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bacterial toxins: Endotoxin and Exotoxins

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Main toxin: Tetrodotoxin (TTX) – one of the most potent natural poisons, molecular formula: C₁₁H₁₇O₈N₃. Even a very small amount can be fatal to humans.

Occurrence: The toxin is mainly concentrated in the eggs, intestines, abdominal muscles, and seminal vesicles of the pufferfish. Its concentration and form vary depending on the species, living environment, and the specific organs of the fish.

Harmful effects on humans:

Nervous system and muscles: numbness of lips, tongue, and fingers; muscle weakness; paralysis.

Respiratory system: paralysis of respiratory muscles → respiratory failure → death.

Cardiovascular system: bradycardia, hypotension, arrhythmias.

Digestive system: nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea.

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Toxins: Neurotoxin, Cytotoxin

Form of existence: Modified salivary glands through evolution, specialized in secreting toxic proteins and enzymes.

Harmful effects: Muscle paralysis, respiratory failure, tissue necrosis, and cell destruction.

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Toxin: Clostridium botulinum — Botulinum toxin

Origin: Clostridium botulinum is a Gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium commonly found in soil, dust, and natural environments, especially in poorly preserved canned foods [1][2].

Form of existence: A protein exotoxin, water-soluble, heat-labile (destroyed by boiling) [1].

Harmful effects:

Causes botulism, with symptoms including nausea, vomiting, diplopia (double vision), muscle paralysis, and potentially death due to respiratory failure [2][3].

Mechanism: The toxin inhibits the release of acetylcholine at neural synapses, disrupting neuromuscular transmission and causing flaccid paralysis.

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Origin: Clostridium tetani is a Gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium found in soil, dust, and animal feces; it commonly enters the body through open wounds [4].

Toxin: Tetanospasmin (also known as tetanus toxin, TeNT) — a neurotoxic exotoxin [5].

Form of existence: The exotoxin is secreted after spores germinate in anaerobic tissues of the body; spores themselves can persist for long periods in the environment [4][6].

Harmful effects:

Causes tetanus, with typical symptoms including lockjaw (trismus), seizures, and generalized muscle rigidity, which may lead to death [4][5].

Mechanism: The toxin inhibits the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters (GABA, glycine) in the central nervous system → causing continuous, uncontrolled muscle contractions.

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*Toxin: Amatoxin (α-amanitin)

*Form of existence:

-   Amatoxins exist as stable cyclic peptides. They are relatively heat-resistant and not easily destroyed by cooking.

-   They are organic chemical compounds, not independent alkaloids or amino acids, but products derived from protein precursors.

-   Toxin-bearing parts: The entire mushroom (cap, gills, stem, base).

*Harmful effects:

- Causes necrosis of the liver and kidneys.

-   Can lead to death.

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Toxin: Domoic acid

Form of existence: This compound is produced by algae and accumulates in shellfish, sardines, and anchovies. It is a water-soluble amino acid that exerts toxicity by activating the AMPA/kainate subtypes of glutamate receptors.

Harmful effects: Temporary memory loss, headaches, nausea, seizures → Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP).

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Not to be confused with Pseudonitzschia, a genus of flatworm in the family Capsalidae.

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Toxin: Major alkaloids include gelsemine, gelsenicine, koumine – highly toxic indole alkaloids.

Form of existence: Present throughout the plant (leaves, flowers, roots, stems); soluble in organic solvents and easily absorbed via the digestive tract.

Harmful effects: Extremely poisonous; even a few leaves can be fatal. Symptoms include dizziness, nausea, muscle paralysis, convulsions, and respiratory failure → rapid death if not treated promptly.

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Toxin: 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD).

Form of existence:

- By-product in the production of herbicides/pesticides.

- Highly stable in the environment; accumulates long-term in soil, water, and animal fat.

Harmful effects:

- Causes endocrine disruption, liver damage, and cancer.

- Leads to birth defects and genetic effects across generations.

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Toxin: Sarin (isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate) – an organophosphate compound.

Form of existence:

Colorless, volatile, odorless liquid.

Artificially synthesized, formerly used as a chemical weapon.

Harmful effects:

Inhibits the enzyme acetylcholinesterase → accumulation of acetylcholine at synapses.

Causes seizures, muscle spasms, respiratory failure → rapid death.

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Toxin: Amygdalin → releases hydrogen cyanide (HCN).

Form of existence: Concentrated in the seed kernel; toxic only when chewed/crushed and metabolized.

Harmful effects: Small amounts have little effect; large doses cause cyanide poisoning → dizziness, breathing difficulty, arrhythmia, potentially fatal.

Toxin: Amygdalin → releases hydrogen cyanide (HCN).

Form of existence: Concentrated in the seed kernel; toxic only when chewed/crushed and metabolized.

Harmful effects: Small amounts have little effect; large doses cause cyanide poisoning → dizziness, breathing difficulty, arrhythmia, potentially fatal.

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tìm hiểu thêm : https://docs.google.com/document/d/1FKKyejVlOcHHxOuXdywr3YhDTFd8vsS5aWcX94AcB2w/edit?usp=drivesdk

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PhươngThảo: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1B2AlbVJ3j5CyP1qAALulKLZbS_v6DITM/edit

Tú Ngọc: https://docs.google.com/document/d/14Sq0OuuLG5VD1q6NG4TF97qkwTsrSOlo/edit?usp=drivesdk&ouid=103276240476722599701&rtpof=true&sd=true

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Khám phá sự thật về top 5 chất độc mạnh nhất thế giới​

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Thế giới có nhiều loại chất độc có sức mạnh khủng khiếp, chỉ một lượng nhỏ cũng có thể gây chết người. Bài viết sau đây của Nhà thuốc Long Châu sẽ đưa ra thông tin về những chất độc mạnh nhất thế giới để giúp bạn hiểu rõ hơn về mức độ nguy hiểm của chúng.