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The Landing of the Lion in 1619 was when the first Africans were captured and brought on an English ship known as the “Lion”. They were brought to the colonies in Virginia as enslaved labor, and during this period, most colonies had made enslavement legal. English settlers were using European indentured servants and enslaved people for coerced labor. The Landing of the Lion was a pivotal moment in American society, as it marked the early beginning of slavery in America. The Virginia Colonial Law on Race was in 1662 was enacted shortly afterward and demonstrates how colonies wanted to institutionalize slavery as a source of free labor and development.

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The Virginia Colonial Law on Race was a law enacted by Virginia in December 1662. It was a law that forced hereditary slavery, implying that the status of the mother would determine whether a child was to be enslaved. The law was created to heighten slavery in Virginia so that more children would be likely to fall into the hands of slavery, which would mean more free labor for American colonists in Virginia. This marks the start of the many years of slavery that would occur in the United States. The Virginia Colonial Law was one of the first legal recognitions of slavery in the colonies and signaled the many years of slavery that would follow. It established a system in which slavery became permanent, and presented a contradiction that would later be seen with the principles stated in the Declaration of Independence.

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The Royal Proclamation Line of 1763 was established by Parliament as a boundary line to separate the British colonies from Native American controlled lands in the Appalachian Mountains. The British Parliament wanted to do this as an extension during the war of imperial control and to maintain their power. This was crucial because it represented the British desire to maintain full control over the colonies. The Royal Proclamation Line was one of the first rules to increase tensions between the British and the colonists, as it restricted expansion, and it also revealed the colonists’ ambition to claim land inhabited by Native Americans. The Royal Proclamation Line was only enforced after the British had won the Seven Years’ War against the French and had gained new territories, including lands west of the Appalachian Mountains, which were previously controlled by the French. This marked the beginning of the colonists seeing themselves as separate from the British and their desire to expand their own power.

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The Stamp Act Congress, held in New York City in October 1765, brought together colonial representatives to respond to the Stamp Act, which required taxed stamps on printed materials like newspapers and playing cards. The Stamp Act Congress issued a “Declaration of Rights and Grievances” that confirmed loyalty to the king and Parliament but insisted that colonists had the same rights as Britons, including trial by jury and taxation only through their own representatives. This Congress was important because it was one of the first organized initiatives by the colonies to advocate for their rights and push back against British power. It laid the foundation for future resistance groups such as the Sons of Liberty, which was a resistance group that organized boycotts and protests against the Stamp Act and continued protesting after the British had introduced the Townshend Acts. These actions reemphasized the colonists’ yearning for control over their own government.

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The Boston Massacre took place on March 5, 1770, outside the Custom House in Boston, when a crowd hadThe Boston Massacre took place on March 5, 1770, outside the Custom House in Boston, when a crowd had gathered to protest British Acts. The colonists were insulting and throwing snowballs at the sentry, which caused the British soldiers to come to the sentry’s defense, which escalated the situation and led to shots being fired, which killed 5 Bostonians, including Crispus Attucks, a formerly enslaved dockworker. The soldiers were later tried in Boston and acquitted because of their defense attorney, John Adams. The Boston Massacre is significant to the American Revolution because it intensified colonial resistance and strengthened their desire for independence, especially after the soldiers were acquitted. The killing of 5 Bostonians became a symbol of British oppression and fueled more resistance throughout the colonies. The Boston Massacre was sparked by growing colonial resistance to British acts, including the Townshend Acts, which taxed imported goods like glass and tea. The colonists were already frustrated by these harsh taxes, and the killing of Bostonians heightened their determination to resist British control. gathered to protest British Acts. The colonists were insulting and throwing snowballs at the sentry, which caused the British soldiers to come to the sentry’s defense, which escalated the situation and led to shots being fired, which killed 5 Bostonians, including Crispus Attucks, a formerly enslaved dockworker. The soldiers were later tried in Boston and acquitted because of their defense attorney, John Adams. The Boston Massacre is significant to the American Revolution because it intensified colonial resistance and strengthened their desire for independence, especially after the soldiers were acquitted. The killing of 5 Bostonians became a symbol of British oppression and fueled more resistance throughout the colonies. The Boston Massacre was sparked by growing colonial resistance to British acts, including the Townshend Acts, which taxed imported goods like glass and tea. The colonists were already frustrated by these harsh taxes, and the killing of Bostonians heightened their determination to resist British control.

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The Intolerable Acts, also known as the Coercive Acts, were four acts enforced by the British government in 1774, targeting Massachusetts but affecting all the colonies. These included the Boston Port Act, which shut down the harbor; the Massachusetts Government Act, which placed the colonial government under British control; the Administration of Justice Act, which allowed royal officials to be tried in Britain; and the Quartering Act, which allowed British troops to be housed in colonists’ homes. The British did this because they wanted to maintain control over the colonies and show the other colonies that they were in higher power. However, rather than isolating Massachusetts, the other colonies came to its aid.

This was a crucial moment in the American Revolution as it symbolized unity between all the colonies, which demonstrated their collective identity as parts of a future nation. It also highlighted the British desire for complete control and their intention to treat the colonies as extensions of the British Empire. The Intolerable Acts were enacted by the British government after the Boston Tea Party, where colonists protested by dumping British tea into the Boston Harbor. Unfortunately for the British, these laws united the colonies against British rule instead of weakening the resistance.

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The Declaration of Independence was declared on July 4, 1776, and it was a document of written constitutions by the colonies that would apply to all U.S. colonies. A committee consisting of Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, and Benjamin Franklin was formed to finalize the draft. Jefferson wrote the original version, while Adams and Franklin reviewed and made edits to it. However, this occurred only after Richard Henry Lee introduced a resolution declaring independence, which led the delegates to return to their assemblies and cast a vote, which resulted in a 12-0 consensus on July 2nd, with New York abstaining due to the threat of British invasion. This was a pivotal moment in the American Revolution as it marked the start of a new nation, no longer subjected to external control. The colonies gained complete power within their country, taking full responsibility for their government, healthcare, and education, which allowed them to shape their own future. Although the colonists declared their independence, they still had to fight to secure it, as the British were determined to maintain control. This led to the Revolutionary War between the American colonists and Britain.

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The Constitutional Convention was a gathering of delegates that convened in Philadelphia in the summer of 1787. James Madison was the architect of the convention and had highlighted the conflict between the Northern and Southern States, specifically the issue of slavery. The reason for the convention was to write a new constitution; however, Northern delegates argued that the Constitution should not count enslaved people, since they were property, while Southern delegates argued that representation was to be based on population and that slaves should be thought of as people, despite being denied basic human rights. This played a significant role in the American Revolution, as it highlighted the acknowledgement of blatant human discrimination, while still attempting to justify its inclusion in law. It also laid the foundation for the treatment of enslaved people as less than human, which can be seen in the Declaration of Independence. Ultimately, they agreed on the Three-Fifths compromise, which counted 60% of a state’s enslaved population toward its total representation and is what resolved the conflict between states. The Constitutional Convention was prompted by the failures of the Articles of Confederation, which were a weak system of government created during the Revolutionary War that lacked the power to collect taxes, regulate foreign or interstate commerce, and establish a federal judiciary.

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The Election of 1800 in the United States included multiple candidates from both the Federalist and Republican parties, but in the end the Republicans defeated President John Adams in the presidential race, who received only sixty-five electoral votes, with Thomas Jefferson of Virginia and Aaron Burr of New York, tying at seventy-three electoral votes each. This was a new situation in American politics that the United States had not seen before. Although Aaron Burr was supposed to be a candidate for vice-president, a tie-breaking vote had to take place in the House of Representatives, as that was what was required by the original rules of the Constitution. The election was important in the development of the American government as it presented a new challenge, which led to a change in the political system: the Twelfth Amendment, which altered the rules for presidential elections to accommodate how political parties worked. This was an important event because it reinforced and improved the two-party system that continues to shape American politics.  The Proclamation Line of 1763 was an attempt by the British to maintain imperial control over the North American colonies by marking a line between the Appalachian Mountains as a boundary for Native American lands. This irritated the colonists and became another factor that pushed them to resist British control. The Election of 1800 represents how far the colonies had come from resisting British control to establishing a government where power could be exchanged through elections.

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Marbury v. Madison was a case tried in 1803 by the Supreme Court in Washington, D.C., involving William Marbury and James Madison, who represented the interests of former president John Adams and new president Thomas Jefferson. The case occurred after John Adams had appointed several men to serve as justices of peace in Washington, D.C., as an attempt to fill vacant positions with Federalists before leaving office. One of these men was William Marbury. However, when Jefferson became president, he, along with his Secretary of State, James Madison, refused to deliver the federal commissions to the previous appointees. In response, William Marbury sued, and the case was argued before the Supreme Court. This event was crucial to the development of the United States government, as upon the Supreme Court ruling against William Marbury, Chief Justice Marshal also ruled that the Supreme Court had the authority to decide whether an act of Congress violated the Constitution. The case of Marbury v. Madison set the foundation for the power of the U.S Constitution and the legal system in the United States. It was significant because it defined the Supreme Court’s power as the highest authority in the nation and ensured that no law could violate the Constitution, emphasizing that the Constitution establishes the legal framework of the United States. Marbury v. Madison helped reinforce the Constitution as the supreme law of the land, just like how slavery laws were reinforced into the Constitution during the Constitution Convention and were upheld for many years.