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A clipping path is a closed vector path, or shape, used to cut out a 2D image in image editing software. Anything inside the path will be included after the clipping path is applied; anything outside the path will be omitted from the output.

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Transform in Photoshop is a powerful feature that allows users to modify images or objects within the program to fit their creative needs. This essential tool enables resizing, reshaping, rotating, and moving elements within a document, making it a valuable skill for any Photoshop user.

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Kerning is the spacing between individual letters or characters. Unlike tracking, which adjusts the amount of space between the letters of an entire word in equal increments, kerning is focused on how type looks — creating readable text that's visually pleasing.

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The vertical space between lines of type is called leading. Leading is measured from the baseline of one line of text to the baseline of the line above it.

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Letter spacing, character spacing or tracking is an optically consistent typographical adjustment to the space between letters to change the visual density of a line or block of text.

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The Select and Mask Properties panel has multiple controls for refining all the edges of a selection.

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The Sharpen tool focuses soft edges in a photo to increase clarity or focus. Oversharpening a photo gives it a grainy look.

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The Blur tool allows you to paint blur effect on specific areas of an image.

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The Burn tool darkens areas of an image. The more you paint over an area with the Burn tool, the darker it becomes.

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which is particularly effective at lightening selected areas of an image.

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The sponge tool in Photoshop works on color saturation. It can either saturate a color or desaturate a color.

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The Smudge tool simulates a brush smearing wet paint. The brush picks up color where the stroke begins and pushes it in the direction you swipe or nudge it.

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The Crop tool removes the part of an image surrounding the selection. Crop to remove distractive background elements and create a focus on your desired object in the image. When you crop an image, by default, the resolution remains the same as the original image.

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You draw it across a line that's supposed to be straight, and then Photoshop will do the actual straightening for you. So find the reference line that I encouraged you to determine in Step 1, then drag the Straighten tool across!

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A tool in some graphics editor applications that fills in a portion of the image with a certain color or pattern .

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The Gradient tool allows you to create gradual changes of color and light across an image with power and precision.

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The Horizontal Type tool allows you to add horizontal text to your images. Select the Horizontal Type tool (T) . Use the Options bar to customize tool settings, like Font Style, Font Size, and, Text Color, to get the effect you want.

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The Hand tool allows you to move your image while you're zoomed in to more than 100% and part of the image is out of view.

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Click the magnifying glass in the toolbar to access the Zoom tool, and then click on the specific area you want to zoom in on. Or just press and hold the Z key, and then click and drag your cursor to the right to zoom in or to the left to zoom out.

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This tool allows you to paint freehand, add color, refine layer masks and make dozens of other changes to your images.

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The rectangular marquee tool in Photoshop, of course, enables you to create selections of rectangular shapes, but there is a related tool called the elliptical marquee tool, that enables you to create selections that, of course, have elliptical or even circular shapes.

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The Quick Selection tool looks for edges and contrasts to find objects. It uses Adobe Sensei AI technology to determine where elements in an image begin and end.

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Photoshop's Polygonal Lasso Tool, another of its basic selections tools, is a bit like a cross between the Rectangular Marquee Tool and the standard Lasso Tool, both of which we looked at in previous tutorials. It allows us to easily draw freeform selection outlines based on straight-sided polygonal shapes.

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Automatically selects an object or area of your image, using machine learning to discern what you might be trying to select.

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The Lasso tool is helpful for drawing a free-form border around a selected object within an image. It allows you to soften the edges of your selection or add a feathering effect; it's also useful for anti-aliasing.

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The Healing Brush and Patch tools allow you fix imperfections, like scratches, wrinkles, dust spots, etc., causing them to disappear into the surrounding image.

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The Spot Healing Brush tool magically removes unwanted spots, marks, or small objects in your image. Photoshop selects and replaces pixels from another part of your image to blend in seamlessly.

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The Clone Stamp tool copies pixels from one area and applies them to another. Think about it as “copying and pasting,” but you're “pasting” the content by painting.

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These are the go-to tools for retouching and repairing your images. The Patch Tool is primarily used to repair larger areas of an image, or get rid of any distractions or blemishes.

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The Move tool helps you position selected content or layers when customizing your work. Select the Move tool (V) .

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A contrast cut is a strategic type of cut that juxtaposes two starkly different scenes. Video editors use contrast cuts to create a sense of dissimilarity that heightens the emotion of a scene or emphasizes the intention of particular moments.

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Specifically, vibrance boosts colors that are more muted. And it mostly ignores warmer colors (yellows, oranges, and reds), while prioritizing cooler colors (blues and greens).

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A gradation or variety of a color; tint: pale hues. the property of light by which the color of an object is classified as red, blue, green, or yellow in reference to the spectrum.

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In photography and image processing, color balance is the global adjustment of the intensities of the colors. An important goal of this adjustment is to render specific colors – particularly neutral colors like white or grey – correctly.

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The state or process that occurs when no more of something can be absorbed, combined with, or added.

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A scrim is a material placed between your light source and your subject that either reduces light or diffuses (and reduces) light.

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In photography and cinematography, a reflector is an improvised or specialised reflective surface used to redirect light towards a given subject or scene.

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Advanced Photo System type-C (APS-C) is an image sensor format approximately equivalent in size to the Advanced Photo System film negative in its C ("Classic") format, of 25.1×16.7 mm, an aspect ratio of 3:2 and Ø 30.15 mm field diameter.

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A full-frame DSLR is a digital single-lens reflex camera (DSLR) with a 35 mm image sensor format (36 mm × 24 mm).

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The crop factor is sometimes referred to as "magnification factor", "focal length factor" or "focal length multiplier".

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Layer masking is a nondestructive way to hide parts of an image or layer without erasing them. They're great for making image composites, modifying background colors, removing or cutting out objects, and targeting your edits.

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The term post-processing (or postproc for short) is used in the video/film business for quality-improvement image processing (specifically digital image processing)

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A thumbnail is a small image representation of a larger image, usually intended to make it easier and faster to look at or manage a group of larger images.

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Metadata means "data about data". Metadata is defined as the data providing information about one or more aspects of the data; it is used to summarize basic information about data that can make tracking and working with specific data easier.

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Digital camera that combines the optics and the mechanisms of a single-lens reflex camera with a solid-state image sensor and digitally records the images from the sensor.

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Vibration Reduction (VR) is an image stabilization technology that minimizes blur caused by camera shake.

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A fisheye lens is an ultra wide-angle lens that produces strong visual distortion intended to create a wide panoramic or hemispherical image.

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A telephoto lens, in photography and cinematography, is a specific type of a long-focus lens in which the physical length of the lens is shorter than the focal length.

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A lens of fixed focal length.

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A lens suitable for taking photographs unusually close to the subject.

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The last hour before sunset and the first hour after sunrise are coveted by professional photographers. Referred to as “the golden hour” or “magic hour,” these times provide the perfect light to capture stunning photos.

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It is that moment just before sunrise or after sunset when the sun dips below the horizon.

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A triadic color scheme uses three colors that are evenly spaced around the color wheel.

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a technique that combines two different exposures or images that are layered on top of each other. The image overlaid is less than full opacity so a bit of both images can be seen producing an almost ghost-like image.

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high dynamic range. Dynamic range is simply the range of the lightest tones to the darkest tones within a photo. Put another way — it's a measure of the light intensities from the highlights to the shadows.

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PSD (Adobe Photoshop Document) files are raster image files, which include support for image manipulation such as layers, masks, transparency, text, and a variety of other Photoshop-specific elements.

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short for Joint Photographic Experts Group) is a commonly used method of lossy compression for digital images, particularly for those images produced by digital photography.

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PNG is short for Portable Network Graphic, a type of raster image file. It's particularly popular file type with web designers because it can handle graphics with transparent or semi-transparent backgrounds.

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uncompressed and unprocessed image data captured by a digital camera or scanner's sensors. Shooting in RAW captures a high level of image detail

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A file format is a standard way that information is encoded for storage in a computer file. It specifies how bits are used to encode information in a digital storage medium. File formats may be either proprietary or free.

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SOOC is an abbreviation of the photography term “Straight Out Of Camera”, simply meaning that an image can be good enough to print straight from the camera without further processing.

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PPI describes the resolution in pixels of a digital image whereas DPI describes the amount of ink dots on a printed image.

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resolution is the level of detail contained in an image. More specifically, it refers to the number of pixels that exist within that image.

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The aspect ratio is the proportional relationship between an image's width and height. Different cameras shoot in different aspect ratios, so whether you're using a digital camera, a 35mm film camera, or an iPhone, they can all vary.

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Cropping is the removal of unwanted outer areas from a photographic or illustrated image.

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It displays the options for a selected tool. For example, if you select the Crop tool from the toolbox, you find related tools

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This is where you'll access different commands to use in Photoshop. For example, from the File menu, you can open and save files

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groups of tools used to edit and manipulate your image. Photoshop contains over two dozen palettes that can be shown or hidden by using the Window menu and selecting the palette you wish to reveal.

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The toolbar, also called a bar or standard toolbar, is a graphical control element on which on-screen icons can be used. A toolbar often allows for quick access to functions that are commonly used in the program.

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Workspace Switcher displays a visual representation of your workspaces, as shown in Figure 4–3. Figure 4–3 shows the Workspace Switcher when the Java Desktop System session contains four workspaces. Your workspaces appear as buttons on the panel application.

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This produces a baseline from which all other colors are measured. White may not appear “white” under all lighting conditions, so this helps correct it.

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Helps you override automatic exposure adjustments your camera makes in situations with uneven light distribution, filters, or underexposure or overexposure. It lets you take control of your image's brightness by manually increasing or decreasing exposure.

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In Manual mode, the exposure level indicator shows how much your set exposure values deviate from the levels the camera believes are optimal, which always reside at the standard exposure index.

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Basically, when you bracket your shots you take exactly the same picture of your subject at several different exposures. This technique gives you a range of options to choose from when you're editing.

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Autofocus points are what the camera uses to focus on a subject. You'll probably first notice them when you press the shutter halfway. Many cameras will emit a beep, and some of the AF points will light up—often in red or green—in the viewfinder or on the display screen.

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Sepia toning is a chemical process used in photography which changes the appearance of black-and-white prints to brown. The color is now often associated with antique photographs.

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A vignette is a darker border - sometimes as a blur or a shadow - at the periphery of photos. It can be an intentional effect to highlight certain aspects of the image or as a result of using the wrong settings, equipment or lens when taking a photo.

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Highlights are the lightest elements in an image,

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Within The Realm Of Photography, Midtones Refer To The Tonal Range That Lies Between The Extreme Highlights And Shadows, Lending A Sense Of Depth, Dimension, And Naturalness To A Photograph.

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A dark area or shape produced by a body coming between rays of light and a surface.

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In photography, painting, and other visual arts, middle gray or middle grey is a tone that is perceptually about halfway between black and white on a lightness scale; in photography and printing, it is typically defined as 18% reflectance in visible light.

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This is an all around metering mode suited for portraits and even backlit subjects. The camera sets the exposure automatically to suit the scene. This metering mode is set automatically in the Basic Zone modes.

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The metering is weighted at the center and then averaged for the entire scene. This metering mode is for advanced users.

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Partial metering covers only the centre 6.2% of the frame in the viewfinder, thus providing precise metering only for the subject.

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The most precise of the metering modes, spot metering evaluates light around the chosen focus point or centre of the frame. This provides a precise reading from a very small area of the scene.

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Burst mode, also called continuous shooting mode, sports mode, continuous mode, or burst shot, is a shooting mode in still cameras where several photos are captured in quick succession by either pressing the shutter button or holding it down.

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In cinematography and photography, panning means swivelling a still or video camera horizontally from a fixed position. This motion is similar to the motion of a person when they turn their head on their neck from left to right.

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Light painting, painting with light, light drawing, or light art performance photography are terms that describe photographic techniques of moving a light source while taking a long-exposure photograph,

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Time-lapse photography is a technique in which the frequency at which film frames are captured is much lower than the frequency used to view the sequence. When played at normal speed, time appears to be moving faster and thus lapsing.

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Long-exposure, time-exposure, or slow-shutter photography involves using a long-duration shutter speed to sharply capture the stationary elements of images while blurring, smearing, or obscuring the moving elements.

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Camera shake is a term used to define the act of accidentally shaking a camera during shooting due to unsteady hands, which results in blurry images. This generally occurs more often if you're shooting on a low shutter speed or with a heavy lens, and can be avoided by using a tripod and cable release setup.

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A tripod has three legs (that's the “tri”). A monopod is a camera support with one leg (the “mono”).

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Motion blur is the apparent streaking of moving objects in a photograph or a sequence of frames, such as a film or animation. It results when the image being recorded changes during the recording of a single exposure, due to rapid movement or long exposure.

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The Bulb setting on camera shutters is a momentary-action mode that holds shutters open for as long as a photographer depresses the shutter-release button.

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In photography, shutter speed or exposure time is the length of time that the film or digital sensor inside the camera is exposed to light when taking a photograph.

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In this camera mode, the photographer selects an aperture, and the camera chooses an appropriate shutter speed based on the available light.

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Shutter Speed Priority AE, or simply 'Shutter Priority', is a shooting mode whereby the photographer sets the shutter speed, while the camera automatically sets the Aperture.

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Manual mode means you're in charge of adjusting aperture — one of photography's most important elements.

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Program mode (the "P" on the mode dial of most DSLRs) means that the camera still sets the exposure for you. It chooses the correct aperture and shutter speed for the light available, so your shot is correctly exposed.

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Auto mode works exactly the way it sounds: It gives your camera complete control over its various settings, including the ISO, the aperture, the shutter speed, the autofocus mode, and even the flash.