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Conceptualizing and Framing Assessments 

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Conceptualizing and Framing Assessments 

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Educational Psychologist- Framework for conceptualizing Validity of Assessments
HEDP_A_1145550_O (projectreadi.org)

https://libguides.palni.edu/c.php?g=692280&p=5331366

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjln9T8oo7-AhWuFTQIHczAAWYQtwJ6BAgwEAI&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DEd8PH0NPkyM&usg=AOvVaw2E0rv1GjLJl9hV-8vSnVfr

10 Principles of Effective Assessment - Bing video

Chapter 1 of Educational Assessments of Students
By: Susan Brookhart and Anthony Nitko

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Iowa State University- Center for Excellence in Learning and Teaching
Designing an Assessment Plan – Center for Excellence in Learning and Teaching (iastate.edu)

University at Buffalo- Curriculum, Assessment, and Teaching Transformation
Designing Assessments - Office of Curriculum, Assessment and Teaching Transformation - University at Buffalo

https://teaching.resources.osu.edu/teaching-topics/designing-assessments-student

Teaching Resources - Google Sheets

Design Assessment | Center for Teaching & Learning (berkeley.edu)

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Designing an Assessment Plan – Center for Excellence in Learning and Teaching

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Interpreting, Using, and Reporting Results of Assessments

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Interpreting, Using, and Reporting Results of Assessments

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Northern Arizona University- Office of Curriculum and Assessment
Interpreting Assessment Results | Office of Curriculum and Assessment (nau.edu)

Designing an Assessment Plan – Center for Excellence in Learning and Teaching (iastate.edu)

https://www.education.vic.gov.au/school/teachers/teachingresources/practice/improve/Pages/eitinterpret.aspx

https://www.jmu.edu/assessment/sass/ac-step-seven.shtml

Reporting Assessment Results (ncrel.org)

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When interpreting assessment results, it is useful to set a performance standard that specifies the acceptable level of student work or response. For each learning outcome the program should ask "What is an acceptable performance standard for this learning outcome?" This performance standard may be a passing score on an exam, a rubric rating of "meets program standards" on a student paper or another indicator of the quality of student work.

Suskie offers the following suggestions for setting specific, appropriate standards:

Do some research, perhaps with peer institutions or professional associations.

Involve others in the discussion such as students, employers, and faculty members teaching in other programs.

Use samples of student work to inform the discussion of setting expectations.

By setting expected results for the percentage of students meeting or exceeding performance standards before data collection begins, the program can gauge its effectiveness in helping students meet the learning outcomes. For example: Seventy-five percent of students met the performance standard set by the department for the outcome measure on ethical reasoning. This can be compared to the expected result of 85% meeting the performance standard which reveals an area for improvement.

Suskie also offers the following tips for setting targets for collective performance:

Express targets as percentages rather than means to improve understanding.

Vary targets depending on the circumstances.

Consider multiple targets (e.g., at least 90% of students score above the adequate level, and at least 30% score above the exemplary level).

Suskie (2009) identifies the following types of benchmarks or standards for framing expectations (the table below). If you are examining findings for the first time, it is most likely that you will want to ensure you are achieving Local Standards, the Capability Benchmark, and the Strengths & Weaknesses Perspective. If you make changes to your program and then re-assess student learning, you would use the Value Added Benchmark and the Historical Trends Benchmark.

The remaining standards and benchmarks in the table below rely mostly upon coordinating similar assessments across areas. For example, many professions that require accreditation, such as Nursing, Engineering, and Education, have standardized tests that lead to accreditation. One of the benefits of having such tests in place is the capability to determine External Peer Benchmarks and Best Practices Benchmarks.

Which standard or benchmark you should use depends on the purpose of the assessment. For example, in examining the performance of a group of students on a certification exam, you might compare against national norms, against the performance of students in the best programs in the country, or against students at peer institutions if the assessment is being conducted for purposes of accountability or accreditation. Then, you might compare against your own students at another point in time or within groups of students if your purpose is self-analysis and improvement.

Once you determine the performance standards and expected results for the learning outcome, you will want to compare the results with the specified performance standard and discuss the implications of the data as they relate to the program. Both strengths and areas for improvement are discussed, because showcasing program success is just as important as identifying areas for improvement, when it comes to making data based decisions about the program.
*adapted from Marymount University Assessment Handbook (2015)
Consider the extent to which your findings can help you answer the following questions:

What do the data say about your students' mastery of the program's learning outcomes?

Do you see indications in student performance that point to weakness in any particular content areas, skills, etc.?

Do you see areas where performance is okay, but not outstanding, and where you would like to see a higher level of performance?

Are there areas where your students are outstanding? How might you learn from the curriculum design used to develop these learning strengths to improve student learning in other areas?

Are they consistently weak in some respects? How might you adjust the program's curriculum design to improve student learning in these areas?

These are compelling and central questions for faculty, administrators, students, and external audiences alike. If your assessment information can shed light on these issues, the value of your efforts will become all the more apparent.

Including program faculty in all steps of the assessment process is important to ensure its meaningfulness and effectiveness. The inclusion of faculty insights is probably most important in interpreting results and identifying strategies for improving student learning. The methods used for sharing results is driven by character of the department, with some pouring over all the data generated and others simply reviewing summary analysis outlined in Section IV of the handbook. Using summary reports of assessment results, and the University Assessment Committee's review of the previous year's report will typically facilitate rich discussion and generate useful interpretation for the assessment report.

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Interpreting Assessment Results | Office of Curriculum and Assessment

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When interpreting assessment results, it is useful to set a performance standard that specifies the acceptable level of student work or response. For each learning outcome the program should ask "What is an acceptable performance standard for this learning outcome?"

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Ohio's Learning Standards for Mathematics
Ohio's Learning Standards for Mathematics | Ohio Department of Education

Ohio's Learning Standards for Science
Ohio's Learning Standards and Model Curriculum for Science | Ohio Department of Education

https://www.edweek.org/teaching-learning/opinion-four-teacher-recommended-instructional-strategies-for-math/2021/07

Basic Addition Worksheets (superteacherworksheets.com)

Math Monks - by Teachers for Students

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Ohio’s Learning Standards for Mathematics | Ohio Department of Education

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Ohio educators, many of whom engage daily with Ohio students, drove the process to make improvements to Ohio’s Learning Standards for Mathematics as part of a periodic review. In many cases, the changes reflect instruction already taking place in Ohio’s classrooms. The clarifications in the revised…