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Medications
- Drugs to prevent Malaria can be given to travelers to Malaria heavy areas
Protection
- Apply insect repellent to exposed skin
- Wear long-sleeved clothing
- Empty stale water to prevent mosquito breeding
- Use a mosquito net
- Spray insecticide and repellent on clothing (thick clothing)
- Spray insecticide in your bedroom

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How does the treatment plans work and spread?

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How does the treatment plans work and spread?

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- Primary Objective: rapid and efficiently complete elimination of the parasite
- Effective Treatment: reduces transmission of the infection to others and develops resistance towards parasite and strains

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- Clinical status of the patient
- Infecting plasmodium species
- Drug susceptibility

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The preferential treatment for Malaria is...
#1 artemether-lumefantrine (Coartem), fast onset of action
#2 atovaquone-proguanil (Malarone)
#3 quinine
#4 mefloquine

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- How is malaria treated?
- What types of treatment options are there?
- How does the treatment plans work and spread?

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How is Malaria diagnosed all over the world (6)? 

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How is Malaria diagnosed all over the world (6)? 

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WHO, the World Health Organization, makes diagnosis by using rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). These RDTs provide early and accurate tests results and helps to reduce the spread of the parasite.

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Why is the diagnosis of Malaria so difficult? 

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Why is the diagnosis of Malaria so difficult? 

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#1 Malaria is not endemic anymore so health-care providers might not be familiar with the disease. Doctors may see a malaria patient may forget about considering malaria as a dangerous disease. (4)

#2 A clinical diagnosis of Malaria is also difficult as Malaria has non-specific signs and symptoms of the parasite which can also be seen as a common flu sickness. (5)

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How is Malaria diagnosed in America (3)? 

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How is Malaria diagnosed in America (3)? 

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The CDC (Center for Disease Control & Prevention) provides rapid and accurate diagnosis of the parasite. The CDC provides both diagnostic and technical assistance on the malaria diagnosis. CDC provides tests: serology, PCR, and any other drug-resistance testing.

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If not treated Malaria can cause severe health problems such as...
- Seizures
- Brain damage
- Trouble-breathing
- Organ failure
- Death

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#1 Fever
#2 Flu-like sickness
#3 Chills
#4 Headaches
#5 Muscle-aches
#6 Tiredness
#7 Nausea
- Usually appear 10–15 days after the infective mosquito bite
- May be mild and difficult to recognize

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- How is Malaria diagnosed in America?
- How is Malaria diagnosed all over the world?
- What symptoms does Malaria show?
- Why is Malaria so dangerous?
- Why is the diagnosis of Malaria so difficult?

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Nothing. Unlike the human hosts, these infected mosquitoes do not suffer from the presence of these parasites

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What happens to the Hemoglobin in the bloodstream? 

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What happens to the Hemoglobin in the bloodstream? 

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During the erythrocytic development, malaria trophozoites consume and digest the hemoglobin the bloodstream, leading to parasite growth and asexual reproduction. This encourages the accumulation of toxic materials.

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The process repeats once the infected mosquito bites another person.

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The process repeats once the infected mosquito bites another person.

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In the oocyst, many of active sporozoites develop. Once these oocyst bursts, these release sporozoites into the mosquito's body cavity and it travels to the mosquito's salivary glands.

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These fertilized gametes develop into active ookinetes that stick onto the mosquito's midgut wall and form oocysts on the surface

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When a female mosquito bites an infected human, it ingests gametocytes which develops into gametes (mature sex cells).

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Some infected blood cells leave the asexual multiplication. These cells do not replicate but instead these cells develop into sexual forms called gametocytes (sexual forms of the parasite) that circulate the blood stream.

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Within the bloodstream, the merozoites invade the erythrocytes (red blood cells) and they multiply until cells explode. More erythrocytes begin to invade and cycle is repeated.

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These parasites in the form of merozoites are released from the liver cells in vesicles. These parasites enter the heart and arrive at the liver, latching onto the lung capillaries. These vesicles eventually fall apart, releasing the merozoites to enter the blood.

Merozoites: daughter parasites, schizont

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These sporozoites multiply asexually in the liver cells. The incubation period is between the next 7 to 10 days leading to no symptoms.

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The Sporozoites enter into the human liver.

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The malaria infection begins when an infected female Anopheles mosquito bites a person. This mosquito injects Plasmodium parasites (sporozoites) into the human bloodstream.

Sporozoites: a spore formed after fertilization; infectious form of the malaria parasite

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The Plasmodium Parasite Lifecycle of Malaria

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The Plasmodium Parasite Lifecycle of Malaria

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What is the lifecycle of Malaria?
What is the sequence of events that take place between after being bitten by a mosquito and full-blown illness?
What happens to/in the blood when a person contracts Malaria?
What happens in the mosquito?

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The Plasmodium Parasite Lifecycle of Malaria

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The Plasmodium Parasite Lifecycle of Malaria

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A healthcare provider will take a sample of the blood to see if malaria pesticides are present. The blood test will allow the doctor to identify the type of parasite causing your sickness. This blood test will determine the right treatment.

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Why is Malaria so detrimental to the human population?

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Why is Malaria so detrimental to the human population?

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- Mosquitoes carrying the Malaria parasite is so widely distributed around the world and the Human Population Movement (HPM) links the transmission of the parasite with a various number of transmissions.

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- People who suffer from poverty
- Children -> Old people
- >90% of people who die from Malaria in Africa = Young children

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- Dr. Alphonse Laveran, a military doctor
- A military hospital in Constantine in 1880 discovered the first Malaria parasite

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#1 https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15014-malaria
#2 https://www.malariavaccine.org/malaria-and-vaccines/vaccine-development/life-cycle-malaria-parasite
#3 https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/diagnosis_treatment/index.html
#4 https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/diagnosis_treatment/diagnosis.html
#5 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2688806/
#6 https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/diagnosis_treatment/clinicians1.html#:~:text=The%20preferred%20antimalarial%20for%20interim,)%2C%20quinine%2C%20and%20mefloquine.
#7 https://www.google.com/search?q=malaria+prevantaive+measures&rlz=1C5CHFA_enSG935SG935&oq=malaria+prevantaive+measures&aqs=chrome..69i57.4441j0j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8

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- Africa
- Central & South America
- Dominican Republic, Haiti, Caribbean
- Eastern Europe
- South & Southeast Asia
- Islands in the Central & South Pacific Ocean

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- Caused by parasites that enter your body through the bite of an infected mosquito (vessel/vector)
- Mosquito-borne disease
- Bite: infected female Anopheles mosquitoes

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What is Malaria?
When was Malaria first discovered?
Where does Malaria exist?
Who does Malaria affect?
Why does Malaria affect so many living beings?
How does Malaria get diagnosed?