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                                   Vowels

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                                   Vowels

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The vowels of the Turkish language are, in their alphabetical order, ⟨a⟩, ⟨e⟩, ⟨ı⟩, ⟨i⟩, ⟨o⟩, ⟨ö⟩, ⟨u⟩, ⟨ü⟩. There are no phonemic diphthongs in Turkish and when two vowels are adjacent in the spelling of a word, which only occurs in some loanwords, each vowel retains its individual sound.

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Different expressions in Turkish language. Free License.

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° Turkish Language is the major member of the Turkic language family within the Altaic language group.

° Modern Turkish is the descendant of Ottoman Turkish and its predecessor, so-called Old Anatolian Turkish, which was introduced into Anatolia by the Seljuq Turks in the late 11th century CE.

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° There are about 82 million speakers of Turkish in Turkey, about 2 million in Germany, 606,000 in Bulgaria, 500,000 in the UK, 300,000 in Northern Cyprus, 165,000 in the USA, 130,000 in Uzbekistan, and smaller numbers in other countries.

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° The Turkish alphabet is a modified version of the Latin alphabet and consists of 29 letters. Included are 6 additional letters - ç, ğ, ı, ö, ş, ü - while - q, w, x - are excluded.

° There are 8 vowels and 21 consonants

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Native Turkish grammar books call the backness harmony major vowel harmony, and the combined backness and lip harmony minor vowel harmony.

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According to the changeable vowel, there are two patterns:
twofold (/e/~/a/)
fourfold (/i/~/y/~/ɯ/~/u/)

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° The velar consonants /k, ɡ/ are palatalized to [c, ɟ] when adjacent to the front vowels /e, i, œ, y/.

° Similarly, the consonant /l/ is realized as a clear or light [l] next to front vowels (including word finally), and as a velarized [ɫ] next to the central and back vowels /a, ɯ, o, u/.

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° The phoneme called yumuşak g ('soft g') and written ⟨ğ⟩, which only occurs after a vowel. It is sometimes transcribed /ɰ/ or /ɣ/. Between back vowels, it may be silent or sound like a bilabial glide.

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° [q] is an allophone of /k/ before back vowels /a, ɯ, o, u/ in many dialects in eastern and southeastern Turkey, including Hatay dialect.

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1. /m, p, b/ are bilabial, whereas /f, v/ vary between bilabial and labiodental.

2. The main allophone of /v/ is a voiced labiodental fricative [v].

3. /n, t, d, s, z/ are dental [n̪, t̪, d̪, s̪, z̪], /ɫ/ is velarized dental [ɫ̪], /ɾ/ is alveolar [ɾ], whereas /l/ is palatalized post-alveolar [l̠ʲ].

4. Syllable-initial /p, t, c, k/ are usually aspirated.

5. Final /h/ may be fronted to a voiceless velar fricative [x].

6. /b, d, d͡ʒ, ɡ, ɟ/ are devoiced to [p, t, t͡ʃ, k, c] word- and morpheme-finally, as well as before a consonant: /edˈmeɟ/ ('to do, to make') is pronounced [etˈmec].

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Because of assimilation, an initial voiced consonant of a suffix is devoiced when the word it is attached to ends in a voiceless consonant. For example:
° the locative of şev (slope) is şevde (on the slope), but şef (chef) has locative şefte.

° the diminutive of ad (name) is adcık [adˈd͡ʒɯk] ('little name'), but at ('horse') has diminutive atçık [atˈt͡ʃɯk] ('little horse').

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The maximal syllable structure is (C)V(C)(C).

Multi-syllable words are syllabified to have C.CV or V.CV syllable splits, C.V split is disallowed, V.V split is only found in rare specific occurrences.

Turkish only allows complex onsets in a few recent English, French and Italian loanwords, making them CCVC(C)(C), such as Fransa, plan, program, propaganda, strateji, stres, steril and tren.

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All syllables have a nucleus

No diphthongs in the standard dialect (/j/ is always treated as a consonant)

No word-initial /ɰ/ or /ɾ/ (in native words)

No long vowel followed by syllable-final voiced consonant (this essentially forbids trimoraic syllables)

No complex onsets (except for the exceptions above)

Two adjacent plosives and fricatives must share voicing, even when not in the same syllable, but /h/ and /f/ are exempt

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boy

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pain

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sun

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body

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During my research I found interesting aspects that look similar to English language:

° Many Turkish words are similar to English ones. For example: dans-dance, parti-party, balans-balance

°Some words are pronounced a bit similar to English.

°I see its transcription looks the same as English with the IPA.

°Turkish has bilabial sounds same like in English language: /m/, /p/, /b/.

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° Word order
Turkish: SOV
English: SVO

°Turkish does not have initial /sp/ or /sk/ sounds like English does.

°Turkish has vowel Harmony. This is something new for me. It means that words are designed so that when you add suffixes, the vowels match the previous ones, focusing on using the same part of the mouth/throat to make them.

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What I found interesting is that when talking about phonetic language. Turkish is pronounced exactly as it is written. But English words are pronounced different from their written form. Example: Benim adım... (you read it as you see it). My name is ... (different pronunciation)
I feel Turkish is easier than English.

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As postgraduate level student is so essential to not only focus on English language but learning about other languages. I consider that ESL teachers should learn languages as many as possible. I personally like French, Turkish and Chinese languages. So it has been beneficial for my academic development.

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Super Easy Turkish(For Absolute Beginners) - YouTube

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Super Easy Turkish(For Absolute Beginners)

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Turkish phonology - Wikiwand
Turkish language, alphabets and pronunciation (omniglot.com)

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Dear Wikiwand AI, let's keep it short by simply answering these key questions:

Can you list the top facts and stats about Turkish phonology?

Summarize this article for a 10 years old

The phonology of Turkish deals with current phonology and phonetics, particularly of Istanbul Turkish. A notable feature of the phonology of Turkish is a system of vowel harmony that causes vowels in most words to be either front or back and either rounded or unrounded. Velar stop consonants have palatal allophones before front vowels.

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The phonology of Turkish deals with current phonology and phonetics, particularly of Istanbul Turkish. A notable feature of the phonology of Turkish is a system of vowel harmony that causes vowels in most words to be either front or back and either rounded or unrounded. Velar stop consonants have palatal allophones before front vowels.