next steps: composing, intercultural rhetoric, authenticity, content and genre based, and responding to student writing. It is also considered form-focused feedback and identity and voice

There are micro and macro skills.
-The micro skills are:
Production of graphemes and orthographic patterns
Produce writing at an efficient speed
Appropriate use of word order patterns
Use grammatical systems, patterns and rules
-The macro skills are:
Use of cohesive devices
Use rhetorical forms
Use links and connections
Add cultural references
Identify literal amd implied meaning

Types of Writing

Display writing: it is the writing that asks specific aspects that should be include. For example, essays, reports etc.

Real writing: it is divided into three categories: academic, vocational/technical and personal.

1. Academic: it requires an exchange of information of relevant topics in which is presented finding that adds the reality of an audience.

2. Vocational/technical: it refers to writing for specific purposes, for example, real letters exchange genuine interactions.

3. Personal: it refers to diaries, letters post cards, personal messages and informal writing

Harmer
-Self-writng refers to diaries or portfolios.
-Stages of writing: pre-writing, drafting, revising, editing and publishing.
-Six traits of good writing: ideas/content, organization, conventions, voice, coherence, word choice.
-To be an effective writer you should understand literacies, genres,  layout and puntuaction, text contrucction and spelling.
-Approaches to students writing and process and products should be taken into account.

# data[].attributes.body
Brown
-There are different steps to follow when we write.
-There are many challenges that students can face, such as grammatical accuracy.
-We can cover various genres like emails, essays, etc.
-We need to teach them to revise their writing over and over again.
-Encourage students to read their compositions.
-There are microskills and macroskills.
-Types of performances such as imitative, intensive, self, display, and real writing.
------------------------------------
Self-Writing:
Most of the time this type of writing is writing with the only self in mind as an audience. A good example of self-writing is note-taking, which is an important proportion of classroom writing. Another example is journal writing, the students may write about their feelings, reactions, and thoughts.

Harmer
-One of the best ways to enhance learners' spelling is by using extensive reading.
-Learners tend to transfer the use of punctuation from their L1 to their L2.
-A process approach to writing is preferred by teachers because it focuses on many stages, for instance, Pre-writing phrases, editing, redrafting, and producing a final version.
- Students whose native-language orthography is different from English have to be taught exactly how to write them down. This involves showing them which directions the writing strokes go in.

# data[].attributes.body
Brown
- We mustn't focus only on the product but, on the whole process
- Written products are often the result of thinking, drafting, and revision procedures that require specialized skills that not every speaker develops naturally
-There are micro and macro skills.
*Micro: smaller parts of compositions looking at sentences and words.
*Macro: Underlying message in the overall message of the composition.

Harmer
Literacy
It could be said that it is the set of technical skills for decoding and encoding meanings, implementing the manipulation of writing tools and sound-form correspondences, which are acquired through formal education.
Spelling
One of the best ways to help students improve their spelling is through reading;
Underline words with -ed endings.
Showing them a list of words and having them say what letter combinations occur in all of them.
Reflect on your copy misspellings
Text Construction

How to put a text together in a comprehensible way involves understanding coherence.

Understand how we build up lexical chains in a text by using the same words, related words, synonyms, etc. how we substitute pronouns and phrases, and how we build tense agreement.

*Approaches to student writing

There are different approaches to the practice writing.

We will want to build the “writing habit.”

Genre
The genre represents the norms of different kinds of writing.A genre perspective allows students to study texts in the genre in which they are going to be writing before starting to compose their own work. This approach highlights three essential features of genre writing;

Writers should have in mind the context they are writing for
Writers need to establish the audience they are writing for
Writers should search for some examples of writing in the genre.

Layout and punctuation
Different writing communities have different punctuation and layout conventions. They are non-transferable from one community to another. There are differences such as the way writers use commas instead of full stops. Punctuation is a matter of personal style to many readers, different genres of writing are laid out differently, so if we want to be successful writers we should be aware of these layouts and conventions to transmit our messages as clearly as we can.