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Milk allergy-Milk allergy - Symptoms & causes - Mayo Clinic

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Find out what happens when the immune system reacts to proteins in milk, causing allergic signs and symptoms such as hives and wheezing.

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Milk: It's good for your health and good for bone strength. It's also one of the most common food allergens, particularly in children.

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Milk Allergy | Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | ACAAI Public Website

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Having a milk allergy can be dangerous. Learn about milk allergy causes, symptoms and treatment.

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Overview

Type 2 diabetes is a condition that happens because of a problem in the way the body regulates and uses sugar as a fuel. That sugar also is called glucose. This long-term condition results in too much sugar circulating in the blood. Eventually, high blood sugar levels can lead to disorders of the circulatory, nervous and immune systems.

In type 2 diabetes, there are primarily two problems. The pancreas does not produce enough insulin - a hormone that regulates the movement of sugar into the cells. And cells respond poorly to insulin and take in less sugar.

Type 2 diabetes used to be known as adult-onset diabetes, but both type 1 and type 2 diabetes can begin during childhood and adulthood. Type 2 is more common in older adults. But the increase in the number of children with obesity has led to more cases of type 2 diabetes in younger people.

There's no cure for type 2 diabetes. Losing weight, eating well and exercising can help manage the disease. If diet and exercise aren't enough to control blood sugar, diabetes medications or insulin therapy may be recommended.

Symptoms

Symptoms of type 2 diabetes often develop slowly. In fact, you can be living with type 2 diabetes for years and not know it. When symptoms are present, they may include:

Increased thirst.

Frequent urination.

Increased hunger.

Unintended weight loss.

Fatigue.

Blurred vision.

Slow-healing sores.

Frequent infections.

Numbness or tingling in the hands or feet.

Areas of darkened skin, usually in the armpits and neck.

When to see a doctor

See your health care provider if you notice any symptoms of type 2 diabetes.

Causes

Type 2 diabetes is mainly the result of two problems:

Cells in muscle, fat and the liver become resistant to insulin As a result, the cells don't take in enough sugar.

The pancreas can't make enough insulin to keep blood sugar levels within a healthy range.

Exactly why this happens is not known. Being overweight and inactive are key contributing factors.

How insulin works

Insulin is a hormone that comes from the pancreas - a gland located behind and below the stomach. Insulin controls how the body uses sugar in the following ways:

Sugar in the bloodstream triggers the pancreas to release insulin.

Insulin circulates in the bloodstream, enabling sugar to enter the cells.

The amount of sugar in the bloodstream drops.

In response to this drop, the pancreas releases less insulin.

The role of glucose

Glucose - a sugar - is a main source of energy for the cells that make up muscles and other tissues. The use and regulation of glucose includes the following:

Glucose comes from two major sources: food and the liver.

Glucose is absorbed into the bloodstream, where it enters cells with the help of insulin.

The liver stores and makes glucose.

When glucose levels are low, the liver breaks down stored glycogen into glucose to keep the body's glucose level within a healthy range.

In type 2 diabetes, this process doesn't work well. Instead of moving into the cells, sugar builds up in the blood. As blood sugar levels rise, the pancreas releases more insulin. Eventually the cells in the pancreas that make insulin become damaged and can't make enough insulin to meet the body's needs.

Risk factors

Factors that may increase the risk of type 2 diabetes include:

Weight. Being overweight or obese is a main risk.

Fat distribution. Storing fat mainly in the abdomen - rather than the hips and thighs - indicates a greater risk. The risk of type 2 diabetes is higher in men with a waist circumference above 40 inches (101.6 centimeters) and in women with a waist measurement above 35 inches (88.9 centimeters).

Inactivity. The less active a person is, the greater the risk. Physical activity helps control weight, uses up glucose as energy and makes cells more sensitive to insulin.

Family history. An individual's risk of type 2 diabetes increases if a parent or sibling has type 2 diabetes.

Race and ethnicity. Although it's unclear why, people of certain races and ethnicities - including Black, Hispanic, Native American and Asian people, and Pacific Islanders - are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes than white people are.

Blood lipid levels. An increased risk is associated with low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol - the "good" cholesterol - and high levels of triglycerides.

Age. The risk of type 2 diabetes increases with age, especially after age 35.

Prediabetes. Prediabetes is a condition in which the blood sugar level is higher than normal, but not high enough to be classified as diabetes. Left untreated, prediabetes often progresses to type 2 diabetes.

Pregnancy-related risks. The risk of developing type 2 diabetes is higher in people who had gestational diabetes when they were pregnant and in those who gave birth to a baby weighing more than 9 pounds (4 kilograms).

Polycystic ovary syndrome. Having polycystic ovary syndrome - a condition characterized by irregular menstrual periods, excess hair growth and obesity - increases the risk of diabetes.

Complications

Type 2 diabetes affects many major organs, including the heart, blood vessels, nerves, eyes and kidneys. Also, factors that increase the risk of diabetes are risk factors for other serious diseases. Managing diabetes and controlling blood sugar can lower the risk for these complications and other medical conditions, including:

Heart and blood vessel disease. Diabetes is associated with an increased risk of heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure and narrowing of blood vessels, a condition called atherosclerosis.

Nerve damage in limbs. This condition is called neuropathy. High blood sugar over time can damage or destroy nerves. That may result in tingling, numbness, burning, pain or eventual loss of feeling that usually begins at the tips of the toes or fingers and gradually spreads upward.

Other nerve damage. Damage to nerves of the heart can contribute to irregular heart rhythms. Nerve damage in the digestive system can cause problems with nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation. Nerve damage also may cause erectile dysfunction.

Kidney disease. Diabetes may lead to chronic kidney disease or end-stage kidney disease that can't be reversed. That may require dialysis or a kidney transplant.

Eye damage. Diabetes increases the risk of serious eye diseases, such as cataracts and glaucoma, and may damage the blood vessels of the retina, potentially leading to blindness.

Skin conditions. Diabetes may raise the risk of some skin problems, including bacterial and fungal infections.

Slow healing. Left untreated, cuts and blisters can become serious infections, which may heal poorly. Severe damage might require toe, foot or leg amputation.

Hearing impairment. Hearing problems are more common in people with diabetes.

Sleep apnea. Obstructive sleep apnea is common in people living with type 2 diabetes. Obesity may be the main contributing factor to both conditions.

Dementia. Type 2 diabetes seems to increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease and other disorders that cause dementia. Poor control of blood sugar is linked to a more rapid decline in memory and other thinking skills.

Prevention

Healthy lifestyle choices can help prevent type 2 diabetes. If you've received a diagnosis of prediabetes, lifestyle changes may slow or stop the progression to diabetes.

A healthy lifestyle includes:

Eating healthy foods. Choose foods lower in fat and calories and higher in fiber. Focus on fruits, vegetables and whole grains.

Getting active. Aim for 150 or more minutes a week of moderate to vigorous aerobic activity, such as a brisk walk, bicycling, running or swimming.

Losing weight. If you are overweight, losing a modest amount of weight and keeping it off may delay the progression from prediabetes to type 2 diabetes. If you have prediabetes, losing 7% to 10% of your body weight may reduce the risk of diabetes.

Avoiding long stretches of inactivity. Sitting still for long periods of time can increase the risk of type 2 diabetes. Try to get up every 30 minutes and move around for at least a few minutes.

For people with prediabetes, metformin (Fortamet, Glumetza, others), a diabetes medication, may be prescribed to reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes. This is usually prescribed for older adults who are obese and unable to lower blood sugar levels with lifestyle changes.

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High blood sugar levels are the main problem in diabetes. Learn about lifestyle changes to lower the risk and treatments to manage type 2 diabetes.

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Overview

What is Type 2 diabetes?

Type 2 diabetes is a disease where your body can't use energy from food properly. Your pancreas produces insulin (a hormone) to help your cells use glucose (sugar). But over time your pancreas makes less insulin and the cells resist the insulin. This causes too much sugar to build up in your blood. High blood sugar levels from Type 2 diabetes can lead to serious health problems including heart disease, stroke or death.

Type 1 vs. Type 2 diabetes: What's the difference?

Type 2 diabetes is not the same as Type 1 diabetes. In Type 1 diabetes, your pancreas doesn't make any insulin. In Type 2, your pancreas doesn't make enough insulin, and the insulin it is making doesn't always work as it should. Both types are forms of diabetes mellitus, meaning they lead to hyperglycemia (high blood sugar).

Type 2 diabetes usually affects older adults, though it's becoming more common in children. Type 1 diabetes usually develops in children or young adults, but people of any age can get it.

Who is at risk of developing Type 2 diabetes?

You're more likely to develop Type 2 diabetes if you:

Are Black, Hispanic, American Indian, Asian American or Pacific Islander.

Are older than 45.

Have overweight/obesity.

Don't exercise.

Had gestational diabetes while pregnant.

Have a family history of diabetes.

Have high blood pressure.

Have prediabetes (higher than normal blood sugar, though not high enough to be Type 2 diabetes).

How common is Type 2 diabetes?

Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes. About 1 in 10 Americans have the disease. It's the 7th leading cause of death in the U.S.

Symptoms and Causes

What causes Type 2 diabetes?

Type 2 diabetes develops when the pancreas makes less insulin than the body needs, and the body cells stop responding to insulin. They don't take in sugar as they should. Sugar builds up in your blood. When cells don't respond to insulin, this is called insulin resistance. It's usually caused by:

Lifestyle factors, including obesity and a lack of exercise.

Genetics, or abnormal genes, that prevent cells from working as they should.

What are the symptoms of Type 2 diabetes?

Symptoms of Type 2 diabetes tend to develop slowly over time. They can include:

What are the complications of high blood sugar levels?

Potential complications of high blood sugar levels from Type 2 diabetes can include:

Rarely, Type 2 diabetes leads to a condition called diabetes-related ketoacidosis (DKA). DKA is a life-threatening condition that causes your blood to become acidic. People with Type 1 diabetes are more likely to have DKA.

Diagnosis and Tests

How is Type 2 diabetes diagnosed?

The following blood tests help your healthcare provider diagnose diabetes:

Fasting plasma glucose test: checks your blood glucose level. This test is best done in the office in the morning after an eight hour fast (nothing to eat or drink except sips of water).

Random plasma glucose test: This lab test can be done any time without the need to fast.

Glycolated hemoglobin testing (A1c) measures your average blood sugar levels over three months.

Oral glucose tolerance testing checks your blood sugar levels before and after you drink a sugary beverage. The test evaluates how your body handles glucose.

Management and Treatment

How is Type 2 diabetes managed?

There's no cure for Type 2 diabetes. But you can manage the condition by maintaining a healthy lifestyle and taking medication if needed. Work with your healthcare provider to manage your:

Blood sugar: A blood glucose meter or continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) can help you meet your blood sugar target. Your healthcare provider may also recommend regular A1c tests, oral medications (pills), insulin therapy or injectable non-insulin diabetes medications.

Blood pressure: Lower your blood pressure by not smoking, exercising regularly and eating a healthy diet. Your healthcare provider may recommend blood pressure medication such as beta blockers or ACE inhibitors.

Cholesterol: Follow a meal plan low in saturated fats, trans fat, salt and sugar. Your healthcare provider may recommend statins, which are a type of drug to lower cholesterol.

What should a Type 2 diabetes meal plan include?

Ask your healthcare provider or a nutritionist to recommend a meal plan that's right for you. In general, a Type 2 diabetes meal plans should include:

Lean proteins: Proteins low in saturated fats include chicken, eggs and seafood. Plant-based proteins include tofu, nuts and beans.

Minimally processed carbohydrates: Refined carbs like white bread, pasta and potatoes can cause your blood sugar to increase quickly. Choose carbs that cause a more gradual blood sugar increase such as whole grains like oatmeal, brown rice and whole-grain pasta.

No added salt: Too much sodium, or salt, can increase your blood pressure. Lower your sodium by avoiding processed foods like those that come in cans or packages. Choose salt-free spices and use healthy oils instead of salad dressing.

No added sugars: Avoid sugary foods and drinks, such as pies, cakes and soda. Choose water or unsweetened tea to drink.

Non-starchy vegetables: These vegetables are lower in carbohydrates, so they don't cause blood sugar spikes. Examples include broccoli, carrots and cauliflower.

Will I need medication or insulin for Type 2 diabetes?

Some people take medication to manage diabetes, along with diet and exercise. Your healthcare provider may recommend oral diabetes medications. These are pills or liquids that you take by mouth. For example, a medicine called metformin helps regulate the amount of glucose your liver produces.

You can also take insulin to help your body use sugar more efficiently. Insulin comes in the following forms:

Injectable insulin is a shot you give yourself. Most people inject insulin into a fleshy part of their body such as their belly. Injectable insulin is available in a vial or an insulin pen.

Inhaled insulin is inhaled through your mouth. It is only available in a rapid-acting form.

Insulin pumps deliver insulin continuously, similar to how a healthy pancreas would. Pumps release insulin into your body through a tiny cannula (thin, flexible tube). Pumps connect to a computerized device that lets you manage the dose and frequency of insulin.

Prevention

How can I prevent Type 2 diabetes?

You can prevent or delay Type 2 diabetes by:

Eating a healthy diet.

Exercising.

Losing weight.

Regular checkups and screenings with your healthcare provider can also help you keep your blood sugar in check.

Outlook / Prognosis

What is the outlook for Type 2 diabetes?

If you have Type 2 diabetes, your outlook depends on how well you manage your blood glucose level. Untreated Type 2 diabetes can lead to a range of life-threatening health conditions. Diabetes requires lifelong management.

Living With

When should I call my doctor?

It's important to monitor diabetes very closely if you're sick. Even a common cold can be dangerous if it interferes with your insulin and blood sugar levels. Make a "sick day" plan with your healthcare provider so you know how often to check your blood sugar and what medications to take.

Contact your provider right away if you experience:

Confusion or memory loss.

Fever of 100°F or higher.

High blood sugar for more than 24 hours.

Nausea and vomiting for more than four hours.

Problems with balance or coordination.

Severe pain anywhere in your body.

Trouble moving your arms or legs.

A note from Cleveland Clinic
Type 2 diabetes is a disease where your body doesn't make enough insulin and can't use sugar the way it should. Sugar, or glucose, builds up in your blood. High blood sugar can lead to serious health complications. But Type 2 diabetes is manageable. Regular exercise and a healthy diet can help you manage your blood sugar. You may also need medication or insulin. If you have Type 2 diabetes, you should monitor your blood sugar at home regularly and stay in close communication with your healthcare provider.

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Type 2 Diabetes: What Is It, Causes, Symptoms, Risk Factors & Treatments

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Type 2 diabetes is a disease where your body can't use energy from food properly. Your pancreas produces insulin (a hormone) to help your cells use glucose (sugar). But over time your pancreas makes less insulin and the cells resist the insulin. This causes too much sugar to build up in your blood.

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases

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What is type 2 diabetes?

Type 2 diabetes, the most common type of diabetes, is a disease that occurs when your blood glucose, also called blood sugar, is too high. Blood glucose is your main source of energy and comes mainly from the food you eat. Insulin, a hormone made by the pancreas, helps glucose get into your cells to be used for energy. In type 2 diabetes, your body doesn't make enough insulin or doesn't use insulin well. Too much glucose then stays in your blood, and not enough reaches your cells.

The good news is that you can take steps to prevent or delay the development of type 2 diabetes.

Who is more likely to develop type 2 diabetes?

You can develop type 2 diabetes at any age, even during childhood. However, type 2 diabetes occurs most often in middle-aged and older people. You are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes if you are age 45 or older, have a family history of diabetes, or are overweight or have obesity. Diabetes is more common in people who are African American, Hispanic/Latino, American Indian, Asian American, or Pacific Islander.

Physical inactivity and certain health problems such as high blood pressure affect your chances of developing type 2 diabetes. You are also more likely to develop type 2 diabetes if you have prediabetes or had gestational diabetes when you were pregnant. Learn more about risk factors for type 2 diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes occurs most often in middle-aged and older people.

What are the symptoms of diabetes?

Symptoms of diabetes include

increased thirst and urination

increased hunger

feeling tired

blurred vision

numbness or tingling in the feet or hands

sores that do not heal

unexplained weight loss

Symptoms of type 2 diabetes often develop slowly-over the course of several years-and can be so mild that you might not even notice them. Many people have no symptoms. Some people do not find out they have the disease until they have diabetes-related health problems, such as blurred vision or heart disease.

What causes type 2 diabetes?

Type 2 diabetes is caused by several factors, including

Learn more about the causes of type 2 diabetes.

How do health care professionals diagnose type 2 diabetes?

Your health care professional can diagnose type 2 diabetes based on blood tests. Learn more about blood tests for diabetes and what the results mean.

How can I manage my type 2 diabetes?

Managing your blood glucose, blood pressure, and cholesterol, and quitting smoking if you smoke, are important ways to manage your type 2 diabetes. Lifestyle changes that include planning healthy meals, limiting calories if you are overweight, and being physically active are also part of managing your diabetes. So is taking any prescribed medicines. Work with your health care team to create a diabetes care plan that works for you.

Following your meal plan helps you manage your diabetes.

What medicines do I need to treat my type 2 diabetes?

Along with following your diabetes care plan, you may need diabetes medicines, which may include pills or medicines you inject under your skin, such as insulin. Over time, you may need more than one diabetes medicine to manage your blood glucose. Even if you don't take insulin, you may need it at special times, such as during pregnancy or if you are in the hospital. You also may need medicines for high blood pressure, high cholesterol, or other conditions.

Learn more about medicines, insulin, and other diabetes treatments.

What health problems can people with diabetes develop?

Following a good diabetes care plan can help protect against many diabetes-related health problems. However, if not managed, diabetes can lead to problems such as

heart disease and stroke

nerve damage

kidney disease

foot problems

eye disease

gum disease and other dental problems

sexual and bladder problems

Many people with type 2 diabetes also have nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Losing weight if you are overweight or have obesity can improve NAFLD. Diabetes is also linked to other health problems such as sleep apnea, depression, some types of cancer, and dementia.

You can take steps to lower your chances of developing these diabetes-related health problems.

How can I lower my chances of developing type 2 diabetes?

Research such as the Diabetes Prevention Program, sponsored by the National Institutes of Health, has shown that you can take steps to reduce your chances of developing type 2 diabetes if you have risk factors for the disease. Here are some things you can do to lower your risk:

Lose weight if you are overweight, and keep it off. You may be able to prevent or delay diabetes by losing 5 to 7 percent of your current weight.¹ For instance, if you weigh 200 pounds, your goal would be to lose about 10 to 14 pounds.

Move more. Get at least 30 minutes of physical activity, such as walking, at least 5 days a week. If you have not been active, talk with your health care professional about which activities are best. Start slowly and build up to your goal.

Eat healthy foods. Eat smaller portions to reduce the amount of calories you eat each day and help you lose weight. Choosing foods with less fat is another way to reduce calories. Drink water instead of sweetened beverages.

Ask your health care team what other changes you can make to prevent or delay type 2 diabetes.

Most often, your best chance for preventing type 2 diabetes is to make lifestyle changes that work for you long term. Get started with Your Game Plan to Prevent Type 2 Diabetes.

References

[1] Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Long-term effects of lifestyle intervention or metformin on diabetes development and microvascular complications over 15-year follow-up: the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. 2015;3(11):866‒875. You can find more information about this study on the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study website.

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Learn about the symptoms of type 2 diabetes, what causes the disease, how it's diagnosed, and steps you can take to help prevent or delay type 2 diabetes.

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What Is Egg Allergy?

Hen's egg allergy is among the most common food allergies in infants and young children, but is less common in older children and adults. Most children eventually outgrow their allergy to egg (71% by 6 years of age), ¹ although some individuals remain allergic to egg throughout their lives.

When a person with an egg allergy is exposed to egg, proteins in the egg bind to specific IgE antibodies made by the person's immune system. This triggers the person's immune defenses, leading to reaction symptoms that can be mild or very severe.

Approximately 70% of children with egg allergy tolerate baked egg. ² Heating disrupts the protein responsible for egg allergy. The safe and regular ingestion of baked egg foods can lead to tolerance or resolution of egg allergy over time. ³ Speak to your allergist before trialing baked egg products at home.

Experts estimate that as many as 2 percent of children are allergic to eggs.

Important 2025 Updates to FDA Labeling Guidance for Food Allergens

Allergic Reactions to Egg

Symptoms of an egg allergy reaction can range from mild, such as hives, to severe, such as anaphylaxis. Allergic reactions can be unpredictable, and even very small amounts of egg can cause one.

If you have an egg allergy, keep an epinephrine delivery device with you at all times. Epinephrine is the first-line treatment for anaphylaxis.

Avoiding Egg

To prevent a reaction, it is very important that you avoid eggs and egg products. Always read food labels and ask questions about ingredients before eating a food that you have not prepared yourself.

The whites of an egg contain the proteins that most commonly cause allergic reactions to egg. If you have an egg allergy, you must avoid eggs completely (both the egg white and the egg yolk). Even if you aren't allergic to egg yolk proteins, it is impossible to separate the egg white completely from the yolk. Cross-contact will always be a concern.

If you are allergic to chicken eggs, your doctor may recommend you also avoid eggs from other domestic animals. Eggs from birds such as ducks, geese, turkeys and quails can cause a cross-reaction.

Egg is one of the eight major allergens that must be listed in plain language on packaged foods sold in the U.S., as required by federal law, either within the ingredient list or in a separate "Contains" statement on the package. This makes it easy to see if egg is present in a food item.
Avoid foods that contain eggs or any of these ingredients:

Albumin (also spelled albumen)

Apovitellin

Avidin globulin

Egg (dried, powdered, solids, white, yolk)

Eggnog

Lysozyme

Mayonnaise

Meringue (meringue powder)

Ovalbumin

Ovomucoid

Ovomucin

Ovovitellin

Surimi

Vitellin

Eggs are sometimes found in the following:

Baked goods (although some people can tolerate these foods-consult with your allergist)

Breakfast foods (e.g. pancakes, waffles)

Breads (may be coated with an egg wash)

Cake decorations or fillings (e.g. buttercream, frosting, mousse)

Chips

Crackers

Egg substitutes

Hollandaise

Ice cream, custard, sorbet

Lecithin

Marzipan

Marshmallows

Nougat

Pasta: Most commercially made cooked pastas (including those in prepared foods such as soup) contain egg. Boxed, dry pastas are usually egg-free. But these types of pasta may be processed on equipment that is also used for egg-containing products. Fresh pasta is sometimes egg-free, too. Read the label or ask about ingredients before eating any pasta.

Pretzels (sometimes covered in egg wash before they are dipped in salt)

Salad dressings

Souffle Specialty coffee drinks and bar drinks (eggs can be used in the foam or topping)

Tortillas

Allergens are not always present in these foods and products, but egg protein can appear in surprising places. Again, read food labels and ask questions if you're ever unsure about an item's ingredients.

Will my child outgrow their egg allergy?

Ingestion of baked forms of eggs may help lead to tolerance or resolution of the allergy with time. Be sure to speak to your practitioner about a formal baked egg challenge before trialing at home.

Food Allergy & Anaphylaxis Emergency Care Plan

Get to know this document, the cornerstone of personalized treatment for anyone with a food allergy.

The Latest Allergen Alerts

¹The natural history of egg allergy in observational cohort. Sicherer SH, et al. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014;133(2)492.
²Immunologic changes in children with egg allergy ingesting extensively heated egg. Lemon-Mule H, et al. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008;122 (5):977.
³ Dietary baked egg accelerates resolution of egg allergy. Leonard SH, et al. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012;130 2):473.

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Hen's egg allergy is among the most common food allergies in infants and young children, but is less common in older children and adults. Most children eventually outgrow their allergy to egg (71% by 6 years of age),1 although some individuals remain allergic to egg throughout their lives.

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Egg Allergy | Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | ACAAI Public Website

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Egg allergy is one of the most common allergies, especially in children. Learn more about egg allergy symptoms, diagnosis and treatment.

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Egg allergy-Egg allergy - Symptoms & causes - Mayo Clinic

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Egg allergy can cause a serious reaction in children and adults. Here’s how to recognize egg allergy symptoms, and what to do if a severe reaction occurs.

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Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of conditions that occur together, increasing your risk of heart disease, stroke and type 2 diabetes. These conditions include increased blood pressure, high blood sugar, excess body fat around the waist, and abnormal cholesterol or triglyceride levels.

Apple and pear body shapes

Having just one of these conditions doesn't mean you have metabolic syndrome. But it does mean you have a greater risk of serious disease. And if you develop more of these conditions, your risk of complications, such as type 2 diabetes and heart disease, rises even higher.

Metabolic syndrome is increasingly common, and up to one-third of U.S. adults have it. If you have metabolic syndrome or any of its components, aggressive lifestyle changes can delay or even prevent the development of serious health problems.

Most of the disorders associated with metabolic syndrome don't have obvious signs or symptoms. One sign that is visible is a large waist circumference. And if your blood sugar is high, you might notice the signs and symptoms of diabetes - such as increased thirst and urination, fatigue, and blurred vision.

If you know you have at least one component of metabolic syndrome, ask your doctor whether you need testing for other components of the syndrome.

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Metabolic syndrome is closely linked to overweight or obesity and inactivity.

It's also linked to a condition called insulin resistance. Normally, your digestive system breaks down the foods you eat into sugar. Insulin is a hormone made by your pancreas that helps sugar enter your cells to be used as fuel.

In people with insulin resistance, cells don't respond normally to insulin and glucose can't enter the cells as easily. As a result, your blood sugar levels rise even as your body churns out more and more insulin to try to lower your blood sugar.

The following factors increase your chances of having metabolic syndrome:

Age. Your risk of metabolic syndrome increases with age.

Ethnicity. In the United States, Hispanics - especially Hispanic women - appear to be at the greatest risk of developing metabolic syndrome. The reasons for this are not entirely clear.

Obesity. Carrying too much weight, especially in your abdomen, increases your risk of metabolic syndrome.

Diabetes. You're more likely to have metabolic syndrome if you had diabetes during pregnancy (gestational diabetes) or if you have a family history of type 2 diabetes.

Other diseases. Your risk of metabolic syndrome is higher if you've ever had nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, polycystic ovary syndrome or sleep apnea.

Having metabolic syndrome can increase your risk of developing:

Type 2 diabetes. If you don't make lifestyle changes to control your excess weight, you may develop insulin resistance, which can cause your blood sugar levels to rise. Eventually, insulin resistance can lead to type 2 diabetes.

Heart and blood vessel disease. High cholesterol and high blood pressure can contribute to the buildup of plaques in your arteries. These plaques can narrow and harden your arteries, which can lead to a heart attack or stroke.

A lifelong commitment to a healthy lifestyle may prevent the conditions that cause metabolic syndrome. A healthy lifestyle includes:

Getting at least 30 minutes of physical activity most days

Eating plenty of vegetables, fruits, lean protein and whole grains

Limiting saturated fat and salt in your diet

Maintaining a healthy weight

Not smoking

1. Ferri FF. Metabolic syndrome. In: Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2021. Elsevier; 2021. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed March 1, 2021.

2. Metabolic syndrome. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/metabolic-syndrome. Accessed March 1, 2021.

3. Metabolic syndrome (syndrome X; insulin resistance syndrome). Merck Manual Professional Version. https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/nutritional-disorders/obesity-and-the-metabolic-syndrome/metabolic-syndrome. March 2, 2021.

4. About metabolic syndrome. American Heart Association. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/metabolic-syndrome/about-metabolic-syndrome. Accessed March 1, 2021.

5. Meigs JB. Metabolic syndrome (insulin resistance syndrome or syndrome X). https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed March 1, 2021.

6. Prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome. American Heart Association. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/metabolic-syndrome/prevention-and-treatment-of-metabolic-syndrome. Accessed March 1, 2021.

7. Lear SA, et al. Ethnicity and metabolic syndrome: Implications for assessment, management and prevention. Nutrients. 2020; doi:10.3390/nu12010015.

News from Mayo Clinic

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Metabolic syndrome: Increased risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes-Metabolic syndrome - Symptoms & causes - Mayo Clinic

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Having three or more specific risk factors, such as high blood pressure or abdominal fat, boosts your risk of type 2 diabetes and heart disease.

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Overview

Metabolic syndrome is a collection of heart disease risk factors that increase your chance of developing heart disease, stroke, and diabetes. The condition is also known by other names including Syndrome X, insulin resistance syndrome, and dysmetabolic syndrome. According to a national health survey, more than 1 in 5 Americans has metabolic syndrome. The number of people with metabolic syndrome increases with age, affecting more than 40% of people in their 60s and 70s.

People with central obesity (increased fat in the abdomen/waist).

People with diabetes mellitus or a strong family history of diabetes mellitus.

People with other clinical features of "insulin resistance" including skin changes of acanthosis nigricans ("darkened skin" on the back of the neck or underarms) or skin tags (usually on the neck).

Certain ethnic backgrounds are at a higher risk of developing metabolic syndrome.

As you grow older, your risk of developing metabolic syndrome increases.

Symptoms and Causes

The exact cause of metabolic syndrome is not known. Many features of the metabolic syndrome are associated with "insulin resistance." Insulin resistance means that the body does not use insulin efficiently to lower glucose and triglyceride levels. A combination of genetic and lifestyle factors may result in insulin resistance. Lifestyle factors include dietary habits, activity and perhaps interrupted sleep patterns (such as sleep apnea).

Usually, there are no immediate physical symptoms. Medical problems associated with the metabolic syndrome develop over time. If you are unsure if you have metabolic syndrome, see your healthcare provider. He or she will be able to make the diagnosis by obtaining the necessary tests, including blood pressure, lipid profile (triglycerides and HDL) and blood glucose.

Diagnosis and Tests

You are diagnosed with metabolic syndrome if you have three or more of the following:

A waistline of 40 inches or more for men and 35 inches or more for women (measured across the belly)

A blood pressure of 130/85 mm Hg or higher or are taking blood pressure medications

A triglyceride level above 150 mg/dl

A fasting blood glucose (sugar) level greater than 100 mg/dl or are taking glucose-lowering medications

A high density lipoprotein level (HDL) less than 40 mg/dl (men) or under 50 mg/dl (women)

Prevention

Since physical inactivity and excess weight are the main underlying contributors to the development of metabolic syndrome, exercising, eating healthy and, if you have overweight or obesity, working toward a weight that's healthy for you can help reduce or prevent the complications associated with this condition. Your doctor may also prescribe medications to manage some aspects of your problems associated with metabolic syndrome. Some of the ways to reduce your risk:

Healthy eating and achieving a weight that's healthy for you if you have overweight or obesity: Healthy eating and moderate weight loss, in the range of 5% to 10% of body weight, can help restore your body's ability to recognize insulin and greatly reduce the chance that the syndrome will become a more serious illness. This can be done through diet, exercise, or even with help from weight-loss medications if recommended by your doctor.

Exercise: Increased activity alone can improve your insulin sensitivity. Aerobic exercise such as a brisk 30-minute daily walk can promote weight loss, improved blood pressure and triglycerides levels and a reduced risk of developing diabetes. Most healthcare providers recommend 150 minutes of aerobic exercise each week. Exercise may reduce the risk for heart disease even without accompanying weight loss. Any increase in physical activity is helpful, even for those unable to perform 150 minutes of activity per week.

Dietary changes: Maintain a diet that keeps carbohydrates to no more than 50% of total calories. The source of carbohydrates should be whole grains (complex carbohydrates), such as whole grain bread (instead of white) and brown rice (instead of white). Whole grain products along with legumes (for example, beans), fruits and vegetables allow you to have a higher dietary fiber. Eat less red meats and poultry. Instead, eat more fish (without the skin and not fried). Thirty percent of your daily calories should come from fat. Consume healthy fats such as those in canola oil, olive oil, flaxseed oil and tree nuts.

Living With

Consistently high levels of insulin and glucose are linked to many harmful changes to the body, including:

Damage to the lining of coronary and other arteries, a key step toward the development of heart disease or stroke.

Changes in your kidneys' ability to remove salt, leading to high blood pressure, heart disease and stroke.

An increase in triglyceride levels, resulting in an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease.

An increased risk of blood clot formation, which can block arteries and cause heart attacks and strokes.

A slowing of insulin production, which can signal the start of type 2 diabetes, a disease that is in itself associated with an increased risk for a heart attack or stroke. Uncontrolled diabetes is also associated with complications of the eyes, nerves, and kidneys.

Fatty liver, which is sometimes associated with inflammation of the liver (non-alcohol related seatohepatitis or NASH). If untreated, NASH could lead to cirrhosis and liver failure.

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Metabolic Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

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Metabolic syndrome is a collection of heart disease risk factors that increase your chance of developing heart disease, stroke, and diabetes. The condition is also known by other names including Syndrome X, insulin resistance syndrome, and dysmetabolic syndrome. According to a national health survey, more than 1 in 5 Americans has metabolic syndrome.

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Metabolic syndrome is a group of conditions that raise your risk of heart disease. Learn about the risk factors, prevention, and treatment of metabolic syndrome.

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What Is Wheat Allergy?

Wheat allergy is most often reported in young children and may affect up to 1% of children in the U.S. One study found that two-thirds of children with a wheat allergy outgrow it by age 12. ¹ However, some individuals remain allergic to wheat throughout their lives.

When a person with a wheat allergy is exposed to wheat, proteins in the wheat bind to specific IgE antibodies made by the person's immune system. This binding triggers the person's immune defenses, leading to reaction symptoms that can be mild or very severe.

Wheat allergy and celiac disease are both adverse food reactions, but their underlying causes are very different. Wheat allergy results from an adverse immunologic (IgE-mediated) reaction to proteins in wheat and reactions can cause typical allergy symptoms involving the skin, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory system, and anaphylaxis in some individuals. ¹

Celiac disease is an autoimmune disease. Antibodies are produced in response to the presence of gluten resulting in inflammation and damage to the lining of the small intestine. Many symptoms involve the gastrointestinal tract (e.g., diarrhea, constipation, weight loss, abdominal pain and bloating). Other symptoms can include skin rashes and disorders that result from nutrient deficiencies. The estimated global prevalence of celiac disease is 1%, similar to wheat allergy. ²

It's important to work with your physician to determine an accurate diagnosis to prevent short- and long-term complications.

Living With Wheat Allergy

Allergic Reactions to Wheat

Symptoms of a wheat allergy reaction can range from mild, such as hives, to severe, such as anaphylaxis. Allergic reactions can be unpredictable, and even very small amounts of wheat can cause one.

If you have a wheat allergy, keep an epinephrine delivery device you at all times. Epinephrine is the first-line treatment for anaphylaxis.

Avoiding Wheat

To prevent a reaction, it is very important that you avoid wheat and wheat-containing foods. Always read food labels and ask questions about ingredients before eating a food that you have not prepared yourself.

Wheat is the most common grain product in the United States. Patients with wheat allergy rarely are allergic to other common grains except in some cases, barley. You can still eat a wide variety of foods, but the grain source must be something other than wheat. Look for other grains such as amaranth, barley, corn, oat, quinoa, rice, rye and tapioca.

A combination of wheat-free flours usually works best for baking. Experiment with different blends to find one that will give you the texture you desire.

Wheat is one of the eight major allergens that must be listed in plain language on packaged foods sold in the U.S., as required by federal law, either within the ingredient list or in a separate "Contains" statement on the package. This makes it easy to see if wheat is present in a food item.
Avoid foods that contain wheat or any of these ingredients:

Bread crumbs

Bulgur

Cereal extract

Club wheat

Couscous

Cracker meal

Durum

Einkorn

Emmer

Farina

Farro

Flour (all-purpose, bread, cake, durum, enriched, graham, high-gluten, high-protein, instant, pastry, self-rising, soft wheat, steel ground, stone ground, whole wheat)

Freekeh

Hydrolyzed wheat protein

Kamut®

Matzoh, matzoh meal (also spelled as matzo, matzah or matza)

Pasta

Seitan

Semolina

Spelt

Sprouted wheat

Triticale

Vital wheat gluten

Wheat (bran, durum, germ, gluten, grass, malt, sprouts, starch)

Wheat bran hydrolysate

Wheat germ oil

Wheat grass

Wheat protein isolate

Whole wheat berries

Buckwheat is not related to wheat and is considered safe to eat.
Wheat is sometimes found in the following:

Glucose syrup

Soy sauce

Starch (gelatinized starch, modified starch, modified food starch, vegetable starch)

Surimi

Plant-based meat alternatives

Some Unexpected Sources of Wheat

Ale

Asian dishes can feature wheat flour flavored and shaped to look like beef, pork and shrimp.

Baked goods

Baking mixes

Batter-fried foods

Beer

Breaded foods

Breakfast cereals

Candy

Country-style wreaths are often decorated with wheat products

Crackers

Hot dogs

Imitation crab meat

Ice cream

Marinara sauce

Personal care items (e.g. cosmetics or hair products)

Play dough or modeling clay

Potato chips

Processed meats

Rice cakes

Salad dressings

Sauces

Sausages

Spices

Soups

Turkey patties

Allergens are not always present in these foods and products, but wheat can appear in surprising places. Again, read food labels-even if you wouldn't usually expect to find wheat. Ask questions if you're ever unsure about an item's ingredients.

What Exactly Is Gluten? | Food for Thought

Food Allergy & Anaphylaxis Emergency Care Plan

Get to know this document, the cornerstone of personalized treatment for anyone with a food allergy.

¹ The natural history of wheat allergy. Keet CA, et al. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2009;102(5):410.

² Prevalence and morbidity of undiagnosed celiac disease from a community-based study. Choung RS, et al. Gastroenterology 2017;152(4):830 Epub

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Wheat allergy is most often reported in young children and may affect up to 1% of children in the U.S. One study found that two-thirds of children with a wheat allergy outgrow it by age 12. 1 However, some individuals remain allergic to wheat throughout their lives.

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Wheat & Gluten Allergy | Symptoms & Treatment | ACAAI Public Website

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Wheat allergy, one of the most common food allergies, is an allergic reaction to wheat-based foods. Learn about the symptoms, diagnosis and treatment.

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Wheat allergy-Wheat allergy - Symptoms & causes - Mayo Clinic

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Learn about the causes, symptoms and treatment of wheat allergy and how they differ from those of celiac disease. Managing either condition means avoiding wheat.

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Matthew T. Drake, M.D., Ph.D.: Welcome to the Mayo Clinic. My name is Dr. Matthew Drake. I am one of the doctors who works in the Endocrine Clinic, where I provide care to patients with skeletal related issues. Bone loss occurs in both men and women with aging but can also occur for other reasons such as medications or lifestyle factors. While nearly everyone will lose bone over the course of their lifetime, there are several simple steps you can take to help maintain a strong skeleton and to limit your risk for having a broken bone.

Over the next several minutes, we will review some general ways in which you can optimize your bone health. These include making good choices to limit your risk of having a fall. Using good technique when lifting to avoid having a back fracture. Staying active with regular weight bearing activities such as walking. And ensuring you get enough calcium and vitamin D. Beyond these important factors which you can control, you and your provider may decide it is best to take a medication to limit your risk for bone loss and fractures. This question and others can be discussed with your provider today during your appointment. Remember, keeping your bones healthy and preventing fractures are important things for all adults. We hope the information you will view over the next several minutes will help you to better understand your own bone health and ways in which you can keep yourself fracture free in the future.

Woman: Bone loss occurs with aging in all adults. This can lead to osteopenia, which is moderate bone loss, or osteoporosis, which is severe bone loss. In both conditions, bones become thinner and more porous due to the loss of minerals stored in the bones.

Osteopenia and osteoporosis are usually painless until a bone breaks or fractures. These fractures usually occur in the spine, hip, or wrist, but can happen in other bones as well. Without medical treatment, men and women lose 1 to 3% of their bone mass each year over the age of 50. As bone strength or density decreases, people are much more likely to develop osteoporosis or have fractures.

Osteoporosis may develop over many years. As you age, you are more likely to develop osteoporosis. Loss of estrogen in women due to menopause, and lower testosterone levels in men also increase bone loss. Women who experience early menopause or have their ovaries removed at a younger age are more likely to have increased bone loss. Some medications, drinking too much alcohol, and smoking may also increase your risk.

People who have taken medications that are bad for the bone, have hypogonadism, have had a transplant, or have had a weight loss surgery, are more likely to have rapid bone loss. There are many other risk factors for osteoporosis, including a family history of osteoporosis, Caucasian or Asian descent, a small body frame or low dietary intake of calcium or vitamin D.

To help you have strong bones and prevent or slow bone loss as you age, there are two main things to focus on, keeping your bones healthy and preventing fractures. Everyone can take steps to help keep bones strong and healthy throughout life. You can start today. The top five things to keep your bones healthy are, being active or exercising, eating calcium rich foods, getting enough vitamin D, stopping smoking and limiting alcohol.

Exercise helps strengthen bones, slows bone loss, and improves fitness. Aim for 30 to 60 minutes a day with a combination of weight bearing, aerobic, muscle strengthening, and non-impact exercises. Weight bearing exercises are activities done while on your feet with your bones supporting your weight. Some of these types of exercises include walking, jogging, and dancing. Tai Chi is a good example of non-impact exercise. Talk to your doctor about what exercise may be best for your situation.

It is best to get calcium from your food rather than a pill. Dairy products, certain green vegetables such as spinach, broccoli, or kale, and calcium fortified fruit juices and soy beverages contain good amounts of calcium. Generally, the goal is to get at least three servings per day from your diet. You may have to take a calcium supplement if you are not getting enough calcium from your diet. Supplements are absorbed well, are typically inexpensive, and are easy to take. If you take a calcium supplement, it is best to combine it with vitamin D.

Vitamin D is important for calcium absorption and maintaining bone health. Vitamin D is normally made in the skin with enough sun exposure but is also found in some foods and vitamin supplements. Ask your health care provider for more information about how much vitamin D you need and what to do about supplements.

If you smoke, stop. Smoking increases your risk for osteopenia and osteoporosis. Alcohol use can also increase your risk for developing osteoporosis. Limit alcohol intake to one drink a day if you are a woman, and two drinks a day if you are a man.

You can help prevent fractures. The two main things you can do to help are avoiding falls and taking medications. Falls are the number one risk factor for fractures. Take steps to prevent falls in your home, have well-lit rooms and hallways. Do not climb ladders, keep electrical and phone cords out of the walkways, and remove rugs when possible.

Be careful of activities that put you at risk for fractures, such as lifting too much weight and snow shoveling. Use proper lifting technique and talk to your doctor about your specific lifting restrictions.

Several types of medication may prevent further loss of bone density by up to 5 to 10%. This can significantly reduce the risk of a fracture. Most osteoporosis medications can help stop bone loss. Other medications help build bone formation. Your provider can help you decide which treatment may be best for you.

Matthew T. Drake, M.D., Ph.D.: Osteoporosis and osteopenia are common conditions affecting over half of all people 50 years of age and older in the United States. It's often without symptoms until a bone breaks or someone develops deformity of the spine. Think about how many people you know, who have suffered a fracture and how it affected their life. Breaking a bone can be prevented. First, make sure you're getting enough calcium between diet and supplements. For most with osteoporosis or osteopenia, this will be around 1,200 milligrams.

The problem is, is that the average dietary calcium intake for people 50 years of age or older is half of what's recommended. Several studies have shown that calcium, combined with low daily doses of vitamin D reduces fracture risk and increases bone density.

Vitamin D is also important to help you absorb calcium efficiently. Vitamin D deficiency is very common, especially as you age. Weight bearing exercise combined with strengthening, also helps keep your bone strong. However, for some people who are at high risk, taking calcium and vitamin D along with exercise isn't enough to prevent fractures. Your provider may recommend taking medication in addition to calcium and vitamin D.

If your risk is high enough for fracture, then the benefits of taking medication will almost always outweigh the risks associated with medications. Your provider and pharmacist can review medication use with you. Remember, as you age, your risk for falls goes up, too. Most fractures occur after a fall. Did you know that 5% of falls result in a fracture, 10% result in serious injury, and 30% result in any type of injury? Don't fall. I often tell my patients if it looks like a bad idea, it probably is a bad idea. Do you really need to climb the ladder to remove the leaves from the gutter or can someone else help you? Do you really need to leave the light off, so you don't disturb your husband when you go to the bathroom in the middle of the night? Make sure your home is safe for you.

Balance exercises such as Tai Chi have also been shown to prevent falls if you do them at least twice a week. Keeping your bones healthy and preventing fractures are important for everyone as they age. I hope this information helps you and your bones stay healthy in the years to come.

Woman: If you have any questions about this information, talk with your healthcare provider.

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Fractures associated with this bone-weakening condition can be life-altering. Good nutrition, regular exercise and medications can help.

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What are osteoporosis symptoms?

Osteoporosis doesn't have symptoms the way lots of other health conditions do. That's why healthcare providers sometimes call it a silent disease.

You won't feel or notice anything that signals you might have osteoporosis. You won't have a headache, fever or stomachache that lets you know something in your body is wrong.

The most common "symptom" is suddenly breaking a bone, especially after a small fall or minor accident that usually wouldn't hurt you.

Even though osteoporosis doesn't directly cause symptoms, you might notice a few changes in your body that can mean your bones are losing strength or density. These warning signs of osteoporosis can include:

Losing an inch or more of your height.

Changes in your natural posture (stooping or bending forward more).

Shortness of breath (if disks in your spine are compressed enough to reduce your lung capacity).

Lower back pain (pain in your lumbar spine).

It might be hard to notice changes in your own physical appearance. A loved one may be more likely to see changes in your body (especially your height or posture). People sometimes joke about older adults "shrinking" as they age, but this can be a sign that you should visit a healthcare provider for a bone density test.

What causes osteoporosis?

Osteoporosis happens as you get older and your bones lose their ability to regrow and reform themselves.

Your bones are living tissue like any other part of your body. It might not seem like it, but they're constantly replacing their own cells and tissue throughout your life. Up until about age 30, your body naturally builds more bone than you lose. After age 35, bone breakdown happens faster than your body can replace it, which causes a gradual loss of bone mass.

If you have osteoporosis, you lose bone mass at a greater rate. People in postmenopause lose bone mass even faster.

Osteoporosis risk factors

Anyone can develop osteoporosis. Some groups of people are more likely to experience it, including:

Anyone over 50.

People assigned female at birth (AFAB), especially people AFAB in postmenopause.

People with a family history (if someone in your biological family has osteoporosis).

People who are naturally thin or who have "smaller frames." People with thinner statures often have less natural bone mass, so any losses can affect them more.

People who smoke or use tobacco products.

Some health conditions can make you more likely to develop osteoporosis, including:

Endocrine disorders - any condition that affects your parathyroid glands, thyroid gland and hormones (like thyroid disease and diabetes).

Gastrointestinal diseases (like celiac disease and inflammatory bowel disease [IBD]).

Autoimmune disorders that affect your bones (like rheumatoid arthritis or ankylosing spondylitis - arthritis that affects your spine).

Blood disorders (or cancers that affect your blood like multiple myeloma).

Some medications or surgical procedures can increase your risk of osteoporosis:

Diuretics (medications that lower your blood pressure and clear extra fluid from your body.

Corticosteroids (medications that treat inflammation).

Medications used to treat seizures.

Bariatric (weight loss) surgery.

Hormone therapy for cancer (including to treat breast cancer or prostate cancer).

Anticoagulants.

Proton pump inhibitors (like those that treat acid reflux, which can affect your calcium absorption).

Certain aspects of your diet and exercise routine can make you more likely to develop osteoporosis, including:

Not getting enough calcium or vitamin D in your diet.

Not getting enough physical exercise.

Regularly drinking alcohol (more than two drinks per day).

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Osteoporosis makes your bones weaker and thinner than they should be by reducing your bone density. It can make you much more likely to experience broken bones.

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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases

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Overview of Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a bone disease that develops when bone mineral density and bone mass decreases, or when the structure and strength of bone changes. This can lead to a decrease in bone strength that can increase the risk of fractures (broken bones).

Osteoporosis is a "silent" disease because you typically do not have symptoms, and you may not even know you have the disease until you break a bone. Osteoporosis is the major cause of fractures in postmenopausal women and in older men. Fractures can occur in any bone but happen most often in bones of the hip, vertebrae in the spine, and wrist.

However, you can take steps to help prevent the disease and fractures by:

Staying physically active by participating in weight-bearing exercises such as walking.

Drinking alcohol in moderation.

Quitting smoking, or not starting if you don't smoke.

Taking your medications, if prescribed, which can help prevent fractures in people who have osteoporosis.

Eating a nutritious diet rich in calcium and vitamin D to help maintain good bone health.

Symptoms of Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is called a "silent" disease" because there are typically no symptoms until a bone is broken. Symptoms of vertebral (spine) fracture include severe back pain, loss of height, or spine malformations such as a stooped or hunched posture (kyphosis).

Bones affected by osteoporosis may become so fragile that fractures occur spontaneously or as the result of:

Minor falls, such as a fall from standing height that would not normally cause a break in a healthy bone.

Normal stresses such as bending, lifting, or even coughing.

Causes of Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis occurs when too much bone mass is lost and changes occur in the structure of bone tissue. Certain risk factors may lead to the development of osteoporosis or can increase the likelihood that you will develop the disease.

Many people with osteoporosis have several risk factors, but others who develop osteoporosis may not have any specific risk factors. There are some risk factors that you cannot change, and others that you may be able to change. However, by understanding these factors, you may be able to prevent the disease and fractures.

Factors that may increase your risk for osteoporosis include:

Sex. Your chances of developing osteoporosis are greater if you are a woman. Women have lower peak bone mass and smaller bones than men. However, men are still at risk, especially after the age of 70.

Age. As you age, bone loss happens more quickly, and new bone growth is slower. Over time, your bones can weaken and your risk for osteoporosis increases.

Body size. Slender, thin-boned women and men are at greater risk to develop osteoporosis because they have less bone to lose compared to larger boned women and men.

Race. White and Asian women are at highest risk. African American and Mexican American women have a lower risk. White men are at higher risk than African American and Mexican American men.

Family history. Researchers are finding that your risk for osteoporosis and fractures may increase if one of your parents has a history of osteoporosis or hip fracture.

Changes to hormones. Low levels of certain hormones can increase your chances of developing osteoporosis. For example:

Low estrogen levels in women after menopause.

Low levels of estrogen from the abnormal absence of menstrual periods in premenopausal women due to hormone disorders or extreme levels of physical activity.

Low levels of testosterone in men. Men with conditions that cause low testosterone are at risk for osteoporosis. However, the gradual decrease of testosterone with aging is probably not a major reason for loss of bone.

Diet. Beginning in childhood and into old age, a diet low in calcium and vitamin D can increase your risk for osteoporosis and fractures. Excessive dieting or poor protein intake may increase your risk for bone loss and osteoporosis.

Other medical conditions. Some medical conditions that you may be able to treat or manage can increase the risk of osteoporosis, such as other endocrine and hormonal diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, certain types of cancer, HIV/AIDS, and anorexia nervosa.

Medications. Long-term use of certain medications may make you more likely to develop bone loss and osteoporosis, such as:

Glucocorticoids and adrenocorticotropic hormone, which treat various conditions, such as asthma and rheumatoid arthritis.

Antiepileptic medicines, which treat seizures and other neurological disorders.

Cancer medications, which use hormones to treat breast and prostate cancer.

Proton pump inhibitors, which lower stomach acid.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, which treat depression and anxiety.

Thiazolidinediones, which treat type II diabetes.

Lifestyle. A healthy lifestyle can be important for keeping bones strong. Factors that contribute to bone loss include:

Low levels of physical activity and prolonged periods of inactivity can contribute to an increased rate of bone loss. They also leave you in poor physical condition, which can increase your risk of falling and breaking a bone.

Chronic heavy drinking of alcohol is a significant risk factor for osteoporosis.

Studies indicate that smoking is a risk factor for osteoporosis and fracture. Researchers are still studying if the impact of smoking on bone health is from tobacco use alone or if people who smoke have more risk factors for osteoporosis.

Osteoporosis Related Information

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What is osteoporosis? It is a disease in which your bones become weak and are more likely to break. Discover the causes & how to live with it.

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Tree nut allergies are among the most common food allergies in both children and adults. The six tree nut allergies most commonly reported by children and adults are allergies to walnut, almond, hazelnut, pecan, cashew and pistachio.

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Tree Nut | Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | ACAAI Public Website

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Having a tree nut allergy can be dangerous. Learn more about how it is different from a peanut allergy, how it is diagnosed and treated.

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Overview

Peanut allergy is one of the most common causes of severe allergy attacks. For some people with peanut allergy, even tiny amounts of peanuts can cause a serious reaction that can even be life-threatening (anaphylaxis).

Peanut allergy has been increasing in children. Even if you or your child has had only a mild allergic reaction to peanuts, it's important to talk to your doctor. There is still a risk of a more serious future reaction.

Products & Services

Symptoms

An allergic response to peanuts usually occurs within minutes after exposure. Peanut allergy signs and symptoms can include:

Skin reactions, such as hives, redness or swelling

Itching or tingling in or around the mouth and throat

Digestive problems, such as diarrhea, stomach cramps, nausea or vomiting

Tightening of the throat

Shortness of breath or wheezing

Runny nose

Anaphylaxis: A life-threatening reaction

Peanut allergy is the most common cause of food-induced anaphylaxis, a medical emergency that requires treatment with an epinephrine (adrenaline) autoinjector (EpiPen, Auvi-Q, others) and a trip to the emergency room.

Anaphylaxis signs and symptoms can include:

Constriction of airways

Swelling of the throat that makes it difficult to breathe

A severe drop in blood pressure (shock)

Rapid pulse

Dizziness, lightheadedness or loss of consciousness

When to see a doctor

Talk to your doctor if you have had any signs or symptoms of peanut allergy.

Seek emergency treatment if you have a severe reaction to peanuts, especially if you have any signs or symptoms of anaphylaxis. Call 911 or your local emergency number if you or someone else displays severe dizziness, severe trouble breathing or loss of consciousness.

Causes

Peanut allergy occurs when your immune system mistakenly identifies peanut proteins as something harmful. Direct or indirect contact with peanuts causes your immune system to release symptom-causing chemicals into your bloodstream.

Exposure to peanuts can occur in various ways:

Direct contact. The most common cause of peanut allergy is eating peanuts or peanut-containing foods. Sometimes direct skin contact with peanuts can trigger an allergic reaction.

Cross-contact. This is the unintended introduction of peanuts into a product. It's generally the result of a food being exposed to peanuts during processing or handling.

Inhalation. An allergic reaction may occur if you inhale dust or aerosols containing peanuts, from a source such as peanut flour or peanut oil cooking spray.

Risk factors

It isn't clear why some people develop allergies while others don't. However, people with certain risk factors have a greater chance of developing peanut allergy.

Peanut allergy risk factors include:

Age. Food allergies are most common in children, especially toddlers and infants. As you grow older, your digestive system matures, and your body is less likely to react to food that triggers allergies.

Past allergy to peanuts. Some children with peanut allergy outgrow it. However, even if you seem to have outgrown peanut allergy, it may recur.

Other allergies. If you're already allergic to one food, you may be at increased risk of becoming allergic to another. Likewise, having another type of allergy, such as hay fever, increases your risk of having a food allergy.

Family members with allergies. You're at increased risk of peanut allergy if other allergies, especially other types of food allergies, are common in your family.

Atopic dermatitis. Some people with the skin condition atopic dermatitis (eczema) also have a food allergy.

Complications

Complications of peanut allergy can include anaphylaxis. Children and adults who have a severe peanut allergy are especially at risk of having this life-threatening reaction.

Prevention

According to recent studies, there is strong evidence that introducing at-risk babies to peanuts as early as 4 to 6 months of age may reduce their risk of developing food allergies by up to 80%. Babies at risk for peanut allergy include those with mild to severe eczema, egg allergy, or both. Before introducing your baby to peanuts, discuss the best approach with your child's doctor.

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Peanut allergy is one of the most common causes of severe allergy attacks. For some people with peanut allergy, even tiny amounts of peanuts can cause a serious reaction that can even be life-threatening (anaphylaxis). Peanut allergy has been increasing in children.

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Overview

What is Crohn's disease? A Mayo Clinic expert explains

Learn more about Crohn's disease from gastroenterologist William Faubion, M.D.

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William A. Faubion, Jr., M.D., Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic: I'm Dr. Bill Faubion, a gastroenterologist at Mayo Clinic. In this video, we'll cover the basics of Crohn's disease. What it is? Who gets it? The symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. Whether you're looking for answers for yourself or someone you love, we're here to give you the best information available. Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disease that causes chronic inflammation of the GI tract, which extends from your stomach all the way down to your anus. Different areas of the GI tract can be affected in different people, and it often spreads into the deeper layers of the bowel. It's estimated that over half a million Americans are living with Crohn's disease. It can be painful and debilitating, occasionally leading to severe complications, as well as emotionally stressful. And while there is no cure, once you've been diagnosed, treatment can help you get back to a more normal and comfortable life.
Who gets it?
There are a lot of particulars that figure into or aggravate Crohn's disease, but the exact cause is still unknown. It may involve an abnormal immune response against some microorganism in which your tissues are also attacked. Genetics might also play a role. And it's true that you're at higher risk if a first-degree relative has it. But that's really only seen in about 20% of cases. There is a correlation with age. Although it can show up at any stage of life, most people are diagnosed before 30. Ethnicity is a risk factor. Whites have the highest risk, especially among people of Ashkenazi Jewish descent. However, incidence is increasing among black people in North America and the UK. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications or NSAIDS... they don't cause Crohn's disease, but they are known to trigger inflammation of the bowel and make it worse. They include common over-the-counter painkillers like ibuprofen, naproxen sodium, diclofenac sodium, and others. So if you've been diagnosed with Crohn's, make sure you talk to your doctor about what medications should be avoided. Many of these elements are out of our hands, but smoking is the most important controllable risk factor for developing Crohn's disease. It also leads to more severe disease and increased need for surgery. So if you smoke and you're diagnosed, now is a good time to quit.
What are the symptoms?
Crohn's disease can affect any area in the GI tract, but it's mostly found in the large and the small intestine. It can also be confined to one area or found in multiple segments. Symptoms can range in severity and it can depend on the area of the GI tract that's affected. You also may experience periods of remission when you have no symptoms or issues at all. The symptoms can come on gradually, but they can also show up suddenly. And these can include diarrhea, fever, fatigue, abdominal pain and cramping, blood in your stool, mouth sores, reduced appetite and weight loss. If your Crohn's disease has caused fistulas or inflamed tunnels in the skin near the anal area, you may notice pain or drainage. And in more severe cases, you may have inflammation of the eyes, skin, joints, liver or bile ducts, kidney stones, and anemia. In children, it can delay growth and development. Over time, Crohn's disease can lead to other complications, including bowel obstruction, ulcers, fistulas, anal fissures, malnutrition, and other health problems. It can also increase your risk for blood clots and colon cancer. Having these symptoms doesn't automatically mean you have Crohn's. But if you're experiencing anything that concerns you, it's a good idea to make an appointment with your doctor.
How is it diagnosed?
There's no single test for Crohn's disease, and it has similar symptoms to a lot of other conditions, so it can take a little time to get a diagnosis. First, your doctor is going to consider your medical history. Then your doctor may want to run a variety of tests or procedures. And at some point, your general practitioner may want to refer you to a specialist called a gastroenterologist like myself. A blood test can check for anemia and check for signs of infection. A stool study can test if there's blood present or rule out certain pathogens. A colonoscopy may be needed. This also allows your doctor to view your entire colon and the very end of the ileum using an endoscope, a small camera mounted on a thin flexible tube. They can take tissue samples for a biopsy at the same time. And the presence of granulomas or clusters of inflammatory cells, can essentially confirm the diagnosis. A CT scan might be ordered for a better look at the bowel and all of the surrounding tissues; or an MRI, which is especially good for evaluating fistulas around the anus or the small intestine. A capsule endoscopy can be done. Here you actually swallow the camera about the size of a large vitamin and it takes images of your digestive tract as it travels through. And a balloon-assisted enteroscopy may be done to get further into the bowel than a standard endoscope can if abnormalities have been found that need further investigation.
How is it treated?
Your doctor can work with you to find therapies that alleviate your symptoms. One of the main goals is to reduce the inflammation that produces painful and disruptive issues. Another is to limit complications over the long-term. There is currently no cure, but many treatments can provide a lot of relief, and in some cases, even long-term remission. These may include anti-inflammatory drugs like corticosteroids, immune system suppressants, and antibiotics. Certain biologics, which target proteins made by the immune system, can help. Antidiarrheals, pain relievers, and supplements can help counter other symptoms. Nutritional therapy and a special diet may be recommended. And in some cases where other measures aren't effective, surgery may be required. And that's to remove the damaged tissue. Some of these therapies may have side effects themselves. So be sure and review the risks and benefits with your doctor.
What now?
Crohn's disease can be physically and emotionally challenging, but there are things that can help. Although there's no firm evidence that any particular foods cause Crohn's disease, certain things seem to aggravate flare-ups. So a food diary can help you identify personal triggers. Beyond that, limit dairy products, eating smaller meals, stay hydrated, and try to avoid caffeine, alcohol, and carbonation. Consider multivitamins if you're concerned about weight loss. Or if your diet has become too limited, talk to a registered dietitian. And again, if you smoke, you should stop. It's important to take care of your mental health too. Find ways to manage stress, like exercise, breathing, relaxation techniques or biofeedback. Some symptoms like abdominal pain, gas, and diarrhea... they can cause anxiety and frustration. They can make it difficult to go out in public for any amount of time. It can feel limiting and isolating and lead to depression. So learn as much as you can about Crohn's. Staying informed can help a lot in feeling like you're in control of your condition. Talk to a therapist, especially one familiar with inflammatory bowel disease. Your doctor can give you some recommendations. And you might want to find a support group of people going through the same thing that you are. Crohn's disease is a complex disease. But having expert medical care and developing a treatment strategy can make it more manageable and even help you get back to the freedom of your normal life. Meanwhile, significant advances continue to be made in understanding and treating the disease, getting us closer to curing it or preventing it entirely. If you'd like to learn more about Crohn's disease, here are other related videos or visit mayoclinic.org. We wish you well.

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Crohn's disease is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It causes swelling of the tissues (inflammation) in your digestive tract, which can lead to abdominal pain, severe diarrhea, fatigue, weight loss and malnutrition.

Inflammation caused by Crohn's disease can involve different areas of the digestive tract in different people, most commonly the small intestine. This inflammation often spreads into the deeper layers of the bowel.

Crohn's disease can be both painful and debilitating, and sometimes may lead to life-threatening complications.

There's no known cure for Crohn's disease, but therapies can greatly reduce its signs and symptoms and even bring about long-term remission and healing of inflammation. With treatment, many people with Crohn's disease are able to function well.

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Symptoms

In Crohn's disease, any part of your small or large intestine can be involved. It may involve multiple segments, or it may be continuous. In some people, the disease is only in the colon, which is part of the large intestine.

Signs and symptoms of Crohn's disease can range from mild to severe. They usually develop gradually, but sometimes will come on suddenly, without warning. You may also have periods of time when you have no signs or symptoms (remission).

When the disease is active, symptoms typically include:

Diarrhea

Fever

Fatigue

Abdominal pain and cramping

Blood in your stool

Mouth sores

Reduced appetite and weight loss

Pain or drainage near or around the anus due to inflammation from a tunnel into the skin (fistula)

Other signs and symptoms

People with severe Crohn's disease may also experience symptoms outside of the intestinal tract, including:

Inflammation of skin, eyes and joints

Inflammation of the liver or bile ducts

Kidney stones

Iron deficiency (anemia)

Delayed growth or sexual development, in children

When to see a doctor

See your doctor if you have persistent changes in your bowel habits or if you have any of the signs and symptoms of Crohn's disease, such as:

Abdominal pain

Blood in your stool

Nausea and vomiting

Diarrhea lasting more than two weeks

Unexplained weight loss

Fever in addition to any of the above symptoms

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Causes

The exact cause of Crohn's disease remains unknown. Previously, diet and stress were suspected, but now doctors know that these factors may aggravate, but don't cause, Crohn's disease. Several factors likely play a role in its development.

Immune system. It's possible that a virus or bacterium may trigger Crohn's disease; however, scientists have yet to identify such a trigger. When your immune system tries to fight off an invading microorganism or environmental triggers, an atypical immune response causes the immune system to attack the cells in the digestive tract, too.

Heredity. Crohn's disease is more common in people who have family members with the disease, so genes may play a role in making people more likely to have it. However, most people with Crohn's disease do not have a family history of the disease.

Risk factors

Risk factors for Crohn's disease may include:

Age. Crohn's disease can occur at any age, but you're likely to develop the condition when you're young. Most people who develop Crohn's disease are diagnosed before they're around 30 years old.

Ethnicity. Although Crohn's disease can affect any ethnic group, whites have the highest risk, especially people of Eastern European (Ashkenazi) Jewish descent. However, the incidence of Crohn's disease is increasing among Black people who live in North America and the United Kingdom. Crohn's disease is also being increasingly seen in the Middle Eastern population and among migrants to the United States.

Family history. You're at higher risk if you have a first-degree relative, such as a parent, sibling or child, with the disease. As many as 1 in 5 people with Crohn's disease has a family member with the disease.

Cigarette smoking. Cigarette smoking is the most important controllable risk factor for developing Crohn's disease. Smoking also leads to more-severe disease and a greater risk of having surgery. If you smoke, it's important to stop.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications. These include ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others), naproxen sodium (Aleve), diclofenac sodium and others. While they do not cause Crohn's disease, they can lead to inflammation of the bowel that makes Crohn's disease worse.

Complications

Crohn's disease may lead to one or more of the following complications:

Bowel obstruction. Crohn's disease can affect the entire thickness of the intestinal wall. Over time, parts of the bowel can scar and narrow, which may block the flow of digestive contents, often known as a stricture. You may require surgery to widen the stricture or sometimes to remove the diseased portion of your bowel.

Ulcers. Chronic inflammation can lead to open sores (ulcers) anywhere in your digestive tract, including your mouth and anus, and in the genital area (perineum).

Fistulas. Sometimes ulcers can extend completely through the intestinal wall, creating a fistula - an abnormal connection between different body parts. Fistulas can develop between your intestine and your skin, or between your intestine and another organ. Fistulas near or around the anal area (perianal) are the most common kind.

When fistulas develop inside the abdomen, it may lead to infections and abscesses, which are collections of pus. These can be life-threatening if not treated. Fistulas may form between loops of bowel, in the bladder or vagina, or through the skin, causing continuous drainage of bowel contents to your skin.

Anal fissure. This is a small tear in the tissue that lines the anus or in the skin around the anus where infections can occur. It's often associated with painful bowel movements and may lead to a perianal fistula.

Malnutrition. Diarrhea, abdominal pain and cramping may make it difficult for you to eat or for your intestine to absorb enough nutrients to keep you nourished. It's also common to develop anemia due to low iron or vitamin B-12 caused by the disease.

Colon cancer. Having Crohn's disease that affects your colon increases your risk of colon cancer. General colon cancer screening guidelines for people without Crohn's disease call for a colonoscopy at least every 10 years beginning at age 45. In people with Crohn's disease affecting a large part of the colon, a colonoscopy to screen for colon cancer is recommended about 8 years after disease onset and generally is performed every 1 to 2 years afterward. Ask your doctor whether you need to have this test done sooner and more frequently.

Skin disorders. Many people with Crohn's disease may also develop a condition called hidradenitis suppurativa. This skin disorder involves deep nodules, tunnels and abscesses in the armpits, groin, under the breasts, and in the perianal or genital area.

Other health problems. Crohn's disease can also cause problems in other parts of the body. Among these problems are low iron (anemia), osteoporosis, arthritis, and gallbladder or liver disease.

Medication risks. Certain Crohn's disease drugs that act by blocking functions of the immune system are associated with a small risk of developing cancers such as lymphoma and skin cancers. They also increase the risk of infections.

Corticosteroids can be associated with a risk of osteoporosis, bone fractures, cataracts, glaucoma, diabetes and high blood pressure, among other conditions. Work with your doctor to determine risks and benefits of medications.

Blood clots. Crohn's disease increases the risk of blood clots in veins and arteries.

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Show references

1. Feldman M, et al., eds. Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and diagnosis of inflammatory bowel diseases. In: Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Management. 11th ed. Elsevier; 2021. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed July 18, 2022.

2. Goldman L, et al., eds. Inflammatory bowel disease. In: Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 26th ed. Elsevier; 2020. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed July 22, 2020.

3. Crohn's disease. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/crohns-disease. Accessed July 7, 2022.

4. Overview of Crohn's disease. Crohn's & Colitis Foundation. https://www.crohnscolitisfoundation.org/what-is-crohns-disease/overview. Accessed July 7, 2022.

5. Colorectal cancer screening (PDQ): Health professional version. National Cancer Institute. https://www.cancer.gov/types/colorectal/hp/colorectal-screening-pdq. Accessed July 7, 2022.

6. Screening for colorectal cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2016; doi:10.1001/jama.2016.5989.

7. Ferri FF. Crohn disease. In: Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2020. Elsevier; 2020. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed July 22, 2020.

8. Lichtenstein GR, et al. ACG clinical guideline: Management of Crohn's disease in adults. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2018; doi:10.1038/ajg.2018.27.

9. Crohn's disease. American College of Gastroenterology. https://gi.org/topics/crohns-disease/. Accessed July 7, 2022.

10. What should I eat? Crohn's & Colitis Foundation. https://www.crohnscolitisfoundation.org/diet-and-nutrition/what-should-i-eat. Accessed July 7, 2022.

11. Mind-body therapies. Crohn's & Colitis Foundation. https://www.crohnscolitisfoundation.org/complementary-medicine/mind-body-therapies. Accessed July 7, 2022.

12. Ami TR. Allscripts EPSi. Mayo Clinic. April 11, 2022.

13. Kane SV (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic. Sept. 12, 2020.

14. Khanna S (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic. July 5, 2022.

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Learn about symptoms and treatment for this debilitating, but treatable, digestive condition.

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Crohn's disease can cause changes in your bowel habits and make you feel fatigued.

What are the signs and symptoms of Crohn's disease?

Symptoms may develop gradually or come on suddenly. They may be mild to severe. Some people have chronic symptoms until a provider successfully treats them, while others have symptoms that come and go. A "flare" is when symptoms are active.

Common Crohn's disease signs and symptoms include:

Abdominal pain or cramps.

Chronic diarrhea (watery stool).

Loss of appetite and weight loss.

Bloody stool (rectal bleeding).

Mouth ulcers or pain in your mouth or gums.

Fever and fatigue (tiredness that doesn't improve with rest).

Abscesses of infections around your anal canal.

Crohn's can also cause symptoms in body parts outside of your digestive tract, including:

Crohn's disease in children can cause growth delays or failure to grow properly.

What are the complications of Crohn's disease?

Crohn's disease can cause complications that may require more treatment or, possibly, surgery.

Abscesses: Infected pus-filled pockets that form in your digestive tract or abdomen.

Anal fissures: Small tears in your anus that cause pain, itching and bleeding.

Fistulas: An abnormal tunnel-like opening that connects two body parts that don't normally connect. For example, with Crohn's disease, fistulas sometimes cause an opening between your rectum or anal canal inside your body and the skin surrounding your anus outside your body (anal fistula).

Bowel obstructions: A partial or total blockage in your intestine. Obstructions can develop when scar tissue forms or abnormal narrowing called strictures occur.

Malnutrition: Not getting the proper amount of nutrients. Inflammation can make it hard for your body to absorb key nutrients. Symptoms can make it difficult to consume the foods you need for energy.

Anemia: Low blood cell counts. Approximately 1 in 3 people with Crohn's disease have anemia.

Crohn's disease can also increase your risk of colon cancer and blood clots.

What causes Crohn's disease?

There's no known single cause of Crohn's disease, but it's related to a dysfunctional immune response.

Usually, your immune system switches into attack mode to destroy germs that enter your body. Inflammation is a sign that your body's fighting the germs. Once the threat is gone, your immune system calms and the inflammation disappears.

An autoimmune response happens when your immune system launches into overdrive and attacks your body's own cells. For example, your immune system may launch an inappropriate attack on bacteria normally found in your gut, causing Crohn's-related inflammation in your intestines.

Crohn's sometimes runs in families. It's possible that whatever causes your body's immune system to attack your body's healthy cells is hereditary (inherited). Still, many people with Crohn's have no family history.

What are the risk factors of Crohn's disease?

Risk factors include:

Age: You can get Crohn's disease at any age, but a large percentage of people are diagnosed in their late teens through early 30s.

Genes: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) runs in families in about 20% of Crohn's disease diagnoses. If you have a biological parent, sibling or another family member with Crohn's, you may be at an increased risk of also having it. Several specific mutations (changes) to your genes can predispose people to developing Crohn's disease.

Smoking: Smoking cigarettes increases your risk of Crohn's disease. Studies have found that it doubles your risk. It also leads to more severe disease.

Appendectomy: Studies suggest that people who have had an appendix surgery may have an increased risk of Crohn's. The reasons are unclear, but you still shouldn't avoid this life-saving surgery if you need it.

Location: People living in developed countries and urban areas have a higher risk than those living in less developed countries and rural areas.

Stress: Your body's stress response may contribute to flares.

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Crohn's Disease: What It Is, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

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Crohn's disease causes inflammation in your bowels that leads to unpleasant symptoms. Here's what you need to know about causes and how to manage it.

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This content is provided as a service of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), part of the National Institutes of Health. NIDDK translates and disseminates research findings to increase knowledge and understanding about health and disease among patients, health professionals, and the public. Content produced by NIDDK is carefully reviewed by NIDDK scientists and other experts.

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Discusses risk factors, symptoms, diagnostic procedures, and complications of Crohn's disease. Provides treatment options, including medications and surgery.

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Soybean allergy is one of the more common food allergies, especially in babies and children. Soybeans are a member of the legume family. Beans, peas, lentils and peanuts are also legumes. Being allergic to soy does not mean you have a greater chance of being allergic to another legume, including peanut.

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Soy Allergy: Causes, Symptoms, Tests & Treatment

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A soy allergy causes your immune system to overreact. Symptoms include stomach problems, cough and anaphylaxis. An allergist can test for and treat it.

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Overview

Celiac disease is an illness caused by an immune reaction to eating gluten. Gluten is a protein found in foods containing wheat, barley or rye.

If you have celiac disease, eating gluten triggers an immune response to the gluten protein in your small intestine. Over time, this reaction damages your small intestine's lining and prevents it from absorbing nutrients, a condition called malabsorption.

The intestinal damage often causes symptoms such as diarrhea, fatigue, weight loss, bloating or anemia. It also can lead to serious complications if it is not managed or treated. In children, malabsorption can affect growth and development in addition to gastrointestinal symptoms.

There's no definite cure for celiac disease. But for most people, following a strict gluten-free diet can help manage symptoms and help the intestines heal.

Symptoms

The symptoms of celiac disease can vary greatly. They also may be different in children and adults. Digestive symptoms for adults include:

Diarrhea.

Fatigue.

Weight loss.

Bloating and gas.

Abdominal pain.

Nausea and vomiting.

Constipation.

However, more than half the adults with celiac disease have symptoms that are not related to the digestive system, including:

Anemia, usually from iron deficiency due to decreased iron absorption.

Loss of bone density, called osteoporosis, or softening of bones, called osteomalacia.

Itchy, blistery skin rash, called dermatitis herpetiformis.

Mouth ulcers.

Headaches and fatigue.

Nervous system injury, including numbness and tingling in the feet and hands, possible problems with balance, and cognitive impairment.

Joint pain.

Reduced functioning of the spleen, known as hyposplenism.

Elevated liver enzymes.

Children

Children with celiac disease are more likely than adults to have digestive problems, including:

Nausea and vomiting.

Chronic diarrhea.

Swollen belly.

Constipation.

Gas.

Pale, foul-smelling stools.

The inability to absorb nutrients might result in:

Failure to thrive for infants.

Damage to tooth enamel.

Weight loss.

Anemia.

Irritability.

Short stature.

Delayed puberty.

Neurological symptoms, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), learning disabilities, headaches, lack of muscle coordination and seizures.

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Gluten intolerance can cause this blistery skin disease. The rash usually occurs on the elbows, knees, torso, scalp or buttocks. This condition is often associated with changes to the lining of the small intestine identical to those of celiac disease, but the skin condition might not cause digestive symptoms.

Health care professionals treat dermatitis herpetiformis with a gluten-free diet or medicine, or both, to control the rash.

When to see a doctor

Consult your health care team if you have diarrhea or digestive discomfort that lasts for more than two weeks. Consult your child's health care team if your child:

Is pale.

Is irritable.

Is failing to grow.

Has a potbelly.

Has foul-smelling, bulky stools.

Be sure to consult your health care team before trying a gluten-free diet. If you stop or even reduce the amount of gluten you eat before you're tested for celiac disease, you can change the test results.

Celiac disease tends to run in families. If someone in your family has the condition, ask a member of your health care team if you should be tested. Also ask about testing if you or someone in your family has a risk factor for celiac disease, such as type 1 diabetes.

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Causes

Your genes, combined with eating foods with gluten and other factors, can contribute to celiac disease. However, the precise cause isn't known. Infant-feeding practices, gastrointestinal infections and gut bacteria may contribute, but these causes have not been proved. Sometimes celiac disease becomes active after surgery, pregnancy, childbirth, viral infection or severe emotional stress.

When the body's immune system overreacts to gluten in food, the reaction damages the tiny, hairlike projections, called villi, that line the small intestine. Villi absorb vitamins, minerals and other nutrients from the food you eat. If your villi are damaged, you can't get enough nutrients, no matter how much you eat.

Risk factors

Celiac disease tends to be more common in people who have:

A family member with celiac disease or dermatitis herpetiformis.

Type 1 diabetes.

Down syndrome, William syndrome or Turner syndrome.

Autoimmune thyroid disease.

Microscopic colitis.

Addison's disease.

Complications

Celiac disease that is not treated can lead to:

Malnutrition. This occurs if your small intestine can't absorb enough nutrients. Malnutrition can lead to anemia and weight loss. In children, malnutrition can cause slow growth and short stature.

Bone weakening. In children, malabsorption of calcium and vitamin D can lead to a softening of the bone, called osteomalacia or rickets. In adults, it can lead to a loss of bone density, called osteopenia or osteoporosis.

Infertility and miscarriage. Malabsorption of calcium and vitamin D can contribute to reproductive issues.

Lactose intolerance. Damage to your small intestine might cause you abdominal pain and diarrhea after eating or drinking dairy products that contain lactose. Once your intestine has healed, you might be able to tolerate dairy products again.

Cancer. People with celiac disease who don't maintain a gluten-free diet have a greater risk of developing several forms of cancer, including intestinal lymphoma and small bowel cancer.

Nervous system conditions. Some people with celiac disease can develop conditions such as seizures or a disease of the nerves to the hands and feet, called peripheral neuropathy.

Nonresponsive celiac disease

Some people with celiac disease don't respond to what they consider to be a gluten-free diet. Nonresponsive celiac disease is often due to contamination of the diet with gluten. Working with a dietitian can help you learn how to avoid all gluten.

People with nonresponsive celiac disease might have:

Bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine.

Microscopic colitis.

Poor pancreas function, known as pancreatic insufficiency.

Irritable bowel syndrome.

Difficulty digesting sugar found in dairy products (lactose), table sugar (sucrose), or a type of sugar found in honey and fruits (fructose).

Truly refractory celiac disease that is not responding to a gluten-free diet.

Refractory celiac disease

In rare instances, the intestinal injury of celiac disease doesn't respond to a strict gluten-free diet. This is known as refractory celiac disease. If you still have symptoms after following a gluten-free diet for 6 months to 1 year, you should talk to your health care team to see if you need further testing to look for explanations for your symptoms.

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In this digestive condition, gluten in food damages the small intestine, making it hard to absorb nutrients and causing a variety of symptoms.

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Overview

What is celiac disease?

Celiac disease (also known as celiac sprue or gluten-sensitive enteropathy) is a digestive and multisystem disorder. Multisystem means that it may affect several organs. Celiac disease is a complex immune-mediated disorder, one in which the immune system causes damage to the small bowel when affected people eat gluten (a protein in some grains such as wheat, barley, and rye).

What is the difference between celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS)?

Celiac disease causes damage to the small intestine. There are specific markers in the blood that help confirm the diagnosis. Non-celiac gluten sensitivity causes symptoms that may include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, headaches, diarrhea, joint pain, fatigue, and "brain fog." These might be slight or severe. However, NCGS does not injure the intestine; there are no specific markers in the blood; and the diagnosis requires improvement of symptoms after following a diet without gluten.

Symptoms and Causes

What are the causes of celiac disease?

Normally, the body's immune system is designed to protect it from foreign invaders. When people with celiac disease eat foods that contain gluten, their immune systems attack the lining of the intestine. This causes inflammation (swelling) in the intestines and damages the villi, the hair-like structures on the lining of the small intestine. Nutrients from food are absorbed by the villi. If the villi are damaged, the person cannot absorb nutrients and ends up malnourished, no matter how much he or she eats.

What are the symptoms of celiac disease?

Symptoms of celiac disease vary among sufferers and include:

No symptoms at all (like some family members of celiac patients).

Digestive problems (abdominal bloating, pain, gas, constipation, diarrhea, pale stools and weight loss).

A severe blistering skin rash called dermatitis herpetiformis and sores in the mouth (called aphthous ulcers).

Unexplained anemia (low blood count) or hepatitis (inflammation of the liver).

Musculoskeletal problems (muscle cramps, joint and bone pain) and defects in dental enamel.

Growth problems and failure to thrive (in children). This is because they cannot absorb the nutrients.

Tingling sensation in the legs (caused by nerve damage and low calcium).

Depression.

What other health problems can accompany celiac disease?

Celiac disease can leave the patient vulnerable to other health problems, including:

Malnutrition.

Osteoporosis, a disease that weakens bones and leads to fractures. This occurs because the person has trouble absorbing enough calcium and vitamin D.

Infertility.

Cancer of the intestine (very rare).

People who have celiac disease may have other autoimmune diseases, including:

Some people have "non-classic celiac disease," such as when the only symptom is anemia. Non-classic celiac disease is becoming the most common form of celiac disease. Others might have "asymptomatic celiac disease," which is one without any symptoms at all.

Diagnosis and Tests

How is celiac disease diagnosed?

If your healthcare provider thinks you might have celiac disease, they will perform a careful physical examination and discuss your medical history with you. The provider may also perform a blood test to measure levels of antibodies to gluten. People with celiac disease have higher levels of certain antibodies in their blood. Sometimes having a genetic test for celiac disease in the blood may be necessary.

Your provider may perform other tests to look for nutritional shortages, such as a blood test to detect iron levels. A low level of iron (which can cause anemia) can occur with celiac disease.

Your provider may take a biopsy from your small intestine to check for damage to the villi. In a biopsy, the doctor inserts an endoscope (a thin, hollow tube) through your mouth and into the small intestine and takes a sample of the small intestine with an instrument. This is done with sedation or anesthesia to avoid any discomfort during the procedure.

Management and Treatment

How is celiac disease treated?

If you have celiac disease, you can't eat any foods that contain gluten (including wheat, rye and barley). You will be encouraged to visit with a dietitian for formal diet instruction. Dropping gluten from your diet usually improves the condition within a few days and eventually ends the symptoms of the disease. However, the villi usually require months to years to complete healing. It might take two to three years for the intestines to heal in an adult, compared to about six months for a child.

You'll need regular medical follow-up visits (usually at 3 months, 6 months, and then every year) and have to remain on this diet for the rest of your life. Eating even a small amount of gluten can damage your intestine and restart the problem.

Following a gluten-free diet means you cannot eat many "staples," including pasta, cereals and many processed foods that contain gluten. There may also be gluten in ingredients added to food to improve texture or flavor and in some medicines. Some less obvious sources of gluten may include ice cream and salad dressing. Cross-contamination is another common source of gluten which happens when gluten-free foods come accidentally into contact with gluten.

If you have celiac disease, you can still eat a well-balanced diet. For instance, bread and pasta made from other types of flour (potato, rice, corn, or soy) are available. Food companies and some grocery stores also carry gluten-free bread and products.

You can also eat fresh foods that have not been artificially processed, such as fruits, vegetables, meats and fish, since these do not contain gluten.

Prevention

How can I prevent celiac disease?

Celiac disease cannot be prevented. However, early detection and management of celiac disease may prevent severe complications. Therefore, it is very important to check for celiac disease in persons at higher risk for having the condition, such as first-degree family members of patients with celiac disease.

Outlook / Prognosis

What is the outlook for people with celiac disease?

The outlook for people with celiac disease varies. After adequate treatment and regular medical follow-up, the prognosis is excellent. People who are not treated or who do not respond to treatment may suffer some complications of the disease or even die earlier than what is generally considered normal. However, celiac disease is rarely fatal-most people who are diagnosed and who do not eat gluten do well.

Living With

What are the practical aspects of living with celiac disease?

A gluten-free diet will be a big change in your life (a good and necessary change if you have celiac disease). You have to rethink your eating habits, including what you buy for lunch, what you eat at parties, or what you snack on. When you go grocery shopping, be sure to read the ingredient labels carefully to avoid accidental gluten ingestion. If after reading labels you are not sure about gluten content, it is not safe for you.

A dietitian, a healthcare professional who specializes in food and nutrition, can help you with the gluten-free diet. There are also support groups that can help patients who have just been diagnosed with celiac disease.

Resources

Are there resources for people with celiac disease?

You might find information you can use from these organizations.

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Celiac Disease: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Diagnosis

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Celiac disease (also known as celiac sprue or gluten-sensitive enteropathy) is a digestive and multisystem disorder. Multisystem means that it may affect several organs. Celiac disease is a complex immune-mediated disorder, one in which the immune system causes damage to the small bowel when affected people eat gluten (a protein in some grains such as wheat, barley, and rye).

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases

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The digestive system is made up of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract-also called the digestive tract-and the liver, pancreas, and the gallbladder. The GI tract is a series of hollow organs joined in a long, twisting tube from the mouth to the anus.

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The digestive system is made up of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract-also called the digestive tract-and the liver, pancreas, and the gallbladder. The GI tract is a series of hollow organs joined in a long, twisting tube from the mouth to the anus.

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Shellfish allergies are the most common food allergies in adults and among the most common food allergies in children. Approximately 2% of the U.S. population reports an allergy to shellfish.1 Shellfish allergies are usually lifelong.

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Finned fish is one of the most common food allergies with a prevalence of 1% in the U.S. population. In one study, salmon, tuna, catfish and cod were the fish to which people most commonly reported allergic reactions.

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Shellfish Allergy | Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | ACAAI Public Website

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Shellfish allergies can be dangerous and cause severe allergic reactions. Learn about the symptoms, diagnosis and treatment.

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Obesity isn’t just a cosmetic concern. It is a medical problem that increases the risk of heart disease, diabetes and certain cancers.

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Overview

What is weight control?

Weight control is a term used to discuss managing and maintaining a healthy body weight. Having a healthy body weight can mean different things for different people. The traditional way this weight is calculated is with the body mass index (BMI). Your BMI uses your height and weight to figure out your ideal weight range. This number can vary, but typically, you are considered obese if your BMI is over 30.

Your waist line can also be a sign of obesity. For a woman, a healthy waist measurement should fall below 35 inches. For a man, it should be less than 40 inches. This measurement is called your waist circumference.

When talking about waist circumference, it's also good to discuss body shapes. People have all different body shapes. Some are an hourglass, with shoulders and hips around the same size but a smaller waist. Some are pear-shaped, with smaller measurements on the top and larger on the bottom. If you have an apple-shape - also nicknamed 'potbelly,' 'spare tire' or 'muffin-top' - you carry more fat in and around your abdominal organs. Having this extra fat in your abdomen can increase your risk of many serious medical conditions that are linked to obesity.

What's the difference between being overweight and being obese?

Both terms mean that you have excess body fat, but they are two different levels of a similar thing. Being overweight means that you have some extra fat. Although you are higher than your goal weight, you don't have as much body fat as the next level - obesity. When you have high levels of body fat, it's considered obesity.This is typically determined by your primary care physician during an appointment. Talk to your physician about the differences between being overweight and obese and what that means for your body type.

Symptoms and Causes

Why does obesity happen?

Obesity happens when your calorie intake is higher than the amount of energy you burn off each day. Think of the food you eat as fuel. This fuel is meant to power you and as you move throughout your day, you burn off this fuel. However, if you take in too much fuel, it isn't burned off. This just sits in your body, not serving its purpose.

There can be many reasons why weight gain happens, and often it's more than one reason at a time. Some of the factors that can add to weight control issues include:

Environmental factors: Lifestyle behaviors, like what you eat and how active you are on an average day, can impact your weight.

Psychological factors: Eating can be linked to your emotions. We eat to celebrate something good and we eat to grieve something sad. The emotional side of food can lead to things like eating due to depression, anxiety, boredom and binge eating. Binge eating is when you eat a large amount of food at one time, while often feeling out of control of how much you eat.

Genetic and Environmental factors: Obesity can run in your family. This means that if you have family members who are overweight or obese, you might have an increased risk. It's unclear if this is from your genetic code, or lifestyle behaviors (diet and exercise) that are passed down through generations. However, many people with family members who are overweight are not themselves overweight.

Medical conditions: Sometimes, a medical condition or medication can actually lower your metabolism (ability to burn calories into energy), which can cause obesity. Medications like steroids and antidepressants can cause weight gain. Medical conditions can include:

Can being overweight lead to medical problems in the future?

Your weight can play a large role in your health over time. Being overweight is linked to several health problems, including:

Generally, the more obese a person is, the higher the risk of developing a medical condition. A person who is 40% overweight is twice as likely to die prematurely as an average-weight person. This typically happens over a number of years with a higher weight (10 to 30 years). Losing the weight can really benefit your health, both now and in the long term.

Many physicians who specialize in obesity believe that people who are less than 20% above their healthy weight should try to lose weight if they have any of the following risk factors:

A family history of certain chronic diseases: These can include conditions like heart disease and diabetes.

A pre-existing medical condition: Health conditions like high blood pressure (hypertension), high cholesterol and high blood sugar levels are all warning signs of some obesity-associated diseases.

Having a body shape that's considered apple-shaped: If you carry excess weight around your abdomen, you could be at a higher risk of developing heart disease, diabetes or cancer than people of the same weight who are pear-shaped.

The good news is that even a modest weight loss of 10 to 20 pounds can bring significant health improvements, including lower blood pressure and cholesterol levels.

Management and Treatment

How can I control my weight?

Controlling your weight isn't a short-term thing - you need to think long-term about ways to control your weight and make changes to your lifestyle. Weight loss should be gradual, and careful follow-up is needed to keep you from rebound weight gain. Changing your nutrition, behavior and lifestyle are the only ways to make long-lasting changes in your weight. These changes focus on changes to your eating and exercise habits.

A few ways you can change your behavior and lifestyle that will help you control your weight include:

Learning about nutrition.

Changing your eating habits.

Increasing your physical activity.

Changing your mindset about eating.

Joining a weight loss program.

Building up support systems.

Following any drug therapies ordered by your physician.

The keys to weight control include making lifestyle changes, such as increasing your exercise and activity level. Find a physical activity or kind of exercise that you enjoy. Whether this is a dance class or long walks, having fun will help you stay motivated over the long-haul.

Can prescription weight loss medications help me control my weight?

In some cases, your physician may recommend using a prescription drug to treat obesity. Medication isn't a replacement for changing your diet and exercise routine, but should be used along with a program of diet and exercise to help you get to your goal weight.

The medications that may be recommended work by suppressing your appetite. They raise specific hormones, such as noradrenalin or serotonin in the nervous system, creating a feeling of fullness. But these medications will not work alone - you simultaneously need to change your lifestyle (diet and exercise).

Weight loss medications may be considered if you:

Have a BMI that's greater than 30 with no obesity-related conditions.

Have a BMI that's greater than 27 with two or more obesity-related conditions.

Most available weight-loss medications are approved by the FDA for short-term use, meaning a few weeks or months. Talk to your physician about whether or not weight-loss medications could be an option for controlling your weight.

Is weight loss surgery a good way to control my weight?

Weight loss (bariatric) surgery can also be an option for some people. Surgery should only be considered after other attempts to lose weight have been unsuccessful, or if you have an obesity-related disease.

There are two main types of weight-loss surgery. These include:

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: In this procedure, the size of the stomach is decreased, and part of your small intestine, where some foods are absorbed, is bypassed. This is done by creating a pouch at the top of the stomach and the bottom of the pouch is connected to a part of the small intestine. Limiting the physical space in your stomach is meant to make you feel full faster - limiting the amount you eat at each meal. By skipping part of the intestine, your body doesn't absorb as many calories from the food.

Sleeve gastrectomy: This procedure simply limits the size of the stomach and makes it into the shape of a slender sleeve. This limits the quantity of food that can be eaten at one time, and the food that enters the sleeve-shaped stomach passes straight through to the small intestines.

Surgery should be done at centers committed to long-term follow-up in addition to patient education, monitoring of vitamin and mineral levels, and exercise and behavior modification programs. In most cases, candidates for these surgeries have to be:

Severely obese (a BMI greater than 35).

Well-informed and educated about the surgery; and committed to the lifestyle changes that will be needed.

Assessed by a dietitian, psychologist, endocrinologist and other specialists before being considered for the procedure.

These types of surgeries are typically successful, but the success can be lost and weight regain can occur over time if changes to nutrition and lifestyle are not maintained.

How much exercise should I do to control my weight?

Activity and movement can greatly help your health. By introducing exercise into your routine, you can gain significant health benefits. It's recommended that you try to work in about 30 minutes of moderate to intensity aerobic (low to high-intensity activity where your breathing and heart rate increase) exercise daily.

Some types of aerobic exercises can include:

Jogging.

Walking.

Swimming.

Bicycling.

Rowing.

Aerobics (such as with an exercise class or video).

Prevention

What are fad diets and how do I spot one

Fad diets are nutrition plans that are typically popular for a short amount of time - sometimes promoted by celebrities - that often eliminate entire food groups from the diet. These diets may or may not promote healthy eating and weight loss. Unfortunately, these popular diets are not always the best option for many people and don't end with long-term weight control. You should generally avoid fad diets and focus instead on portion control, cutting down on empty calories (like sweets and sugary drinks) and increasing exercise. While there's no set approach to identifying a fad diet, many have the following characteristics:

Recommendations that promise a quick fix.

Dire warnings of dangers from a single product or regimen.

Claims that sound too good to be true.

Simplistic conclusions drawn from a complex study.

Recommendations based on a single study.

Lists of "good" and "bad" foods.

Recommendations made to help sell a product.

Elimination of one or more of the main food groups.

How can I lose weight and keep it from coming back?

When you are working to lose weight and keep the weight off, there are a few tips you can keep in mind, including:

Setting realistic weight loss goals, such as a one- to two-pound weight loss per week. Those who lose weight slowly, by eating less and exercising more, tend to keep their lost weight off. Even a half pound weight loss per week would result in a 25-pound loss over one year.

Eating fewer calories by cutting down on portion sizes. An easy way to portion a plate is to put fruits and vegetables on half, starch on one quarter of the plate and protein on the other quarter of the plate.

Aiming for at least five small handfuls of fruits and vegetables per day.

Not skipping meals. This slows down metabolism and can lead to increased hunger and binging.

Choosing foods high in fiber, such as whole grain breads, cereals, pasta, rice, fruits and vegetables. These foods will give you more chewing satisfaction, while the higher fiber content may make you feel fuller on fewer calories.

To ensure that you are eating healthy, keep an accurate food journal. Write down everything you eat or drink. Be honest and accurate. The food journal will help you learn about your eating habits and help you assess the food choices you are making.

Eating a variety of foods. Include all food groups to get all the nutrients you need.

Limit eating out and especially fast food.

Planning ahead. Plan meals for the week, create a grocery list, and keep healthy foods available to you in your kitchen and pantry, while avoid purchasing foods that are less healthy.

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Obesity & Weight Control: Health Risks, Weight Loss & Bariatric Surgery

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Weight control is a term used to discuss managing and maintaining a healthy body weight. Having a healthy body weight can mean different things for different people. The traditional way this weight is calculated is with the body mass index (BMI). Your BMI uses your height and weight to figure out your ideal weight range.

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

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Obesity is a common, serious, and costly chronic disease of adults and children. CDC's Overweight and Obesity efforts focus on policy and environmental strategies to make healthy eating and active living accessible and affordable for everyone.

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CDC's Obesity efforts focus on policy and environmental strategies to make healthy eating and active living accessible and affordable for everyone.