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Joy Buolamwini was born in 1989 and still alive to this day. Buolamwini was awarded a master’s degree in media arts & Sciences from MIT in 2017, later she would earn a PhD degree in Media Arts & Sciences from the MIT Media Lab in 2022. She had a thesis on Facing the Coded Gaze with Evocative Adults and Algorithmic Adults.

Joy Buolamwini contributions to computer Science was that she founded the Algorithmic Justice League. The Algorithmic Justice League is an organization that works to challenge decision-making software and research the social implications and harms of artificial intelligence. Buolamwini presents her research at the United Nations and serves on the Global Tech Panel. This event was set up by the vice president of the European Commission and her presentation was called, “AI, Ain’t I a Woman?”

Joy Buolamwini proceed to show all the AI failures on woman faces and using as examples like Oprah Winfrey and Michelle Obama. Buolamwini had a list of 100 inspiring and influential women. But it is cool how she was able to discover all this and how she describes herself: “I am a poet of code on a mission to show compassion through computation.”

___________________________________

Overview ‹ Joy Buolamwini — MIT Media Lab

Joy Buolamwini : Awards | Carnegie Corporation of New York

Joy Buolamwini - Wikipedia

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Katherine Johnson was born on August 26, 1914, and died on February 24, 2020.  She was very good at math and started high school at the early age of 10. She went to college at 15 years old and graduated at 18. She taught black students math for a while, then enrolled at graduate school at West Virginia University. She studied math for a while, but then left to start a family and go back to teaching. In 1953 she learned about a job at a place now known as NASA. The job looked for black women with good computing and math skills. Her job was to be a computing innovation, a human computer. In that job she had to figure out different calculations needed for spaceflight. That is not all she did there, she also defied segregation, like going to the white women's restroom. One of her biggest accomplishments at NASA was helping calculate the trajectory of the country’s first human spaceflight in 1961. A year later she helped find out John Glenn’s orbit of the planet which was another American first. In 1969, she calculated the path of Neil Armstrong’s historic mission to the moon on Apollo 11. The sad thing is that she was forgotten, and all the white men were credited with all of these discoveries.

Sources:

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/24/science/katherine-johnson-dead.html

https://kids.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/katherine-johnson

https://www.nasa.gov/content/katherine-johnson-biography

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Plain Blue and White Ceramics Etsy Banner

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Margaret Hamiliton, an American computer scientist from the space race era. Born on August 17, 1936, in Paoli Indiana

Ms. Hamiliton was one of the very first software engineers and is responsible for founding the term. She studied in mathematics and philosophy and later became a high-school math teacher, all be it for a short time. Her first encounter was when she and her husband had moved to Boston to pursue their respective academic careers. Although she'd planned to study at Brandeis University, M.I.T offered her a postgraduate position in their meteorology department. There she would begin to develop weather forecasting software.

Shortly after, Ms. Hamiliton began working with the "Father of chaos theory", Mr. Edward Lorenz. She learned to program using the PDP-1 and LGP-30 computers. Since CompSci wasn't like it is in the present most of her learning was done on the job. Durin her time at MIT she even had a hand in developing for the SAGE project, which was a key part in today's air defense system. Due to the SAGE project, we were able to have a complete image of the sky using radar arrays. The part she played was programming  for it.

Even before going to NASA she already built an incredible legacy, from becoming the first software programmer and playing a key role in the Arms race helping improve radar technology in the SAGE project. It was such a big deal that it allowed er to be the first programmer hired for the Apollo mission at MIT. She goes on to make history at NASA by being lead software developer during the Apollo missions. By that time shed become director of the software division of M.I.T. She had made her way up from being just a regular programmer on those missions to being in command of developing the Apollo lunar lander guidance computer. Due to her raging tenacity to debug and solve every problem the system had, she had forever changed the was programming was approached even to this day. Her software was so good that it saved The Apollo 11 moon landing. Her software corrected errors never thought possible and successfully put us on the moon.

Later she would go on to found her own company, Higher Order Software. The main focus was on error prevention using her past experience and current knowledge. She was CEO from 1976-1986. In 2007 she received the outstanding Alumni award from Earlham College. She would go on to receive The Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2016 for all of her life's efforts and accomplishments. just two of many accolades under her belt. she is an inspiration to computer scientists and women everywhere.

She still lives although it is unknown where she does. She is 86 years young and is currently married to Dan Licky with 1 daughter.

Margaret Hamilton | Biography & Facts | Britannica

Margaret Hamilton: The Woman Who Created Software Engineering (interestingengineering.com)

Margaret Hamilton (software engineer) - Wikipedia

Margaret Hamilton | Computer Scientist – NASA Solar System Exploration

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Creola Katherine Coleman · August 26, 1918 · White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia, U.S.

Died February 24, 2020 (aged 101) · Newport News, Virginia, U.S
She went to West Virginia State University and

West Virginia University. She won a Presidental medal of freedom, Sliver snoopy award, NASA group Achievement award, NASA lunar Orbiter space craft and operations team award. She completed the eighth grade by age 10.

Katherine Johnson | Biography, Education, Accomplishments, & Facts | Britannica

https://www.biography.com/scientists/katherine-g-johnson

Katherine Johnson - Mathematician, NASA, & Hidden Figures (biography.com)

National technical Association mathematician of the year

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Birth- 9 July 1922 · Stourbridge, Worcestershire, England

Death- 29 September 2022 (aged 100)
She went to Birkbeck College

Kathleen gained her bachelor’s degree in Math from the University of London

She earned her PhD in Applied Mathematics. wrote the first assembly language and designed the assembler and auto code for the first computer systems at Birkbeck College, University of London. She helped design three different machines including the ARC. Kathleen Booth was a computing pioneer, who helped with the crystallography analysis that contributed to the DNA structure, was a co-designer of one of the first 3 operational computers in the world, and author of 2 of the earliest books on computer design and programming.

Engineer of the Week Series - Magnificent Women

Kathleen Booth - Computing History

Kathleen Booth - CodeDocs

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Elizabeth Feinler was born on March 2, 1931 and was a major part in modern technology. She graduated with a PHD from Purdue university. She has many lasting contributes to the internet like the .com/.org/.gov at the end of website links! She worked along Dr. Roy Whistler in chemistry for plenty of years. She created things like Network Information Centers, Defense Data Network, and APRANET. She is also a leading cause to what we know as email. She had a major role in modern internet and her influence will always be shown.

Elizabeth Feinler (computerhope.com)

Oral-History:Elizabeth "Jake" Feinler - Engineering and Technology History Wiki (ethw.org)

Elizabeth Feinler - Internet Hall of Fame

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Hedy Lamarr was an American actress and inventor. She was born on November 9, 1914, and died on January 19 2000 She was behind the basis for Wi-Fi, GPS, and Bluetooth. She was born a single child to a banker and pianist. Her father first sparked her interest in technology, taking her on walks and explaining the workings of various machinery. She never received a formal education, but still retained a deep passion for inventing Later, after fleeing her husband she met Howard Hughes, who encouraged her to pursue inventing. In 1940 she met George Antheil who had a similar passion for inventing and progressing technology. She even made a pill which turned liquid into a Coca Cola like substance. They worked together to make a revolutionary communication system. By ‘hopping’ radio frequencies it would make the waves unable to intercepted and allowing torpedoes to reach its target faster. Her work was not recognized, and she didn’t even receive a penny work her patent. Later however, her work became the basis of Wi-Fi and GPS, earning her the title of the mother of Wi-Fi

I think one of the most inspirational and interesting parts of her story is how she was able to have a successful acting career and even escape her bad Hollywood relationship to pursue her passion.

https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/hedy-lamarr

https://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/bombshell-hedy-lamarr-story-documentary/9906/

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hedy-Lamarr

https://www.biography.com/actors/hedy-lamarr

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Katherine Johnson/Coleman also known as Katherine Golbe was an African Amercian Mathematician who played an integral role in getting American to the moon. Born in August 26th 1918 in White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia. She lived to be 101 years of age and passed on February 24th, 2020.. She spent her whole life being a trailblazer and role model

Even in her youth Coleman had been very talented with numbers. So much so that she started high school when she was only 10 years old. When she turned 18 she graduated from West Virgnia State College earning a degree in mathematics and French as one of three African American students.

Despite not having any inventions of her own she still played a massive role in the entire science community. Katherine Johnson and all the human calculators were the inspirations for many of the computing engines used today. So much so that back then when people would reference calculators, they would be the first thing that came to mind.

Something that i found interesting was that there was a movie based off of her and the other human calculators and I've actually been on set of the movie down at Moorehouse college.

Katherine Johnson | Biography, Education, Accomplishments, & Facts | Britannica

Katherine Johnson’s STEM Contributions Marked on her 103rd Birthday | NASA

'Hidden Figures' Mathematician Katherine Johnson Dies : NPR

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Margaret Hamilton was born on August 17, 1936, in Paoli, Indiana; she is 86 years old. She studied mathematics at the University of Michigan and graduated from Earlham College in 1958 after marrying her husband, James Hamilton. She briefly taught high school math before they moved to Boston. Margaret planned to attend Brandeis University, but she accepted a job offer at MIT while her husband was at Harvard. She began to program software at MIT to predict the weather. She then joined the Lincoln Laboratory, where she worked on the U.S. SAGE air defense project, which helped identify enemy aircraft. During the Space Race, Hamilton led the team that created the control and guidance software used on the lunar and command modules of Apollo 11. During the mission, the computer on the ship was overloaded. Because of the way Margaret programmed the system to prioritize tasks based on importance, the astronauts were able to choose to land on the moon instead of aborting the mission. She continued to work on the remaining Apollo missions, and later co-founded High Order Software and established Hamilton Technologies. In 2016, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom. An interesting fact is Margaret Hamilton coined "software engineering" to separate it from other sciences.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Margaret-Hamilton-American-computer-scientist
https://www.computer.org/publications/tech-news/events/what-to-know-about-the-scientist-who-invented-the-term-software-engineering
https://computerhistory.org/profile/margaret-hamilton/

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Grace Hopper was born in 1906 in New York, New York. She graduated from Vassar College, and then attended Yale University for a Ph.D. in mathematics. She taught mathematics at Vassar College and in 1943 she joined the Navy WAVES (Women Accepted for Voluntary Emergency Services) where she was assigned to the Bureau of Ordnance's Computation Project at Harvard. This is where she worked on the first large-scale automatic calculator called Mark I. She then wrote the first computer manual that describes how to operate Mark I. Later she designed one of the first compliers and worked on one of the world’s first commercial computers. At 79 she was the oldest officer on active us naval duty and she retired in 1986. She passed away in 1992 at the age of 85.

Sources:
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Grace-Hopper

https://history-computer.com/grace-hopper-complete-biography/

https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/grace-hopper

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Gladys West was born on October/27/1930 she resided in Sutherland Virginia in a rural Dinwiddie county. West went to Virginia state college she graduated in 1952, after that she received a master in mathematics .  At Dahlgren West was the second black women hired and the fourth employee.

Gladys West participated in award winning astronomical study that proved the regularity of Pluto's motion relative to Neptune in the 1960's.From the mid-1970s through the 1980s, West programmed an IBM 7030 Stretch computer to deliver increasingly precise calculations to model the shape of the Earth – an ellipsoid with irregularities, known as the geoid, this data ultimately became the basis for the global positioning system (GPS).

https://scientificwomen.net/women/west-gladys-194

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gladys-West

https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/people-african-american-history/gladys-mae-west-1930/#:~:text=Gladys%20West%20is%20a%20mathematician,positioning%20system%20(GPS)%20today.

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Joy Buolamwini was born in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada in 1989. She is currently still alive – at the age of 34 years old.
Buolamwini attended the University of Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as a PhD candidate and researcher in the Media Lab. She has a bachelor's degree from the Georgia Institute of Technology.
Joy Buolamwini has also won many academic awards, some including the Rhodes Scholarship and the Fulbright Scholarship, as well as being added to many lists such as Tech Review 35 under 35, BBC 100 Women, and Forbes Top 50 Women in Tech.
In simple terms, Buolamwini’s work was in the field of AI. She noticed that there was discrimination in the software as it was harder for the technology to recognize people of color. So, using her excellent skills in computer algorithms, she developed methods to change this. Adding more diversity in the training sets changed the technology. This in turn made a huge impact in computer science as facial detection was becoming more inclusive and the field would be able to move from racial and gender biases.
Joy Buolamwini also had several minor contributions, some of which include her TED Talk, “How I’m Fighting Bias in Algorithims”, founding the Algorithim Justice League, uncovering biases from companies like Microsoft, IBM, and Amazon, and her spoken word visual audit, “AI, Ain’t I a Woman?”
The most interesting thing I found was that Buolamwini presented her research to the United Nations, which is pretty cool.

Sources -
https://www.carnegie.org/awards/honoree/joy-buolamwini/

https://epic.org/people/joy-buolamwini/

https://hai.stanford.edu/people/joy-buolamwini

https://aiartists.org/joy-buolamwini

https://www.media.mit.edu/people/joyab/overview/

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Grace Hopper was born December 9, 1904, in New York City. In 1928, she graduated from Vassar College with a B.A. in Mathematics; She then got her Master's and Ph.D. from Yale University. During WWII, she served in WAVES, where she was able to work on the Mark 1 at Harvard. She stayed at Harvard until she became senior mathematician on the UNIVAC 1. During the UNIVAC project, Hopper built the first compiler, finishing it in 1952, to make it easier to create programs. The compiler translates languages for computers to run and understand. She officially retired from the Naval Reserve in 1986 with the rank of Rear Admiral, and she continued to promote computer science throughout. Grace Hopper died on January 1, 1992, at the age of 85. She has a college named after her at Yale University, and she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2016 by Barak Obama. An interesting fact is that she was offered a full professorship at Vassar College but turned it down to stay in the Naval Reserve. She also coined the term "compiler."

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Grace-Hopper

https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/grace-hopper-woman-computer

https://www.gracehopperstemacademy.org/who-is-grace-hopper

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John McCarthy was born on September 4th, 1927 in Boston, Massachusetts, and died on October 24th, 2011, at age 84.
McCarthy focused on mathematics for his undergraduate degree and PhD at Caltech and Princeton, respectively. Afterwards, he briefly taught at Stanford, Dartmouth, and the Massachusetts Institution of Technology. At MIT, he and Marvin Minsky founded the MIT Artificial Intelligence Project, the first of its kind there. Three years later, McCarthy came back to Stanford to teach mathematics. However, he transferred to the Department of Computer Science when it was opened in 1965.
McCarthy was one of the most crucial figures in the study and rise of artificial intelligence, starting school programs, making programming languages, writing papers, and even coining the term "artificial intelligence" itself. LISP, a programming language McCarthy created, was once used by NASA, and is still occasionally used today. The other, Elephant 2000, had a system similar enough to having a memory that one could create chat bots with it. He also created some of the first time-sharing systems, allowing humanity to take a step towards creating the internet.
John McCarthy earned numerous academic awards throughout the years, which include but are not limited to the A.M. Turing Award in 1971, the Kyoto Prize in 1988, the National Medal of Science in 1990, and the Benjamin Franklin Medal in 2003. Additionally, he earned memberships to the National Academies of Science and Engineering.
Something interesting that I found while researching John McCarthy is that the person who wrote his Stanford Obituary, Nils J. Nisslon, is also a computer scientist, which in hindsight isn't too surprising (who else would write the article?). More interestingly, the author is also dead, passing away on April 23rd, 2019.

Sources:

https://cs.stanford.edu/memoriam/professor-john-mccarthy

https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-McCarthy

https://projects.csail.mit.edu/films/aifilms/AIFilms.html

https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/honors_research_projects/622/

https://news.stanford.edu/2019/04/24/nils-nilsson-pioneer-robotics-artificial-intelligence-dies-86/

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Mark Dean was born on March/2/1957 American inventor and computer engineer. in the 1995-1999 he lead a design team for making a one-gigahertz computer processor chip. Mark dean also help create the Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus.

Some back ground of Mark Dean. Dean was born in Tennessee at an early age dean showed a passion for building things. As a young boy Dean constructed a tractor from scratch with help of his father, a supervisor at the Tennessee Valley authority.

https://www.biography.com/inventors/mark-dean

https://www.thoughtco.com/mark-dean-biography-4588102

https://literacyrochester.org/dr-deans-contributions-to-computers/

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Ada Lovelace, the world’s first programmer. She was born to Georgia Gordon Byron and Lady Byron on December 10th, 1815. Very early on in her life her parents divorced, leaving her to her mother. To stop her ‘moody tendencies’ that her mother claimed she inherited from her father, her mother had her learn math and music. Because she was part of the English elite she was taught by very important people. Augustus de Morgan created de Morgan’s law, William Frend was a prominent social reformist, and Mary Somerville, who was one of the first women to be admitted into the Royal Astronomical Society. Later, when she was 17, she would meet Charles Babbage, who is considered the father of computers. They became good friends, and she would later translate a French article for his hypothetical ‘Analytical Machine’. While translating she added her own input, to the point the article was 3 times longer than the original. While writing she discovered the concept of programming computers and is thus consider one of the first programmers ever. She helped advise Charles to build his first machine.

One fun fact is that she was married to William King, who loved horses like her, and three kids, and was supportive of her academic endeavors. She was an elite and brushed shoulder with some of the world most influential people like Charles Dickens.

Britannica

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ada-Lovelace

Bodleian ( famous library in uk)

https://blogs.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/adalovelace/2015/10/14/only-known-photographs-of-ada-lovelace-in-bodleian-display/

Sandiego Supercomputer Center

https://www.sdsc.edu/ScienceWomen/lovelace.html

De Morgen’s law

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Morgan%27s_laws

William Frend

https://academic.oup.com/book/35366/chapter-abstract/301033657?redirectedFrom=fulltext

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Hedy Lamarr was born in Vienna, Austria on November 9, 1914. to a Jewish family while only 5 years old she figure out how a music box works. while later in 1930, she landed her first small film role in a German film called"Money on the Street" and started her role as an actress. during her time in America, she met George Antheil who help her start to build a new communication system. her tech helps the U.S. during WW2. Hedy Lamarr was an amazing person that help the invention of wifi gps and Bluetooth with her system paving the way for wavelength tech nowadays.

https://www.kusd.edu/indiantrailpulse/?p=10438

https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/hedy-lamarr

https://prologue.blogs.archives.gov/2020/05/26/the-world-war-ii-era-actress-that-invented-wi-fi-hedy-lamarr/

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Ada Lovelace was born on December 10, 1815, in London, England. She grew up with no formal school or university but studied science and mathematics with private tutors starting at a young age. During her career she became interested in Charles Babbage’s prototype of a digital computer where she developed a computer program. Since then, she has been called the first computer programmer. Though Lovelace died from Uterine Cancer on November 27, 1852, she contributed more to the advancement of technology in her short time alive than most people contribute in their entire lifetime.

Credible Sources

https://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/ada-lovelace

http://blogs.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/adalovelace/#:~:text=Ada%20Lovelace%20had%20no%20access,mathematics%20from%20a%20young%20age.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ada-Lovelace

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Ada Lovelace was born in England London on December 10, 1815. She was born to Lord Byron and Anne Isabelle Milbanke sadly her father left and never came back.

soonly after she was put head first into her studies into mathematics and music. After the studies that she diligently exceeded her life changed when she met Charles Babbage through a mutual friend on June 5, 1833. he would go on to introduce her to the analytical engine.. she would work toward the idea she had but sadly didn't get to finish her Analytical Engine due to her death which was in London England on November 27, 1852. Ada Lovelace was a remarkable woman that contributed to modern computing and programming her note on the subject gave birth to the modern world we live in.

https://www.famousscientists.org/ada-lovelace/#google_vignette

https://www.sdsc.edu/ScienceWomen/lovelace.html

https://www.computerhistory.org/babbage/adalovelace/

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Margaret Hamilton was born on August 17, 1936. At the University of Michigan and Earlham College, Margaret studied mathematics. Hamilton also taught mathematics at George C Marshall high-school. Margaret had the intention to pursue graduate work at Brandeis University but she took up a position at MIT. At MIT Hamilton developed a software that could predict the weather. For 2 years (1961-1963) Margaret worked at Lincoln Laboratories and worked on the US SAGE air defense. She worked on a software that differentiated the radar signature of aircrafts from electronic noise. This played a key role in the US Cold War efforts. After this, Margaret led a team that wrote code for NASA's Apollo command modules and lunar modules. Hamilton's work on the Apollo mission later led to her development of her Universal Systems Language. She founded and is the CEO of Hamilton Technologies, Inc. With everything Margaret has done, she won the NASA Exceptional Space Act Award in 2003 and the Presidential Medal of Freedom awarded by Barack Obama (2016). Margaret has made a huge impact on the world creating many opportunities. She has allowed many more to follow in her footsteps.

Interesting Fact: The LGP-30 Computer that Margaret used to develop her weather prediction software costs around 500,000 USD or $47,000 in 1956.

Sources:
https://computerhistory.org/profile/margaret-hamilton/

https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/people/320/margaret-hamilton/

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Margaret-Hamilton-American-computer-scientist

https://www.ll.mit.edu/news/margaret-hamilton-reflects-life-career-and-sage

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Ada Lovelace, also known as the world’s first computer programmer, was born on December 10, 1815, in London, England, and died on November 27, 1852. At a youthful age, Ada's mother brought her tutors to teach her mathematics and science. These subjects were not the standard for women back in the 1800s, but Lovelace found a love for numbers and language. At the age of 17, Ada met Charles Babbage, a proficient mathematician and inventor. As the two became friends Babbage started acting as a mentor to Ada, and with Babbage's help she began studying with University of London professor Augustus de Morgan. Lovelace began to get inspired by Babbage's work; known as the father of the computer he invented the difference engine. He was also working on a project called the analytical engine, which is designed to handle more complex calculations. Later, Lovelace was asked to translate an article on Babbage's analytical engine for a Swiss journal. When she was translating the article, she added her own notes and thoughts about the machine. In her notes, she described how codes could be created for the device to handle letters and symbols along with numbers. She also theorized a method for the engine to repeat a series of instructions, a process known as looping that computer programs use today. Although the article did not gather much attention, in 1950 her contributions to computer science were discovered, and the early programming language named Ada was named in her honor.

Sources:

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ada-Lovelace

https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/ada-lovelace

https://kids.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/ada-lovelace

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Hedwig Eva Maria Kiesler mostly known as Hedy Lamarr was born in Vienna, Austria November 9, 1913 or 1914. At the age of 16 she enrolled in Max Reinhardt’s, a Berlin-based dramatic school. A year later she made her debut in Geld auf der Strasse in 1930. However, she gained notoriety and stardom in the film Ecstasy (1932) which she appeared nude in After leaving Fritz Mandl her possessive partner who prohibited Lamarr from doing any other stage appearances after appearing nude in Ecstasy she headed Hollywood in 1937 which she appeared in her first English movie Algiers (1938). During Lamarr’s acting career she once mentioned “Any girl can be glamorous; all you have to do is stand still and look stupid”, but she would prove later that she was anything but stupid. During WW2 when in collaboration George Antheil she invited a Electronic device that minimized the jamming or radio signals it was never used during the wartime of WW2, but this device component is still a component of present-day satellite and cellular phone technology

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hedy-Lamarr

https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/hedy-lamarr

https://www.biography.com/actors/hedy-lamarr

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Philip Don Estridge was born on June 23, 1937, in Jacksonville, Florida. He died at age 48 in a plane crash on August 2, 1985. At the time he died, he was IMB;s vice president. He got a bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering from the University of Florida.

He’s worked for the army, NASA, and, most notably, IMB. Estridge helped build IMB into the multi-billion-dollar company it is today. He led the group that created IMB’s first personal computers (PC). What was revolutionary about the IMB PC was that he made the computer’s design public and used parts and software outside of IMB, which lead to the IMB PC’s architecture becoming ubiquitous.

Philip Don Estridge also had other important contributions to computer science. He worked in NASA’s Goddard Flight Space center working on computers for the Apollo space missions. He designed radar computer systems for the army. The Don Estridge High-Tech middle school in Boca Ralton, Florida is named after him, and he was he was identified in CIO magazine as one of the people who "invented the enterprise"

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Marc Hannah born on Oct 13, 1956, has a Professional Achievement Award from Illinois Institute of Technology and graduated from Stafford University where he got MS/PhD 1978 and 1985 also he is also the First Black Engineer.

His Product the SGI ends up being in some of the movies like Jurassic Park, Terminator 2, Aladin and field of dreams.    He was named Principal Scientist on at SGI ended up being.
What I found interesting his all Achievements That he accomplished.
In conclusion today he is still living, and this is what found on Marc Hannah.

Marc Hannah's Biography (thehistorymakers.org)

My Computer Science Superheroes (neocities.org)

Marc Regis Hannah (1956- ) • (blackpast.org)

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Gladys West is a Mathematician and Computer Scientist who was born on October 27, 1930, and she is still alive and well to this day living in King George County, Virginia. She is currently 92 years old.

West was born in a very small, rural part of Virginia, where many people were involved in agriculture. She knew that she did not want to be involved in that industry from a young age. She pursued her education and graduated from Virginia State University with a BS in Mathematics and later earned in Master's Degree in Mathematics from Virginia State. She also holds a Master's of Public Administration from the University of Oklahoma and a PhD in Public Administration from Virginia Tech.

Gladys West caused major advancements in the technology that is used in GPS units today. Some of her other and sometimes lesser known achievements include mathematical modeling and geoid model development.

These helped advance the field of computer science by making real time data processing more efficient, helping computer scientist and geographers to work together to manage/analyze vast amounts of geospatial data, and she served as inspiration to women and underrepresented groups in the field of computer science.

In Conclusion, Gladys West is a respectable Mathematician and Computer Scientist and she has made many impacts in both the field of computer science inspiring people to learn and excel at computer science.

Sources:

https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/nov/19/gladys-west-the-hidden-figure-who-helped-invent-gps

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gladys-West

https://awis.org/historical-women/dr-gladys-west-phd/

https://www.amightygirl.com/blog?p=22639

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black & white modern fashion photo collage (1)

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Marc Hannah was born on October 13th,1956 in Chicago, Illinois. Hannah graduated with a B.S degree in electrical engineering from Illinois Institute of Technology, then went to Stanford University for a M.S and PhD. Notably, Hannah founded Silicon Graphics, Inc. Hannah contributed to development of computer graphics (3D mainly) and visual stimulations like IRIS, Indigo, Indigo2, and Indy Graphics. Overall, Hannah’s work elevated the quality of entertainment. Hannah was also awarded a Professional Achievement Award by the Illinois Institute of Technology and the National Technical Association, a Kilby International Young Innovator award, and a Black Engineer of the Year Technical Contribution Award. Fascinatingly, Marc Hannah revolutionized the entertainment industry along with his professor, Jim Clark, while in college.

Sources:
https://www.thehistorymakers.org/biography/marc-hannah-41

https://id.iit.edu/people/dr-marc-r-hannah/

https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/hannah-marc-regis-1956/

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Born on October 27, 1930, in Sunderland, Virginia, and sadly passing later on June 27, 2020, in Salt Lake City, Nevada, Gladys West was a truly historical figure that's legacy will never be forgotten. She grew up on a small rural farm in Virginia, which was owned by her parents. As a child, she mostly helped out on her family's farm, which she hated. She eventually escaped that life by Earning Valedictorian of her high school class, in which led her to a full scholarship at Virginia state collage. This is where she earned her degree in mathematics, then later on returning to the same subject for her master's degree. After that, she spent some time teaching at racially segregated schools. In 1956, she was hired as a private mathematician by the U.S Naval Proving Ground, a weapons lab in Virginia. This is where she came up with some of her most groundbreaking work she created. Her most popular work was GEOSAT, a satellite program that was tasked to create replicas of the earth's surface, called a Geoid. Geoid is the thing that allows our modern-day GPS system to accurately pinpoint locations on earth. At the age of 68, She then went on to retire from the base in 1998. Gladys West is considered to be one history's black leaders on the technology era. She paved the way for many more independent women to follow in her footsteps, and still continues to do so to this day.

https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang

https://ncwit.org/profile/gladys-west/

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gladys-West

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Raj Reddy, a pioneer in Machine intelligence and Robotics was born on June 13,  1937 in Chittoor, India. Reddy Graduated with a BS in Civil Engineering from the Guindy College of Engineering in Madras, India, an MEng in from the University of New South Wales, then received a master’s degree and a PhD from Stanford. For his work, Reddy received several awards including 1994 ACM Tutoring Award, the French Legion of honor, the Honda Prize, the Vannevar Bush Award, and Padma Bhushan awarded by the President of India. Reddy contributed most to human-computer interaction by developing speech recognition and analysis of natural scenes in AI, worked to achieve universal information access, and founded Carnegie Mellon University’s Robotics Institute while a professor there. Reddy also helped establish the Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge in India to provide education for underprivileged, ambitious students living in rural areas. Interestingly, Reddy’s founding Of the Robotics Institute at Carnegie Mellon University was the first appearance of its kind in any US universities.

Sources:
https://computerhistory.org/profile/raj-reddy/

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Raj-Reddy

http://www.rr.cs.cmu.edu/

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Guido Van Rossum, born on January 31, 1956, graduated with a mathematics and computer science degree from the University of Amsterdam and became a programmer. He worked in the Netherlands and at NIST and CNRI, Google, and Dropbox in the United States. Rossum was awarded the title Benevolent Dictator For Life (BDFL) by the Python user community and designated as a Distinguished Engineer by ACM. Rossum developed the python, which is now used extensively in many applications such as Microsoft, Google, and Facebook to name a  few. The National Institute of Standards and Technology invited him to work on the python together where they hosted the first python workshop. Initially, he created a program called ABC, which was not successful. At the Corporation for National Research Initiatives, he worked full-time developing python later.

Furthermore, Rossum was awarded the Free Software Foundation Award, and he wrote the book the Internet Programming with Python along with others.  Rossum named the python after the British sketch-comedy series, Monty Python’s Flying Circus, which is interesting especially since he named his first program ABC. He also worked on python at night after working his day job in the mornings for three months.

Sources:

https://computerhistory.org/profile/guido-van-rossum/

https://computerhistory.org/blog/2018-chm-fellow-guido-van-rossum-python-creator-benevolent-dictator-for-life/?key=2018-chm-fellow-guido-van-rossum-python-creator-benevolent-dictator-for-life

https://www.computer.org/csdl/magazine/co/2015/02/mco2015020007/13rRUy3gmYB

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Joy Buolamwini was born in 1989 in Mississippi and is now 34 years old. At nine years old, she taught herself to use XHTML, JavaScript, and PHP. Joy Buolamwini studied at Georgia Tech for Undergraduate school, studied learning and technology at the University of Oxford, and was given a master's degree in media arts and sciences at MIT. She has contributed many things to Computer Science. She has developed an android assessment system for Ethiopia, worked to fix algorithms in bias systems, created a device that lets people see a reflection of themselves based on what inspires them (Aspire Mirror), talked about the impact of AI in places like TED Talks and the White House, and influenced large digital companies, including Google, Microsoft, and IBM, to improve their AI facial recognition to better the use of their technology for people of color. Interestingly, Joy Buolamwini helped to eradicate trachoma (a disease that causes blindness), and she programmed social robots to use methods of detection to identify autism.

Overview ‹ Joy Buolamwini — MIT Media Lab

Scholar Spotlight: Joy Buolamwini | Astronaut Scholarship Foundation

New Documentary "Coded Bias" Explores How Tech Can Be Racist And Sexist : Code Switch : NPR

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Ivan Sutherland

Ivan Sutherland was born on May 16, 1938, and is currently 85 years old. He attended Carnegie Institute of Technology where he got a Bachelor of Science degree. He then went to get a Master of Science from The California Institute of Technology. After he went on to get a PHD from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Lastly, he holds honorary degrees from Harvard, The University of North Carolina, and the University of Utah. Ivan Sutherland is the man that invented the Sketchpad, which was a software system that foreshadowed the future of graphical and interactive computing. He was also one of the main rally people of the computing industry, that opted to build a different kind of microchip with hundreds of thousands of circuits. His greatest invention was when he invented Complementary oxide-metal semiconductor (CMOS). This invention made it possible to manufacture microchips that we use in computers, phones, gaming consoles, etc. From inventing CMOS to rallying for a new kind of microchip, Ivan Sutherland has had a very positive impact on the world of computer science.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ivan-Sutherland

https://www.pdx.edu/electrical-computer-engineering/ivan-sutherland

https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/19/technology/ivan-sutherland-superconducting-chips.html

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Kathleen Booth was a computer scientist and mathematician born on July 9, 1922, and died on September 29, 2022. She studied at Royal Holloway, University of London, where she got a degree in mathematics. After that, she became a junior officer at an organization located in Farnborough. Kathleen Booth was one of the founding members of Birkbeck’s Department of Computer Science and Information Systems and helped create the Automatic Relay Calculator (ARC). She wrote all software for the ARC2 (the second version of ARC) and SEC (Simple Electronic Computer) as well as create Contracted Notation known as assembly language today. She was one of the first women to do many things for Computer Science, and she was the first women to write a book about Computer Science.

Kathleen Booth - Computing History

Remembering Professor Kathleen Booth, 1922-2022 | Birkbeck Perspectives (bbk.ac.uk)

Birkbeck offers Kathleen Booth Anniversary PhD Scholarship to support representation in Computing - Department of Computer Science and Information Systems - Birkbeck University of London
(archive.org)

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Larry Page was born on March 26, 1973, in East Lansing, Michigan. He is currently 50 years old.

Page was born into a very tech-based family. His father was the professor of computer science and artificial intelligence at Michigan State University. His mother also taught computer programming. Page graduated from East Lansing High, and got accepted into the University of Michigan, where he was an honors student. He graduated from the University of Michigan with a bachelor’s degree in computer engineering. He then started his graduate studies in computer science at Stanford University.

The main thing Page did for Computer Science was creating Google, a search engine that is also the most visited site in the world. A smaller thing he did for computer science was created "a new type of search engine technology that leveraged Web users’ own ranking abilities by tracking each site’s “backing links”—that is, the number of other pages linked to them,." according to britannica.com.

Page was Google's CEO twice. In 2001, he stepped down to become the president of products, and resumed the position again in 2011. However, in 2015, Google reconstructed, as it became the ancillary of its newly created parent company, Alphabet Inc. Page took up the position as the CEO of Alphabet. He later stepped down in December of 2019, but he continued to serve on Alphabet's board of directors.

Did You Know? Mr. Page and the the other co-founder of Google, Sergey Brin, didn't hit it off so well when they first met. Also, Larry Page was very interested in sustainable transportation technology. He even went back to the University of Michigan as an honorary member to join the solar car team.

Awards:
1. American Academy of Achievement's Golden Plate Award

Citations:

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Larry-Page

https://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/sergey-brin-and-larry-page#:~:text=The%20first%20incarnation%20of%20their,links%20pointing%20to%20a%20website.

https://achievement.org/achiever/larry-page/

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 Elizabeth Feinler (by Ashwath Aravindh)

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 Elizabeth Feinler (by Ashwath Aravindh)

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Elizabeth Feinler  was an American Scientist who was born on March 2, 1931, and is at the age of 92. Feinler had spent most of her life in Wheeling and was born there. She attended West Liberty University which is a great university in the state of Virginia. Feinler was a 1954 graduate and had earned a few academic awards such as a Bachelors Degree in Chemistry and then to further her education she did graduate work at Perdue University in the subject of Biochemistry. She worked with Dr. Roy Whistler, a famous scientist in carbohydrate chemistry. Elizabeth Feinler was a very important person that had lead future computer scientist to create the internet. She had a few creations such as the APRANET, Defense Data Network (DDN), and Network Information Centers (NIC). These early network systems are the original sparks that created the internet that we have today. In addition, Feinler and her group created the first email system called PCSam which collected email from server machines and downloaded it to people’s personal computer. This email system influenced today’s email communication apps. I also learned some fun facts about this famous scientist such as that she was the first person in her family to go to college and that her group created the first internet “yellow page” and “white page” servers. This group of computer scientists had created the first network server of its kind. Elizabeth Feinler is an important figure from our past and has changed our future. The internet we use every day was sparked by her.

Source:

-https://www.internethalloffame.org/official-biography-elizabeth-feinler/

-http://whistlerfoundation.org/?page_id=52#:~:text=Professor%20Whistler%20contributed%20to%20many,for%20promoting%20their%20industrial%20applications.

-https://ethw.org/Oral-History:Elizabeth_%22Jake%22_Feinler#:~:text=She%20was%20the%20first%20in,gov%2C%20.

- https://westliberty.edu/alumni/wall-of-honor/name/elizabeth-feinler/

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Leonard Adleman was a great computer scientist that lives at the age of 77. He was born on December 31, 1945, and was raised in San Francisco, California. His parents were working in technical sales and banking. Adleman first had dreams of becoming a chemist, then a doctor but found a passion in computer science. He obtained a Bachelor Degree of Science in mathematics at the University of California. He also earned a Doctoral Degree and a PHD in Computer Science at Berkley. Leonard Adleman’s main contribution to computer science was his discovery of DNA computing. Adleman had figured out that DNA can be utilized to calculate things that are computable by silicon-based computers. He analytically solved the 20 variable SAT problem using DNA computing. He was known as the Father of DNA computing. He was also one of the creators of the RSA encryption algorithm. This is a secure line which very important/classified information can be communicated without interception. He impacted computer science by creating the technology for DNA computers, which are much faster and more compact than any other computer. DNA computing has helped computer science advance in technology greatly.  There were a few interesting facts I learned about Adleman such as he was the mathematical consultant for the Sneakers movie and was also an amateur boxer and has boxed with several professionals. Adleman also worked at MIT as a professor and created a paper called “Molecular Computation of Solutions to Combinatorial Problems” which had explained the original successful example of DNA computing. Leonard Adleman was an exceptional man and has changed computer science in amazing ways.

Source:

-https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leonard-M-Adleman

-https://cs.stanford.edu/people/eroberts/courses/soco/projects/2003-04/dna-computing/adleman_bio.htm

-https://viterbi.usc.edu/directory/faculty/Adleman/Leonard

-https://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/adleman_7308544.cfm#:~:text=Leonard%20Max%20Adleman%20was%20born,BS%20in%20Mathematics%20in%201968.

-https://www.amacad.org/person/leonard-max-adleman#:~:text=Adleman%20is%20widely%20referred%20to,Nobel%20Prize%20of%20Computer%20Science.

-https://www.encryptionconsulting.com/education-center/what-is-rsa

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Ivan Sutherland was born on May 16, 1938 is Hastings, NE. Sutherland attended Carnegie Mellon University for his bachelors, Caltech for his masters, and at MIT Ivan received his doctorate in electrical engineering. He also served in the US Army as an electrical engineer.  In 1988 he received the A.M. Turing award which is the highest award in Computer Science. Ivan is most famously known for creating his interactive program Sketchpad. The GUI allowed designs to be drawn in time directly on a computer display. This innovation led Sutherland to be named the "father of computer graphics". Additionally, in 1967 Ivan along with another student (Robert Sproull) created the first head mounted virtual reality system. He also created the Trojan Cockroach which was a six legged machine that could walk. Ivan's contributions have revolutionized the world of computer graphics and helped bring many ideas to life.

Interesting Fact: Ivan Sutherland owns 12 patents and has authored over 49 publications

Sources:
https://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/ivan-sutherland
https://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/sutherland_3467412.cfm

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ivan-Sutherland

https://www.invent.org/inductees/ivan-e-sutherland

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Margaret Hamilton was born on August 17, 1936, in Indiana. She is currently 86 years old.

Margaret studied mathematics at Earlham College. After her graduation she decided to be a high school teacher for a short amount of time. She then moved to Boston with her husband James Hamiliton to study abstract mathematics at Brandeis University. Some of her awards include NASA’s Exceptional Space Act Award and the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

Margaret helped write the code that was used on the Apollo Mission to the Moon. She worked at MIT’s Instrumentation Laboratory where she led a team of scientists tasked to develop control and guidance modules for the Apollo space missions. Hamilton then created software to detect system errors if there ever was a crash. Both of these components were crucial for the success of the Apollo 11 mission which landed the first person to the Moon. Some of her smaller contributions are co-founding the company Higher Order Software in 1976 and establishing Hamilton Technologies in 1986.

One interesting fact about Margaret is that she is one of the first computer software programmers. During her time, no school taught software engineering. She was also involved in creating the first U.S. air defense system.

Sources:

www.nasa.gov/feature/margaret-hamilton-apollo-software-engineer-awarded-presidential-medal-of-freedom

Margaret Hamilton | Biography & Facts | Britannica

Margaret Hamilton - CHM (computerhistory.org)

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Grace Hopper was born on December 9, 1906 and died on January 1, 1992 as a successful pioneer in  computer technology. Hopper graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree from Vassar College and completed a Master of Arts and later a Ph.D. at Yale university. She later joined the Naval Reserve in 1943 and became a lieutenant after teaching mathematics at Vassar. Afterwards, While working on the Bureau of Ordnance’s Computation Project at Harvard university, Hopper developed the first calculator that could do automatic calculations, the Mark I. She also wrote the first detailed manual on operating an embedded software: A Manual of Operation for the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator.

Her calculator provided major progress in creating the first electronic computers. Furthermore, she won the Presidential Medal of Freedom, and her other works include helping develop the first commercial computers, UNIVAC I, and writing naval applications for COBOL (common-business-oriented language). One of the most fascinating things about Hopper is that she still remained a part of the navy as a reservist and continued to work at Harvard as a civilian research fellow.

Sources:

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Grace-Hopper

https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/grace-hopper

https://president.yale.edu/biography-grace-murray-hopper

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Vinton Cerf is a computer scientist who was born on June 23, 1943 in Connecticut. He attended Stanford University He helped make TCP/IP which is a communication protocol used in many spaces on the internet. He has been the vice president of google since 2005 and is commonly referred to one of the "fathers of the internet". He worked along Robert E. Khan who was also widely considered a father of the internet.

https://science.nasa.gov/science-committee/members/dr-vinton-g-cerf

https://www.internethalloffame.org/vint-cerf/

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Vinton-Cerf

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Raj Reddy was born on June 13th, 1937, near Chennai, which is a city in Eastern India. In his early life, Reddy had an extensive education, and he was accepted into the Guindy College of Engineering, where he got his bachelor’s degree. He also attended the University of South Wales in Australia to get his master’s degree. He also was admitted into Stanford University, where he received both a master’s degree in computer science, and a doctorate, also in computer science. Reddy is mainly recognized for his work in computer science. He helped improve speech recognition in computers, and improved dictation in computers. This helped later lead to voice assistants and good dictation. He was also awarded the Turing award for his achievements in computer science. Additionally, Raj Reddy was the co-chair of the Reddy was a co-chair of the President's Information Technology Advisory Committee from 1999 to 2001. He was helpful in helping to create Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies in India, to provide education to the low-income, gifted, rural youth.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Raj-Reddy

https://computerhistory.org/profile/raj-reddy/

https://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/reddy_963

4208.cfm#:~:text=Raj%20Reddy%20is%20renowned%20for,Katoor%2C%20Andhra%20Pradesh%2C%20India.

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Alan Turing was born on the 23rd of June in 1912 in London. Although his early life was normal, he was later educated at a top private school. He later got accepted and studied at the University of Cambridge to study mathematics. After he graduated from this university, he was given a fellowship at Columbia University, which was called King’s College at the time. He was given this fellowship because of his work in the probability theory. After he had come to the United States for his fellowship at Columbia University, he decided to join the Government Code and Cypher School. Turing later went on to help design the Bombe, which helped the Allies receive military intelligence in World War 2. After the war, he decided to try to design and create an electronic computer. His original design, the ACE, was the most superior computer at the time, however a smaller version was built to simplify the engineering. Turing is also known for his work in artificial intelligence. Turing is credited with creating the Turing Test, which tested the intelligence capabilities of computers. Turing was also an Olympic level runner, which is less known. He completed a marathon in a time comparable to the Olympic winning time at the time. He also contributed a lot to morphogenesis, which gave a mathematical explanation for how things grow. Later, on June 7th 1954, Turing died and he was found to be poisoned by cyanide.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alan-Turing

https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/8-things-didnt-know-alan-turing

https://www.nist.gov/blogs/taking-measure/alan-turings-everlasting-contributions-computing-ai-and-cryptography

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John McCarthy was born on September 4th, 1927, and died October 24th, 2011. He graduated from the California Institute of Technology with a bachelor’s degree in mathematics, then went on to receive his doctorate from Princeton. McCarthy was one of the first to perform research in the field of artificial intelligence, and was considered an AI pioneer. Additionally, he created the computer programming language LISP, which was used across the AI community. Lastly, McCarthy helped with developing the Elephant 2000, which was a programming language with different features based on speech acts.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-McCarthy

http://jmc.stanford.edu/contributions/index.html

https://computerhistory.org/profile/john-mccarthy/

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Alan Turing full name Alan Mathinson Turning was born in London, England June 23rd 1912.Turing is known for being a British Mathematician who made major contributions in Cryptanalysis and in new areas which would later be known as computer science  .Turing in his early life was in enrolled at a top private school he after went on to attend the University of Cambridge to study Mathematics in 1931 and graduated in 1934. Around the start of WW2 Turing and others designed a code breaking machine called the bombe related, but very different to another code breaking machine called Bomba. For the rest of WW2 Bombes were able to supply the Allied Powers with large quantities of military intelligence. By 1942 the cryptanalysts which included Turning at Bletchley Park (a cryptological establishment operating in WW2) were able to decode 84000 intercepted messages each month.  In 1945 the war had just ended and turning was recruited to the National Physical Laboratory in England to create the first electronic computer. However, NPL lost this race to build the first electronic computer disappointed by this turning took up deputy directorship of computing machine Labatory. Later in Turnings life 1951 he was elected to be a member of the royal society a high honor. However, he was convicted of homosexuality which was a crime in Britian at the time and was given 12 months of hormone treatment. Also, with this criminal record he was no longer able to work for the Royal Society. Turing spent the rest of his career in Manchester where he was appointed to specifically created readership of computing in 1953. June 7, 1954, Alan Turing age 41 was found dead in his bed due to cyanide poisoning. Some may suspect suicide others suspect it could have been murder by secret service since gays were consider a treat to security and Turing new so much about cryptanalysis or it could have been a simple accident from an experiment in his Labatory next to his bedroom.

Sources:
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alan-Turing

https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/turing/

https://www.cia.gov/stories/story/the-enigma-of-alan-turing/

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Raj Reddy born Dabbala Rajagopal Reddy was born June 13, 1937, in Katur India, he was born in a small village near the town of Srikalahasti. He earned his bachelors degree from Guindy College of Engineering and soon after a masters degree from the University of New South Wales. a while later after working for IBM he traveled to the United states and obtained another masters degree and also a doctorate both in computer science at the wonderful Stanford University. After completing his studies at Stanford Reddy joined the school’s computer science department. In 1969 he moved on to Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh where he founded the school’s Robotics Institute. Raj continued to use his brain and later pioneered the construction of systems for recognizing continuous speech which is what he's famous for he's also famous for his minor contributions to robotics and his efforts to bring digital technology to people on the other side of the digital divide which greatly impacted computer science by helping disabled and less fortunate people gain access to the internet

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White Green Modern Hiking on Vacation Photo Collage (3)

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Hedy Lamarr born November 9, 1914, and Death at 86 on January 19, 2000, a marvels woman who at the age of 16 became a star of the silver screen. Also, being an inventor winning the award in 1997, the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) Pioneer Award and later became the first woman to receive the BULBIE Gnass Spirit of Achievement Bronze Award.

Her contributions to Computer Science were the development of frequency hopping technology. Although Lamarr died in 2000, she was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2014 was dubbed as “the mother of Wi-Fi”. Lamarr has token a book about fish and another book about birds and look in each book to see the fastest species in each book. Soon after finding them, she started drafting fins and wings for a plane design and soon she shows Hughes. He said to Lamarr,” You’re a genius.”

As a successful inventor as her, surprises me that she had the time to all so be Hollywood star as well. But she did that as more of a side hustle rather than a main job for her. During when she use to do movies such as Geld auf der Straβe (“Money on the Street”), She had a small table inventing set in her trailer and between takes she would spend that time inventing things.
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Cheslak, Colleen. “Hedy Lamarr.” Hedy Lamarr, National Women's History Museum, 30 Aug. 2018, www.womenshistory.org/students-and-educators/biographies/hedy-lamarr.

Hedy Lamarr - Florida Inventors Hall of Fame (floridainvents.org)

The World War II-Era Actress Who Invented Wi-Fi: Hedy Lamarr – Pieces of History (archives.gov)

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Karlheinz Brandenburg is a German electrical engineer from Erlangen, Germany. He was born in 1954 in Erlangen Germany. He received both his Diploma in electrical engineering (1980) and his Diploma in mathematics (1982). During his Phd stay his supervisor Professor Dieter Seitzer had a pet project where he envisioned a digital jukebox where one could connect to a server and listen to music on demand over ISDN phone lines but those phone lines are too narrow to move cd quality audio. In this effort Seitzer filed a patent for a form of file compression which would compress these files down 12 to 1. During his bid for a patent the patent office rejected it on the grounds that it was deemed impossible so he enlisted Brandenburg to research file compression to try and make it happen. At first Brandenburg thought that the examiner might have been right but during later research he came to believe that it could be possible. The following research results would constitute what would become the Mpeg1 audio layer 3 file, and Mpeg 2 advanced audio layer coding. During the testing of the Mp3 file he used the song “Tom's Diner” by Suzanne Vega as to gauge if any changes or additions to the audio file composition would corrupt the subtlety of her voice. He is a member of the AES ( Audio Engineering Society ) and has won multiple awards for his contribution to the now modern way of audio file compression, currently he has 27 patents all of which are as a co creator; all of the patents have multiple creators.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlheinz_Brandenburg

https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Karlheinz_Brandenburg

https://prezi.com/s2ld6xaseqs1/karlheinz-brandenburg/

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Philp Don Estridge was born.

Jun 23, 1937, and passed away Aug 2, 1985. He graduated from

The University of Florida with an Electrical engineering degree.

Known for the original IBM Computer

What I found that made Philp Don Estridge interesting is how hard he worked to be the first to make the first computer. In conclusion this is what I learned about Philp Don Estridge.

Mr. Philip Don Estridge | IT History Society

Philip Don Estridge - Interesting stories about famous
people, biographies, humorous stories, photos and videos.
(fampeople.com)

IBM Archives: Philip D. Estridge

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Margaret Hamilton

1.       Birth and Death (if applicable)

Born in August 17, 1936.

2.       Major Academic Events (what is their educational background? Did they win any academic awards?)

She studied math at Earlham College in Richmond, she accepted a job at MIT programming software to predict the weather. In early 1960s Hamilton joined MIT’s Lincoln Laboratory. Next, she worked at MIT’s Instrumentation Laboratory. Hamilton help detect system errors and even helped recover information in a computer crash during the Apollo 11 mission. Hamilton earned the NASA Exceptional Space Act Award and President Barak Obama presented her with the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

3.       Main contributions to Computer Science (remember, they are known for a pretty BIG contribution plus maybe some smaller ones)

Margaret is highly known for the picture of her standing next the stack of code, she created software that would lead the success of the Apollo 11 mission. She is also the CEO of Hamilton Technologies Inc. which is a software engineering company. Hamilton also developed Universal Systems Language which is a modeling language for software and more complex.

4.       What was the most interesting thing you found while researching your superhero?

Hamilton was the woman standing by the stack of papers in the NASA photo. This photo is very well known, and its pretty awesome studying the person who it was.  The fact that she saved the Apollo 11 mission is mind blowing if she didn’t the space exploration field could look incredibly different than it does now.

5.       Make sure you check that they are credible using the C.A.R.S checklist! (You need to have at least 3)

https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/people/320/margaret-hamilton/

https://computerhistory.org/profile/margaret-hamilton/#:~:text=She%20is%20responsible%20for%20the,control%20for%20systems%20and%20software.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Margaret-Hamilton-American-computer-scientist

https://law.unlv.edu/students/student-organizations/blsa/blog/margaret-hamilton-woman-who-put-men-moon

6.       Picture of them and what they helped invent.

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Beige Minimalist Collage Instagram Post (2)

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Joy Buolamwini's exact year of birth is unknown, but it is either 1989 or 1990. She attended Georgia Tech to study computer science where she graduated as a Stamps President's Scholar. She also qualified as a Rhodes Scholar where she earned a masters degree in media arts for education. She also earned a PHD from MIT for the same subject. She was featured in the Forbes 30 under 30 list for impact on young women. She is also prominent in the Netflix documentary Coded Bias. She was also chosen for the "BBC 100 Women 2018". Her main contribution in the computer science sector is exposing AI bias towards races and women specifically. She started the Algorithmic Justice League, which advocates for equity in AI. She also co-sponsored the Safe Face Pledge, which requires law enforcement to not misuse AI and facial recognition technology. She is also recognized for his extensive efforts to empower young people to solve problems with technology, and women to go into the STEM field. She is constantly working to improve the Computer Science field.

Sources

https://poetofcode.com/about/

https://www.fulbrightprogram.org/joy-buolamwini/

https://www.carnegie.org/awards/honoree/joy-buolamwini/

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Timothy Berners-Lee is a British Scientist most famous for inventing the World Wide Web. He was born in 1955 in London, England, and later studied at the University of Oxford. After he graduated he worked at CERN which is a large particle physics laboratory.  He invented procedures that allowed different computers to compute with one another. His goal for the internet was to allow people (specifically researchers) to share things and information easier. He wrote the first web server and web page browser. In 1989 he invented the World Wide Web designed to help scientists and universities share information. He later founded the World Wide Web Consortium in Massachusetts and is still the director.

Sources:
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tim-Berners-Lee

https://webfoundation.org/about/vision/history-of-the-web/

https://home.web.cern.ch/science/computing/birth-web

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Ivan Sutherland

1.       Birth and Death (if applicable)

Born in May 1938

2.       Major Academic Events (what is their educational background? Did they win any academic awards?)

Sutherland got a bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering from Carnegie Mellon University he later went on to get a master’s degree in electrical engineering from Caltech and even later he got a doctorate in electrical engineering from MIT. With all that experience he went on to win the A.M. Turing Award in 1988 which is the highest honor in computer science. Sutherland also received the first U.S. National Academy of Engineering Zworykin Award (1972), a Smithsonian Computer World Award (1996), and the Kyoto Prize (2012).

3.       Main contributions to Computer Science (remember, they are known for a pretty BIG contribution plus maybe some smaller ones)

Sutherland is mainly known for his invention Sketchpad which allows you to draw in real time electronically. Sutherland even made the first VR headset he co-founded Evans & Sutherland with his friend David C. Evans they pioneered real-time hardware, accelerated 3D computer graphic and even printer languages. Sutherland also worked with RAND Corporation and investigated making animated movies. He also worked on characterizing and categorizing hidden surface algorithms, and even worked on a walking machine with six legs..

4.       What was the most interesting thing you found while researching your superhero?

5.       He made the First VR headset which is mind blowing because he made it in 1968 which is just crazy to think about, he could already make a VR headset at that time.

6.       Make sure you check that they are credible using the C.A.R.S checklist! (You need to have at least 3)

https://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/sutherland_3467412.cfm

https://www.britannica.com/facts/Ivan-Sutherland

https://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/ivan-sutherland

7.       Picture of them and what they helped invent.

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Beige Minimalist Collage Instagram Post (1)

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Ivan Sutherland was born on May 16, 1938. He earned a bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering in 1959 from Carnegie Mellon University, a master’s degree in electrical engineering in 1960 from Caltech, and a doctorate in electrical engineering in 1963 from MIT. There are many things that he helped with, one being virtual reality. He helped develop the first VR/AR head mounted display, called the Sword of Damocles, which was a helmet suspended from the ceiling. However, his most well know contribution to computer science is in computer graphics/graphical user interface. He created Sketchpad, which was developed on a special computer called the TX-2, and users could draw objects onto a computer screen using a light pen and manipulate them, which was groundbreaking as an interactive computer-aided design system.

Sources:

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ivan-Sutherland

https://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/sutherland_3467412.cfm

https://history-computer.com/ivan-sutherland-complete-biography/

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Kathleen was born on July 9th, 1922 and died in 2022. She studied at Royal Holloway, University of London, where she got a BSc in mathematics. She invented the Assembly Language used in computers. It’s also known as Coding For ARC2. The most interesting thing I found about her was how recently she died, just managing to make to 100.

Sources:

RIP: Kathleen Booth, the inventor of assembly language • The Register

Kathleen Booth: Assembling Early Computers While Inventing Assembly | Hackaday

Kathleen Booth - Computing History

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Elizabeth Feinler was born in March 2, 1931 and is still alive to this very day. She grew up in West Virginia. She graduated in 1954 of West Liberty University  with a B.S. degree in chemistry. She also became an active volunteer for the Computer History Museum, where she created a timeline for development of e-mail. She is known for creating and manufacturing the ARPANET, and manufactured the Defense Data Network. Both of those early networks were the forerunners for today's internet. Her group made the first yellow and white page servers as well as the first query-based network host name and address server. She became a member of the ACM, ASIS, IEEE, and she was also a founding member of the Internet Engineering Task Force.
Since retiring, she became an active volunteer of the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, CA. She gave away 350 boxes from the Engelbart and NIC projects.

https://www.internethalloffame.org/official-biography-elizabeth-feinler/

https://www.witi.com/halloffame/359632/Elizabeth--Feinler-Internet-Pioneer-Active-Volunteer/

https://computerhistory.org/profile/jake-feinler/

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Larry Page was born on March 26th, 1973. He graduated from the University of Michigan with a bachelors degree, then went on to receive his masters from Stanford. Some of his biggest contributions to computer science was helping to co-found Google which has become one of the most popular and used search engine. When he stepped down from Google, he became a CEO in the organization Alphabet Inc. which is a holding company for Google. In addition, he was a founding investor in Planetary Resources, which is a space exploration company.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page

https://www.forbes.com/profile/larry-page/

https://achievement.org/achiever/larry-page/

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She was Born in Year 1989. Joy received a Bachelor of Arts/Science, Georgia Institute of Technology; Master of Arts/Science, Oxford University; Master of Arts/Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The main contribution she did for computer science she helped reduce bias AI facial recognition that were about to be adopted by some companies. The most interesting thing I found about her was how she helps stop companies from using bias AI. how many degrees she has. And how she founded an organization to help make a more equal world in technology.

Sources:

About – Poet of Code

Algorithmic Justice League - Unmasking AI harms and biases (ajl.org)

Joy Buolamwini (forbes.com)

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Katherine Johnson was born August 26, 1918, and passed away February 24, 2020. She graduated from West Virginia State College in 1937 with a bachelor’s degree in mathematics and French. She helped calculate the trajectory of the spacecraft that put Alan B. Shepard, Jr. into space as the first U.S. astronaut to do so. Her most famous achievement was helping calculate the date and place that the Apollo 11 rocket would take in 1969. She played a significant role that helped build the computer science field with NASA, as her work was so accurate that she was asked to check the answers of the electronic computers used to calculate spacecraft trajectories that NASA was using at the time.

Sources:

https://www.nasa.gov/content/katherine-johnson-biography

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Katherine-Johnson-mathematician

https://www.biography.com/scientists/katherine-g-johnson

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Born on December 9th, 1906, American computer scientist Grace Hopper is known for her amazing idea of automatic programming. Before she was able to develop the idea she did 9 years at college, originally starting her college career at the Wardlaw + Hartridge school for one year, then she went to Vassar college for four years so she could obtain her bachelor’s degree. After getting her bachelor’s degree she went to Yale from 1928-1930 then once again in 1934 to obtain master’s and PhD in math. After her learning years were over, she decided to become a teacher at Vassar college. In 1943 she left her job as a teacher to join the Navy WAVES. After serving in the Navy for a year she was promoted to lieutenant where she was then sent to work at Harvard university. Once at Harvard she worked on the first large-scale automatic calculator named the Mark 1. Later in 1946 she wrote a manual of operation for the automatic sequence-controlled calculator. She continued to serve in the Navy for another 18 years which made her the oldest serving officer in the U.S armed forces. Sadly, at the age of 85 only 6 years after she left the Navy she died. She died in 1992 on January, first.
sources
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Grace-Hopper
https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Hopper/

https://www.biography.com/scientist/grace-hopper

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Vinton Cerf, born June 23, 1943, in New Haven, Connecticut. He received a bachelor’s degree in mathematics from Stanford University, a master’s and doctorate degree in computer science from UCLA. Cerf is an American computer scientist who is considered one of the founders of the internet. Cerf was partnered with Robert Kahn to develop the internet. He also developed the Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). Cerf and Kahn were recipients of the ACM Alan M. Turing award in 2004 for their work on the Internet protocols and President George Bush awarded Cerf and Kahn the Presidential Medal of Freedom for their work. Vinton Cerf is now working at Google as Vice President and Chief Internet Evangelist.

Credible Sources

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Vinton-Cerf

https://www.internethalloffame.org/vint-cerf/

https://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/cerf_1083211.cfm

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Guido Van Rossum was born in Haarlem, Netherlands in 1956. As of today, he is 67 years old and still alive. He went to college at the university of Amsterdam which is where he got his master’s degree in math. After college he worked as a programmer at CWI. During his time at CWI, he worked on a side project, a computer language named Python. However, Python wasn’t known yet, so when he moved to America leaving CWI, he wasn’t famous. Which caused him to work for several startups. After working for some time in many different companies he got hired by google in 2005. Which is where he continued to work rising the ranks to senior staff engineer. Then in 2013 he started working for Dropbox as a principal engineer till 2019 when he retired shortly. After a short retirement he joined the Microsoft team as a distinguished engineer. He still works and is very involved in the Python community.

Sources
https://thenewstack.io/guido-van-rossum-on-types-speed-and-the-future-of-python/

https://blog.dropbox.com/topics/work-culture/-the-mind-at-work--guido-van-rossum-on-how-python-makes-thinking

httpss://techcrunch.com/2020/11/12/python-creator-guido-van-rossum-joins-microsoft/

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Joseph Ward
(thought we had to do what i did)

Sources:
Mark Dean: https://www.biography.com/inventors/mark-dean

https://www.blackhistorymonth.org.uk/article/section/science-and-medicine/mark-dean-computer-scientist-pioneer/#:~:text=Born%20March%202nd%2C%201957%20in,electrical%20engineering%20from%20Stanford%20University.

https://elective.collegeboard.org/mark-dean-computer-science-pioneer

Raj Reddy:

https://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/reddy_9634208.cfm#:~:text=Dabbala%20Rajagopal%20(Raj)%20Reddy%20was,Katoor%2C%20Andhra%20Pradesh%2C%20India.

https://computerhistory.org/profile/raj-reddy/#:~:text=Reddy%20founded%20and%20led%20the,for%20robotics%20research%20and%20education.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Raj-Reddy

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Beige Aesthetic Pastel Collage Memories Moodboard Portrait Photo Collage

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Philip Don Estridge also known as Don Estridge, born June 23 1937 and died in August 2, 1985. Don Estridge who was an American computer engineer was led development of the original IBM Personal Computer which made him known as ”father of the IBM PC”.

Don Estridge who has graduated from Kenny High School in 1955, also went to the university of Florida 1959. Don Estridge had got a bachelor degree in electrical engineering at the university of Florida, and was working in the army. While in the army he was designing a working radar system using computers, IBM and NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center until he moved to Boca Raton, Florida in 1969.

Though Don Estridge was a brilliant, minded person he did not win any personal awards. With Don Estridge goal of creating a low cost personal computer against other competitors such as apple computer, he took control of a small Entry Level Systems division in 1980. When creating a budget computer he had realized he would need to use great deals of third party hardware and software. Estridge had also published the specifics of the IBM PC, which allowed third party aftermarket hardware's to take advantage of the machine expansion card slots.

Don Estridge facts that had interested me was that one of Estridge inventions was the biggest flop in computing history. Don Estridge had helped other businesses to create better hardware.

https://www.computinghistory.org.uk/det/1788/Don-Estridge/

https://www.ithistory.org/honor-roll/mr-philip-don-estridge

https://allfamous.org/people/philip-don-estridge-19370623.html

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John McCarthy was born in 1927, on September 4th. After graduation high school, he attended Caltech and earned a bachelors degree in mathematics in 1948. He continued his academic career at Princeton university, where he studied for a doctorate also in mathematics in 1951. Throughout his accomplished and impactful life, he earned many awards such as the ACM Turing award in 1971, this is considered the "Nobel Prize of Computing". He also obtained the Kyoto Prize in 1988 for his scientific contributions. Lastly he was given the National Medal of Science in 1990. John McCarthy is most known as the founder of AI, however he also founded the Lisp programming language, and co-founded timesharing. Timesharing allows multiple users to use one large computer at one time. He also started the Stanford AI Laboratory which is a major name in AI development. His impactful life ended on October 24, 2011.

Sources
http://jmc.stanford.edu/

https://computerhistory.org/profile/john-mccarthy/

https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-McCarthy

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Grace hopper was born on December 9th 1906 and is known for her impact that she made in the technology field as a woman. She was the first woman at yale to receive a Ph.D. in mathematics in 1934, after receiving that she went on to get another Ph in mathematic physic.  Grace became a mathematics professor at Vasser College after she graduated. Shortly after World War II started Grace Hopper tried to enlist in the navy but they denied her because she was to old and underweight, so she joined the navy reserves instead. She worked on the Harvard mark I team and join the Ecket Mauchly computer corporation where she developed the UNIVAC computer. Grace also coined the word bug as in a mess up in the computer system. She was also the first to develop a machine independent computer language. Through her lifetime Grace won dozens of awards but some of her most popular ones include the society of women engineers and the presidential medal of freedom. After her death in January 1992 Hopper had a military vessel named after her.

Biography of Grace Murray Hopper | Office of the President (yale.edu)

Grace Hopper - Wikipedia

Grace Hopper - Computer Coder, Education & Achievements (biography.com)

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Ajay Bhatt is an Indian electrical engineer from Vadodara India. Ajay was born September 6th in the aforementioned city of Vadodara India. He would receive both his Bachelors and Masters in electrical engineering from Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda. While his most famous invention is that of the universal adapter system known as USB he also made great strides in the fields of Platform Power Management and Chipset Improvements. Something interesting I learned was that the idea for USB came after he had serious trouble trying to set up a printer for his daughter, another cool thing is that after USB was developed he kept it free so that anybody could use it.

https://www.sparkfun.com/news/6774

https://www.cnn.com/2013/04/26/tech/innovation/usb-intel-billion-seller/index.html

https://www.tme.com/us/en-us/news/events/page/44153/ajay-bhatt-the-inventor-of-the-usb/

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Ajay Bhatt an Indian-born American computer architect who is mainly famous for one thing, the creation of the USB. This is the Co-inventor of the USB who invented the USB when he was employed with intel in 1995. Amazingly, Ajay Bhatt was inspired to make the USB from his wife who had trouble with a printer trying to print something for their daughter.

Ajay Bhatt was born in Set 6, 1957, and still living to this day. His education came from the place Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, in which he got his master’s degree from the university. He had joined intel at the time and was a senior staff who was working on a project. The creation of the USB was done while under intel which was one of the biggest advancements in computer science. The idea of the USB was given to a lot of other company's, but only intel was patient enough to wait for the final product. To today's day, intel chose to make this product controlled-free to everyone effecting 133 companies today.

Interestingly, for one of Bhatt inventions, he had made no money from this invention he had made. The reason being that he was working under intel at the time which made the invention intel’s instead of Bhatt. Fortunately, he is still happy as his invention is used all over the world as a stable connector and has helped plenty of people who had connections issues.

https://wikibio.in/ajay-bhatt/ (not Wikipedia)

Ajay Bhatt | American University Online

https://sd2.org/ajay-bhatt-creator-of-the-usb/

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*American Association of Artificial Intelligence

Sources:
Raj Reddy (wikipedia.org)

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Ajay Bhatt is an Indian electrical engineer from Vadodara India. Ajay was born September 6th in the aforementioned city of Vadodara India. He would receive both his Bachelors and Masters in electrical engineering from Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda. While his most famous invention is that of the universal adapter system known as USB he also made great strides in the fields of Platform Power Management and Chipset Improvements. Something interesting I learned was that the idea for USB came after he had serious trouble trying to set up a printer for his daughter, another cool thing is that after USB was developed he kept it free so that anybody could use it.

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Elizabeth "Jake" Feinler was the director of the Network Information Systems Center at SRI. They provided administrative services to NIC for the Arpanet and Defense Data Network. Previously she was a member of Augmentation Research Center which held the second computer in the Arpanet. She was born March 2, 1931. She attended West Liberty University and Purdue University.

sources

Elizabeth Feinler - Internet Hall of Fame

Elizabeth "Jake" Feinler - CHM (computerhistory.org)

Elizabeth Feinler and the History of the Internet | New-York Historical Society (nyhistory.org)

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Larry Page cofounded google which revolutionized search engines and helped the internet as an whole. born March 26, 1973, East Lansing, Michigan. He attended the University of Michigan and went to Stanford as a graduate. Eventually going on to create the prototype of what will become google.

Sources:

Larry Page - Sergey Brin, Education & Age (biography.com)

Larry Page | Biography, Google, & Facts | Britannica

Larry Page | Academy of Achievement

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Vinton Cerf was born June 23, 1943,  in New Haven Connecticut. He received a bachelors in mathematics from Stanford, California. Cerf would also attend the University of California in Los Angeles where he’d earn a masters and a doctorate in computer science. He is known as one of the “fathers of the internet” he is a co-designer of the TCP/IP protocols ensuring the end-to-end data delivery we use today. President Bill Clinton awarded Cerf and his fellow colleague Robert E. Kahn the U.S. National Medal of Technology. They were both also recipients of the Alan M. Turing award for their hard work on Internet protocols. In addition the highest civilian award possible "The Presidential Medal of Freedom."
https://www.internethalloffame.org/vint-cerf/

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Vinton-Cerf

https://www.nist.gov/director/vcat/biography-dr-vinton-g-cerf

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Elizabeth Feinler was born on March 2, 1931, and grew up in Wheeling, West Virginia. In 1954, she graduated West Liberty University with a bachelor’s degree in chemistry. She was researching biochemistry, but she needed money, so she got a job and developed an interest in streamlining information sorting. In 1972, she became a member of Dr. Douglas Engelbart’s Augmentation Research Center where she developed and managed ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) which was a very simple version of the internet, where a limited number of computers could access it for academic and research purposes. She and her group at SRI International also developed the domain naming scheme of .com, .edu, .gov, .mil, .org, and .net. All of those domain names are still in use today. Elizabeth Feinler retired and is currently a volunteer for the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, California.

https://www.internethalloffame.org/official-biography-elizabeth-feinler/

https://dbpedia.org/page/Elizabeth_J._Feinler

https://leahycenterblog.champlain.edu/2022/03/31/pioneers-in-tech-elizabeth-jake-feinler/

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Leonard Adleman was born on December 31, 1949, and grew up in San Francisco. He first got his Bachelor of Science at the University of California, Berkeley, in Mathematics. Then he later got his Ph.D. in computer science at the University of California, Berkeley. He took an assistant professorship at MIT and met Ron Rivest and Adi Shamir. Those 3 went on to make RSA Cryptography. RSA is an algorithm that encrypts data, allowing safe and secure communication on the internet. He is also known for his work in number theory, his primality tests, and algorithms for discrete logarithms. For this in 1995, he got the University of California, Berkeley, Department of Computer Science and Engineering Distinguished Alumnus Award. Leonard Adleman is also known as the father of DNA computing, which is computing using biological molecules and not silicon chips. He is currently studying DNA computing at USC.

https://www.invent.org/inductees/leonard-adleman

https://viterbi.usc.edu/directory/faculty/Adleman/Leonard

https://cs.stanford.edu/people/eroberts/courses/soco/projects/2003-04/dna-computing/adleman_bio.htm

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Philip Don Estridge was born on June 23rd 1937 and died on Aug. 2, 1985. Philip attended the university of Florida in 1955 and got his bachelor's degree in electrical engineering. He was the lead engineer on the first mini computer. He also made the first personal computer with IBM and then became the vice president of IBM. The thing that I found most interesting was that he turned down a contract from apple to be the president of apple.

https://www.computinghistory.org.uk/det/1788/Don-Estridge/
https://prezi.com/q2ucgnhyfwqx/the-life-and-success-of-philip-donald-estridge/
https://prezi.com/q2ucgnhyfwqx/the-life-and-success-of-philip-donald-estridge/

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Alan Turing was born on June 23, 1912 in London, England. The son of a civil servant, Turing was educated at a top private school. He entered the University of Cambridge to study mathematics in 1931. After graduating in 1934, he was elected to a fellowship at King’s College (his college since 1931) in recognition of his research in probability theory. Later in 1936 Turing moved to Princeton University to study for a Ph.D. in mathematical logic under Church’s direction (completed in 1938). Often considered the father of modern computer science, Alan Turing was famous for his work developing the first modern computers, decoding the encryption of German Enigma machines during the second world war, and detailing a procedure known as the Turing Test, forming the basis for artificial intelligence. An interesting fact I found about Alan Turing was that In 1952, Turing was arrested after reporting a burglary in his home. Whilst Turing was investigated, the police discovered Turing was in a relationship with a 19-year-old man named Arnold Murray. Instead of dealing with the burglary, Turing was instead arrested himself. Sadly, He was pronounced dead on June 7, 1954 when he was in prison because of the harsh treatment. Not only was Alan Turing beneficial in the win for world war 2, but was also key to the development of computer science.

Sources:
https://www.newscientist.com/people/alanturing/#:~:text=Often%20considered%20the%20father%20of,the%20basis%20for%20artificial%20intelligence.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alan-Turing/Computer-designer

https://lgbtlawyers.co.uk/2021/01/29/alan-turing-and-his-fascinating-legacy/#:~:text=In%201952%2C%20Turing%20was%20arrested,Turing%20was%20instead%20arrested%20himself.

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Mark Dean was born on March 2nd, 1956 in Jefferson City. There, he made several achievements showing off his ingenuity. When he was just in high school, he built both a tractor and a computer completely from scratch. This was back in the 1970s, where making computers was no easy task. He then went on to attend the University of Tennessee where he graduated top of his class with a degree in electrical engineering. He then went to Florida Atlantic University where he received a master’s degree. Finally in 1992, he graduated from Stanford University with a PhD. All throughout his life, starting as early as 6th grade, he was attacked with bigoted views towards him because of his skin color. He remembers one of his 6th grade friends landing on a decision that Mark wasn’t black, because he was too smart. He went on to face similar opinions even once he joined IBM in 1980. He continued fighting for his views at IBM where he created a PC that could attach to both a monitor and a printer. On top of this, in 1982 he was put in charge of a PC design team which developed the IBM PC. He now holds three of nine patents associated with the computer. Long after his work was completed, he was awarded the University of Tennessee COE Dougherty Award, an award which is given to those who bring honor to the University of Tennessee through their engineering accomplishments. He was also named an IBM Fellow in 1995, which made him one of only 50 total working fellows of 300,000 employees. This also made him the first African American given this title.
Sources:
https://elective.collegeboard.org/mark-dean-computer-science-pioneer  http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/computer-science/dean_mark.html  https://www.biography.com/inventors/mark-dean#innovation-with-ibm

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Ajay Bhatt was born in Baroda, India in 1957 and he is currently 66 years old. Bhatt started his university education at Baroda College but finished his degree at the City University of New York. He then went on to work for Intel, where he has helped boost the company.

Bhatt is known as the inventor of the Universal Serial Bus, aka the USB. Before he created the USB, different manufactures used different ports, making the process of connecting devices unnecessarily difficult for users. He created the USB to make it easier to connect outside hardware, like printers, to personal computers (PCs).

Companies were weary about the USB at first, but it soon took off. Today, the USB is used in almost every device, from computers to scientific instruments. Billions have been sold world-wide, but Ajay Bhatt and his team did not get any direct income from it. Bhatt had decided not to paten the invention, saying that if this invention helps make computers more accessible, and helps the market for them grow, the increased sales are the biggest profit.

In 2013, Bhatt won the European Inventor Award in honor of the invention of the USB. Although the USB is his most known invention, Ajay Bhatt owns over 130 patents for other inventions that he has made to improve technology and make it more accessible. One example is the AGP bus connector, which helped improve graphics cards.

https://www.tme.com/us/en-us/news/events/page/44153/ajay-bhatt-the-inventor-of-the-usb/#:~:text=In%20total%2C%20Bhatt%20has%20obtained,more%20accessible%20and%20user%2Dfriendly.

https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/usb-inventor-ajay-v-bhatt-wins-2013-european-inventor-award-209148681.html
https://new.epo.org/en/news-events/european-inventor-award/meet-the-finalists/ajay-v-bhatt-bala-sudarshan-cadambi-jeff

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Guido Van Rossum was born in January of 1956 in The Hague, Netherlands, where he spent much of his early life. In 1974 when Guido Van Rossum was 18 years old, he received a bronze metal in the international mathematical Olympiad shortly before attending college in Amsterdam. He studied at the University of Amsterdam until 1982 where he received a master’s degree in mathematics. This being the first time he studied around computers; he began to fall in love with them. He spent the next few years working at Centrum voor Wiskunde en Informatica (CWI) to create a programming language called ABC. After getting tired of the coding languages he used and created, when Guido was 35 years old, he created the popular coding language python in 1989 while on a holiday break. Despite creating Python in the 1980s and releasing it for the first time in 1991, he was only first awarded for his invention over a decade later in 2002 at the FOSDEM conference in Brussels where he received the 2001 Award for the Advancement of Free Software from the Free Software Foundation (FSF).
Sources:

https://computerhistory.org/blog/2018-chm-fellow-guido-van-rossum-python-creator-benevolent-dictator-for-life/?key=2018-chm-fellow-guido-van-rossum-python-creator-benevolent-dictator-for-life

https://www.artima.com/articles/the-making-of-python

https://www.python.org/doc/essays/foreword/

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Marc Hannah was born on October 13, 1956, in Chicago, Illinois. He attended Illinois institute of Technology and he also attended Stanford University. Marc Hannah earned the " Professional Achievement Award" from Illinois Institute of Technology 10 years after he graduated from Illinois. Marc co-founded Silicon Graphics Inc. with Jim Clark and 5 others, he became principal scientist in 1986. Marc was most well known for his involvement in computer graphics especially 3-d graphics.  Jurassic Park, Field of Dreams, and Terminator 2 all use his graphics. Marc Hannah's company gained $1 billion dollars in revenue in 1993 which is just 11 years after it opened.
https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/hannah-marc-regis-1956/

https://www.thehistorymakers.org/biography/marc-hannah-41

http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/computer-science/hannah_marc.html

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Elizabeth Feinler was born on March 2nd, 1931. She graduated from West Liberty University in 1954 with a B.S degree in chemistry. Feinler then attended Purdue University for biochemistry. After this, she joined the Shuman Chemical Company and the Chemical Abstracts Service. To start her computer science career, Elizabeth Feinler joined Dr. Douglas Engelbart’s Augmentation Research Center and started working on the Internet. Her main contributions to Computer Science were managing the ARPNET: the first public workable Internet, the Defense Data Network, and the network information centers. These impacted the computer science world as they were the start of the internet we use today. She helped invent the Host Naming Registry for the Internet and the naming of .com, .edu, .gov, .mil, .org, and .net. These are extremely useful and are still utilized every day. Also, Feinler has won the Women in Technology International Hall of Fame Award. Furthermore, Feinler helped bring networking to NASA telescope sites. Now, she volunteers for the Computer History Museum, helping continue her previous projects.

https://www.internethalloffame.org/official-biography-elizabeth-feinler/

https://dbpedia.org/page/Elizabeth_J._Feinler

https://westliberty.edu/alumni/wall-of-honor/name/elizabeth-feinler/

https://www.witi.com/halloffame/359632/Elizabeth--Feinler-Internet-Pioneer-Active-Volunteer/

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John McCarthy was born in Boston, Massachusetts on September 4th, 1927 and died in Stanford, California on October 24th, 2011. He attended both Princeton University and California Institute of Technology to receive a BS of Mathematics, and a PhD in Mathematics. As for academic awards, he won the ACM Turing Award in 1971, the Kyoto Prize in 1988, the National Medal of Science in 1990, and the 1985 Computer Pioneer Award “for LISP and artificial intelligence”.
The main thing John McCarthy is known and credited for is working with artificial intelligence and coining that term now used today. Though he did not invent the concept, he researched it quite a bit. His achievements in the field include developing the commonsense aspects. His work impacted the evolution of computer science as it identified that artificial intelligence could be a powerful field and was the initiation for what it is today. He also provided AI with the important factor of knowledge and reasoning.

Another thing he is known greatly for is inventing the programming language LISP in 1958. This was important as the language had “great flexibility due to its expressive power”, according to Britannica.
Some more minor things he did included founding the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Library, developing the time-sharing concept, and inventing the method of circumscription using non-monotonic reasoning.
The most interesting thing I found while researching my superhero is that when McCarthy was developing Elephant 2000, a programming language, he postponed the deployment date by 15 years – once to 2005 and the other time to 2015.

Sources -
https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-McCarthy

https://computerhistory.org/profile/john-mccarthy/

https://www.computer.org/profiles/john-mccarthy

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Charles Babbage was born on December 26, 1791, in London, England. He died on October 18, 1871.

In 1816, Babbage was elected a member of the Royal Society in London. Sometime around 1828-39 he was a Mathematics professor at the University of Cambridge. He received the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society for his work in astronomy.

Babbage is credited for inventing the first automatic digital computer. In 1821 Babbage invented the Difference Engine which performed small calculations with a 20-decimal capacity. He received his fame from his invention called the Analytical Engine. The Analytical Engine could perform any arithmetical calculations and it had a memory unit large enough to store 1000 50-digit numbers. This Analytical Engine was more powerful than the Difference Engine and it has components of many computers today. The Analytical Engine was later found to be able to perform a series of calculations which became the first computer program. Some of his smaller contributions are inventing the speedometer and locomotive cowcatcher.

The most interesting fact I found about Charles Babbage is at Cambridge he was a member of the Ghost Club which investigated the supernatural.

Sources:

Who was Charles Babbage? | CHARLES BABBAGE INSTITUTE | College of Science and Engineering (umn.edu)

https://www.famousscientists.org/charles-babbage/

https://www.computerhistory.org/babbage/charlesbabbage/

Charles Babbage | Biography, Computers, Inventions, & Facts | Britannica

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Gladys West and her contribution to Computer Science.

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Gladys Mae West was born on October 27th, 1930 in Sutherland, Virginia. Early in her life, teachers encouraged her love of math. Later in her school life, she earned a full scholarship to Virginia State College. She graduated in 1952, and pursued many jobs in the government field. Throughout her career, Glady's developed the first geodesy model for satellites, earning her the Webby Lifetime Achivement. Curiously enough, Glady's West was one of the first African American women at her job. As can be seen in the film "Hidden Figures," Gladys  worked at NASA and assisted with computing and the development of systems and models. Integrating with workers who did not respect her due to the color of her skin was a challenge for her, but she overcame it and succeeded, forever altering history of both Computer Science and our world.

Sources:

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gladys-West

https://ncwit.org/profile/gladys-west/

https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/people-african-american-history/gladys-mae-west-1930/

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Hedy Lamarr was born in Vienna Austria in 1914. As a result, despite her lack of formal education, Lamarr acquired a great deal of knowledge about military technology, most notably guided torpedoes, and the vulnerability of radio-controlled weapons to jamming and interference. However, She dropped out of high school in 1930 to pursue acting and never attended college. Although she never attended college, she made great accomplishments for computer science. Hedy Lamarr was an Austrian-American actress and inventor who pioneered the technology that would one day form the basis for today’s WiFi, GPS, and Bluetooth communication systems. Although she died in 2000, Lamarr was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame for the development of her frequency-hopping technology in 2014. Such achievement has led Lamarr to be dubbed “the mother of Wi-Fi” and other wireless communications like GPS and Bluetooth. Not only is she known as the “Mother of WiFi” but she was also a very successful actress that starred in a lot of movies back in the early-mid 1900s. Unfortunately, Hedy Lamarr passed away in 2000.  Her accomplishments have changed the way we live our lives and we will always remember this historic woman.

sources:
https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/hedy-lamarr

https://leaders.com/articles/leaders-stories/hedy-lamarr-inventions/

https://www.energy.gov/articles/five-fast-facts-about-actress-and-inventor-hedy-lamarr

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Katherine Johnson was born August 26,1918 and died February 24, 2020. She attended West Virginia State College and earned the highest honors in mathematic and French. She was a mathmatican at NASA who helped with the first moon landings. Also, she was warded many awards, including the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Last, NASA has named a research facility after her. A thing that I found most interesting is she lived in times of segregation and still managed to be very successful. So successful that they wrote a movie about her.

https://th.bing.com/th/id/OIP.hi1DvYp6KeijjL5-W0l-kwHaJa?w=128&h=180&c=7&r=0&o=5&pid=1.7

Katherine Johnson | Biography, Education, Accomplishments, & Facts | Britannica

Katherine Johnson Biography | NASA

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Beige Minimalist Collage Instagram Post (1)

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Ada Lovelace was born December tenth 1815, under the name Agusta Ada Byron. she was educated privatly with tutors, but then switched to learning independently and was helped with her advanced studies by the first professor of mathematics at the University of London. A mutual friend of Lovelace introduced her to Charles Babbage, who would later go on to demonstrate the "Analytical Engine" to her in 1833. She became fascinated with the possibility that it could be programmed to compute Bernoulli numbers. Sadly, Babbage never finished the machines, so they did not live to see their ideas made reality, but in 1991 and 2000, replicas were built according to Babbage's specifications.

Fun Fact: The architecture of the chip inside the Nvidia RTX 4000 series graphics cards are named after Ada Lovelace.

Sources:

Ada Lovelace | Babbage Engine | Computer History Museum

Charles Babbage | Biography, Computers, Inventions, & Facts | Britannica

Ada Lovelace - Quotes, Children & Facts (biography.com)

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Minimal Square Photo Collage Photography Instagram Post

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Hedy Lamarr was born as Hedwig Eva Kiesler on November 9th 1914 and she passed away on January 19th, 2000 in Casselberry Florida. Lamarr met many influential role models in her life as she was very interested in technology and the way things worked. She grew up as an actress so she had a lot of oppertunities to meet different people that could heighten her career as both an actress and inventor. Those friends in her life taught her many things and help contribute to producing some of her ideas. She and her friend the composer, George Antheil, received a patent for an idea of a radio signaling device, or "Secret communication system," which was a way of switching or changing radio frequencies to prevent enemies from decoding messages. They were both awarded with the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) pioneer award. That same year she became the first female to receive the BULBIE Gnass Spirit of Achievment Award, considered the "Oscars" of inventing. Today, her innovation makes possible a wide range of wireless communications technology, including Wi-Fi, GPS, and Bluetooth.

https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/hedy-lamarr

https://www.biography.com/actors/hedy-lamarr

https://www.si.edu/newsdesk/snapshot/hedy-lamarr-golden-age-film-star-and-important-inventor

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Hedy Lamarr was born on November 9th, 1914 in Vienna, Austria. From a young age, Hedy was tutored to specialize in piano and dance. When she was 16, she began her acting career at Max Reinhardt's drama school. She starred in many films, but it wasn't until World War II that she began working on her invention with George Antheil.  Together, they invented a device that would minimize the likelihood of message transmitted over a radio being intercepted. This device was meant to aid the Navy during the war, but after the device was patented, it was never put in use. Instead, the army got Hedy to sell war bonds using her celebrity status. Her device was not recognized until Hedy was in her 80's in 1997. She received the Pioneer Award by the Electronic Frontier Foundation to recognize her for her work. Sadly, on January 19th, 2000, she passes away. 14 year after her death, she was inducted into the National Inventors hall of fame. Now, her is used as the foundation for other types of technological used for communication like Bluetooth, WI-FI, and GPS. Hedy Lamarr is proof that people don't just have to be good in one field. She no only excelled in science, but she also had a great acting career.

Sources:
- https://www.britannica.com/biography/He dy-Lamarr
-https://airandspace.si.edu/multimedia-gallery/4790640jpg#:~:text=Patent%20%23%202%2C292%2C387%20for%20a%20%22Secret,would%20give%20it%20more%20credibility.
-https://www.famousscientists.org/hedy-lamarr/
-https://www.womenshistory.org/educatio n-resources/biographies/hedy-lamarr

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Ada Lovelace was born on December 10th, 1815, In London, United Kingdom. Ada did not go to university. instead, she studied Math and Science From a young age In 1833, she started to become interested in Charles Babbage's machines. She met him the same year through a mutual friend. In 1843, Ada Translated one of the Charle's papers on analytical engines into french which still has relevance to this day. Ada lovelace died on November 27th, 1852. Ada and Charles's Analytical Engine have helped in understanding statistic.

source:
https://kids.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/ada-lovelace

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ada-Lovelace

http://blogs.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/adalovelace/#:~:text=Ada%20Lovelace%20had%20no%20access,mathematics%20from%20a%20young%20age.

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"The Father of A.I."

John McCarthy was born on September 4, 1927, and died on October 24, 2011. He went to The California Institute of Technology, where he got his BS in mathematics. He later went to Princeton University and got his PhD in mathematics. McCarthy went to Stanford in 1953 as an assistant professor. He moved to Dartmouth and then MIT from 1955 to 1962. He returned to Stanford as a full professor of computer science. He retired in January 2001.

His key contributions were in human-level AI and commonsense reasoning.

He also developed time-sharing, invented the first programming language, LISP, and he invented circumscription method of non-monotonic reasoning.
The impacts of John McCarthy's work are immense. He paved the way for revolutionary technology such as new programming languages, the internet, the web, and robots.

McCarthy was an adventurous person. He flew planes, climbed mountains, and traveled to the Soviet Union and China in the 1960s and 70s at a time when it was a major challenge.

Awards:
1. ACM Turing Award, 1971

2. Kyoto Prize, 1988

3. National Medal of Science, 1990

4. Benjamin Franklin Medal, 2003

5. Computer Pioneer Award, 1985

Sites:

http://jmc.stanford.edu/general/index.html

https://www.britannica.com/biography/John -McCarthy

https://www.computer.org/profiles/john-mccarthy

https://computerhistory.org/profile/john-mccarthy/#:~:text=He%20received%20a%20BS%20in,science%2C%20and%20interactive%20computing%20systems.

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Ada Lovelace, formally thought of as "The First Programmer" was born on December 10, 1815. Her mother, Lady Byron, had mathematical training and had insisted Ada learn about it., so she started tutoring her.  As a result, Ada was fascinated with math and technology from a young age even though it was a very unusual education for women during this time period.

Lovelace soon met Charles Babbage, who was known as "The Father of the Computer," and he slowly started mentoring Ada. Babbage had invented a machine which was being recognized all over the world, causing many reporters to write about it all over the world. One assignment that Babbage gave Lovelace was to translate an Italian Article into French. And while translating it, Lovelace wrote a set of instructions for an additional feature of the machine. She envisioned that by writing a set of instructions to give to the machine, the machine could do whatever a person wanted. She hypothesized that the programming could work with anything like numbers and symbols (the machine could calculate numbers called Bernoulli numbers). Ada also conceptualized that the computers may also be able to compose elaborate pieces of music by connecting pitched sounds to mathematic expressions. Her insights provided ways to develop computers that were previously thought of as not possible.
Additionally, at the age of 12, Lovelace envisioned the idea for a flying machine after studying about the anatomy of birds and various other materials. She envisioned a winged flying apparatus and a powered flight. She had made so many contributions to the field of science. However, her life was unfortunately cut short after receiving uterine cancer and passing away. She passed away on November 27, 1852, only at the age of 36. Her contributions were only discovered a century after her death. But, they will always be remembered by many!

https://www.history.com/news/10-things-you-may-not-know-about-ada-lovelace

https://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/ada-lovelace

https://ethw.org/Ada_Lovelace

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Vinton Cerf
Vinton Cerf was born June 23, 1943 in New Haven, Connecticut. He is considered one of the founders of the internet. In 1972, he got the idea for a network of packet-switching networks, which is the backbone of the internet. Working together with Kahn, he created the first version of the internet, called the ARPA Internet. This brought him attention and other scientists, who helped him create the TCP/IP unlocking the full potential. He didn’t stop there though, he became vice president at the Corporation for National Research Initiatives, a non profit his buddy Kahn had formed. Finally, in 2005 he left and became vice president and “chief Internet evangelist” at Google.
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Vinton-Cerf

https://www.nist.gov/director/vcat/biography-dr-vinton-g-cerf

https://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/vinton-cerf

Timothy Berners-Lee

Timothy Berners-Lee was born on June 8th, 1955 (still alive) and is the founder of the world wide web. He was working at CERN, a large particle physics laboratory near Geneva, and got annoyed by scientists not being able to communicate information effectively. He proposed a vision of the web, and spent time working on it. He wrote the code for URL's, HTML's and HTTP, laying the foundation of the World Wide Web. He was also crucial in keeping the web royalty free, and making it a space where everyone could share ideas. Without him and the web, computers would be isolated and certainly not as important as they now are. The coolest thing he's done however, was reenacting his discovery at the opening ceremony of the 2012 olympics. Everybody cheered, and the stadium lit up to the words of his code. https://www.internethalloffame.org/inductee/tim-berners-lee/ https://webfoundation.org/about/vision/history-of-the-web/ https://www.digitalriptide.org/person/tim-berners-lee/
Written by Lars Peterson

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Born September 4th 1927, John McCarthy was a computer scientist that created the field of artificial intelligence and coined the term "AI". He earned his bachelor's degree from the California Institute of Technology, and he was a professor of Computer Science at Stanford University. John McCarthy pioneered Commonsense Reasoning. He also created LISP, a language used by those who worked in AI, and worked on the earliest time-sharing systems. He also aided Elephant 2000, a language that had semantic features. He also founded the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Lab which is now leading in the field of AI. In 1971, he earned the ACM Turing Award and became president of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence. Then, he won the 1988 Kyoto prize, the 1990 National Medal of Science, and the 2003 Benjamin Franklin Medal. Unfortunately, he died on October 24th 2011 at the age of 84 with his accomplishments shared during the 2012 AAAI Spring Symposium.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-McCarthy
https://computerhistory.org/profile/john-mccarthy/
http://jmc.stanford.edu/general/index.html

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Alan Turing was a British mathematician and logician born on June 23, 1954. He was schooled at a private school as he was the son of a civil servant. He then later went on to The University of Cambridge majoring in mathematics. After graduating in 1934, he was elected to a fellowship at Kings College for his outstanding research into probability theory. In 1936 Turing’s seminal paper “On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem [Decision Problem]” was recommended by Alonzo Church. This established the backbones of the now modern computer science. He then went to Princeton University to get his Ph.D. is mathematical logic. Turing went on to join the Government Code and Cypher School after completing his Ph.D.. During WW2, he had developed a deciphering machine called the bombe which could decipher enigma, german code. In 1950, he wrote a paper, "computing machinery and Intelligence," which led to the basics of artificial intelligence. In 1951, he was able to create the first ever programming manual, and it was used for the Ferranti MK.1. Sadly, he passed away due to cyanide poisoning, assumed to be suicide on June 7, 1954.

Sources:
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alan-Turing

https://www.biography.com/scientists/alan-turing

https://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2012/turing-biography/

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Raj Reddy was born in, Katoor, Andhra Pradesh, India, on June 13, 1937. He received his B.S. degree in Civil Engineering at Guindy College of Engineering in 1958. He received a MTech degree from the University of New South Wales in 1960, and his Ph.D. in computer science from Stanford in 1966. Raj dedicated most of his life to developing and improving computers that can understand human speech. Some of the systems he developed include Hearsay I, Hearsay II, Harpy, and Dragon. These systems helped billions of illiterate people around the world communicate and work through computers. His work was also a major stepping stone towards modern speech detection computer systems. Reddy also founded and led the first robotics institute in America. It became a world class center for robotics research and education. Reddy held the position of dean there until 1999.

https://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/reddy_9634208.cfm

http://www.rr.cs.cmu.edu/

https://computerhistory.org/profile/raj-reddy/

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John McCarthy, Born September 4, 1927 in Boston Massachusetts, Died  October 24, 2011 California(84), was an American Mathematician and a computer scientist who was one of the ‘founders’ of artificial intelligence.  . In a well-known 1958 paper, he proposed that “knowledge needed by AI programs should be represented in declarative rather than being encoded within the programs that use that knowledge.”  He ‘coined’ the term AI in 1955 in connection with a proposed summer workshop at Dartmouth. “Sentences can be true in much wider contexts than specific programs can be useful.” He received a bachelor’s degree in mathematics from the California Institute of Technology and a doctorate in Mathematics from Princeton University, where he also briefly taught. 1965, McCarthy became the founding director of the SAIL(Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. There, research was conducted into machine intelligence, graphical interactive computing, and autonomous vehicles.

https://cs.stanford.edu/memoriam/professor-john-mccarthy

https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-McCarthy

https://computerhistory.org/profile/john-mccarthy/