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1521: Tenochtitlan Falls to Spanish Conquistadors

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1521: Tenochtitlan Falls to Spanish Conquistadors

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The Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan fell to Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés in 1521, marking a significant turning point in the history of the Americas. This ancient city was once one of the largest and most advanced cities in the world, with impressive floating gardens, temples, and an intricate canal system. Today, Mexico City stands where Tenochtitlan once thrived, and parts of the ancient Aztec city can still be seen at the Templo Mayor archaeological site.

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1810: Mexican War of Independence Begins

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1810: Mexican War of Independence Begins

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On September 16, 1810, Catholic priest Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla rang the church bell in the small town of Dolores and gave a speech calling for independence from Spain. This event, known as the 'Grito de Dolores' (Cry of Dolores), marked the beginning of Mexico's War of Independence. Today, Mexicans celebrate Independence Day on September 16 with festivities that include parades, fireworks, and a reenactment of the famous cry for freedom.

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1898: Puerto Rico Becomes U.S. Territory

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1898: Puerto Rico Becomes U.S. Territory

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Following the Spanish-American War, Spain ceded Puerto Rico to the United States under the Treaty of Paris in 1898. This marked a significant change for the island, which had been a Spanish colony for over 400 years. Today, Puerto Rico is a U.S. territory, and Puerto Ricans are U.S. citizens. The island has a rich cultural heritage that blends indigenous Taíno, Spanish, African, and American influences. Famous Puerto Ricans include baseball player Roberto Clemente, musician Bad Bunny, and Supreme Court Justice Sonia Sotomayor.

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The famous Mexican painter Frida Kahlo lived in a blue house (Casa Azul) in the Coyoacán neighborhood of Mexico City. After her death in 1954, the house was turned into a museum. Frida Kahlo is known for her colorful self-portraits that express her physical and emotional pain, as well as her Mexican identity. The museum displays her artwork, personal belongings, and the rooms where she lived and worked. Kahlo's distinctive artistic style and personal story continue to inspire people around the world.

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1960: César Chávez Founds the National Farm Workers Association

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1960: César Chávez Founds the National Farm Workers Association

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César Chávez, a Mexican-American labor leader and civil rights activist, co-founded the National Farm Workers Association (later the United Farm Workers union) in Delano, California. Chávez organized peaceful protests, including strikes and boycotts, to improve working conditions for farm workers. His famous saying '¡Sí se puede!' (Yes, it can be done!) became a slogan for the farm workers' movement and later for other social justice causes. Chávez's birthday, March 31, is celebrated as a state holiday in several states and as a day of service in others.

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NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas, USA

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1992: Ellen Ochoa Becomes First Hispanic Woman in Space

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1992: Ellen Ochoa Becomes First Hispanic Woman in Space

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In 1993, Dr. Ellen Ochoa became the first Hispanic woman to go to space when she served on a nine-day mission aboard the space shuttle Discovery. Born in California to Mexican-American parents, Dr. Ochoa is an engineer, astronaut, and former director of the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. She has flown in space four times, logging nearly 1,000 hours in orbit. Dr. Ochoa is a role model for Hispanic students interested in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields.

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National Museum of Mexican Art, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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2002: Opening of the National Museum of Mexican Art

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2002: Opening of the National Museum of Mexican Art

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The National Museum of Mexican Art in Chicago is home to one of the largest collections of Mexican art in the United States. Founded in 1982 and moving to its current location in 2002, the museum showcases over 3,000 years of creativity from both sides of the Mexico-U.S. border, from ancient Mesoamerican civilizations to contemporary artists. The museum is particularly known for its annual Día de los Muertos (Day of the Dead) exhibition. It offers free admission to make art accessible to everyone and serves as an important cultural center for Chicago's Mexican-American community.

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Richard Rodgers Theatre, New York City, USA

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2015: Lin-Manuel Miranda's 'Hamilton' Debuts on Broadway

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2015: Lin-Manuel Miranda's 'Hamilton' Debuts on Broadway

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Lin-Manuel Miranda, a composer, lyricist, actor, and playwright of Puerto Rican descent, created the groundbreaking Broadway musical 'Hamilton.' The show, which tells the story of American founding father Alexander Hamilton using hip-hop, R&B, and traditional show tunes, opened on Broadway in 2015. It won numerous awards, including 11 Tony Awards and the Pulitzer Prize for Drama. Miranda's innovative approach to musical theater has changed Broadway and created new opportunities for performers of color. He has used his platform to advocate for Puerto Rico, especially after Hurricane Maria in 2017.