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우려되는 화학 물질: '고장난' 플라스틱 재활용 시스템을 수리하기 위해 시급히 정밀 검사가 필요하다

재생 물질은 플라스틱 제조를 위한 원료의 일부분이다; 단지 9%의 플라스틱만이 재활용된다.
플라스틱 제조로 인한 GHG 배출량은 3%로 현재 많은 고분자가 재활용되지 않고 있다.
UNEP 보고서는 완전한 시스템 개편으로 2040년까지 잘못 관리된 폐기물을 80% 이상 줄일 수 있다고 밝혔습니다.
화학물질은 플라스틱 생산에 사용되는 10,000 이상의 문제점을 제기하는데, 많은 우려가 있다.
법으로 정해야 된다.

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July 5 - Recycling is promoted as a solution to the plastics crisis engulfing humanity, but despite all the pledges to use more recycled material, it still only makes up a tiny fraction of the feedstock for plastics manufacture, and just 9% of plastics are ultimately recycled.

There are two imperatives for improving on this: cutting the greenhouse gas emissions associated with plastics manufacturing - put at 3% of global emissions - and ending waste.

But recycling plastics is not straightforward, and many polymers can't easily be transformed back into their building blocks for a closed loop. As a result, they are burned, landfilled or dumped.

In June, negotiators working to agree a global plastics treaty met in Paris to discuss measures to end plastics waste, ranging from cutting production to waste management. Not unsurprisingly, the plastics industry thinks measures should be taken downstream, but as Yoni Shiran, who leads on plastics for consultancy Systemiq, puts it: "There's a wide recognition, certainly for most countries, that we need to be holistic in this approach. The solution here is much more complex than any one part of the value chain, or any one solution, or any one country."

Shiran co-authored a U.N. Environment Programme report ahead of the negotiations that proposed a complete systems overhaul to eliminate problematic and unnecessary plastics, expedite reuse and recycling and encourage sustainable alternatives. Such shifts could cut the outflow of mismanaged waste by over 80% by 2040, the report said, but they require strong and enforced global regulation - something a business coalition of more than 80 organisations has called for. A "high ambition coalition" of governments, now numbering 60, has committed to developing a legally binding instrument to address the whole lifecycle of plastics.

Plastics get labelled by polymer type, such as the ubiquitous PET (polyethylene terephthalate) used for water bottles, but they're actually a complex mixtures of chemicals that can include processing aids, colourings, flame retardants and plasticisers, along with unintentional additions during manufacturing or use that can impact recycling.

Activists hold a banner as Greenpeace International unveils an art installation by artist Benjamin Von Wong, ahead of the four-day summit of the United Nations Environment Programme on reducing plastic pollution, in Paris, France May 27, 2023. REUTERS/Michaela Cabrera

PET trays, for example, can't be put in the same recycling stream as PET bottles because they contain a wider range of chemical additives. Mixed layers of different plastics can't be recycled because they resist separation.

The constituents of plastics are a closely guarded secret that requires detective work to unravel. At present a team at the U.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) is trying to identify additives in over 20 commodity plastics.

Other researchers have identified upwards of 10,000 chemicals that may have been used in plastics production. Aside from their effect on recycling, we're also coming to realise that many impact the environment and human health, because they can leach out during the plastics lifecycle. These "chemicals of concern" can disrupt hormones, cause cancers and poison humans and other organisms. But the science is evolving, and safe levels (if any) aren't clear. Even where the science is beyond doubt, such as on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) regulated under the Stockholm Convention, some are exempted for use in plastics.

Shiran suggests that ultimately legislation will be needed to force transparency around the chemicals used, including processes and volumes, as well as to proscribe unsafe chemicals. "Many of the companies who are selling the stuff don't know, exactly. So, they're also asking about regulations. Sometimes (they're) asking people at Systemiq or others, 'please tell us which chemicals of concern should we just phase out of our supply chains and which not', because they're confused."He adds: "It's all a massive confusion, partly maybe even intentional confusion, because some people benefit from this confusion." Getting a definitive list of substances to be banned is going to be difficult ahead of a treaty next year, but an evolving list could be updated over time as we learn more about what to restrict.

A new report from Greenpeace highlights research that concludes that toxicity can build up in recycled plastics, either through contamination or as a result of the recycling process itself. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has begun to look at the chemical content of recycled plastics to assess what happens when different materials are mixed and whether additional chemicals are introduced during use.

Bottles made from PET on a conveyor at a recycling plant in Switzerland. REUTERS/Arnd Wiegmann

The automotive industry - a major user of plastics - is possibly the farthest forward in understanding the materials used in manufacturing, with an International Materials Data System and a global database of hazardous materials.

When it comes to the plastics industry, an umbrella body, the International Council of Chemical Associations (ACCI) is developing a database of additives that will detail applications and existing scientific assessments. It also plans a risk assessment framework for additives. The aim is to have both ready by the end of treaty negotiations next year. The work will be shared with regulators.

There is a big difference between a material being theoretically recyclable and being designed to be recycled in practice. The Ellen MacArthur Foundation suggests that for recycling to happen at scale, at least 30% of a material needs to be recycled across a population of 400 million people (about the size of the EU).

That means streamlining the polymers we use to get scale, says Shiran. "Right now, it's the Wild West - people use any polymer, any additive, any colour, any size, any shape."

The Consumer Goods Forum has developed "golden design rules" such as using only transparent or uncoloured PET, reducing plastic over-wraps and removing PVC, fibres and aluminium foil from flexible packaging, while the OECD has developed design guidance for manufacturers, including additive considerations.

At a recent webinar, Ann Tracy, chief sustainability officer at Colgate-Palmolive described how it opted for HDPE (high density polyethylene), commonly used for plastic milk bottles and which can be recycled (potentially up to 10 times) to replace the multiple layers of different plastics used to make its toothpaste tubes. "It took quite a few years to get it right, because (HDPE is) a rigid plastic, and we had to make it feel like a tube," Tracy said.

An employee works on a vehicle at a GM assembly plant in Kansas. The automotive industry has an International Materials Data System and a global database of hazardous materials. REUTERS/Dave Kaup

Significantly, Colgate-Palmolive has shared the technology with competitors, with the aim of having three out of four toothpaste tubes recyclable by 2025.

Ideally, plastics would be mechanically recycled, which means they are broken down and reformed into pellets for processing back into plastic. It's the least expensive process in terms of infrastructure and energy requirements. Researchers at NREL find mechanical recycling of the most widely consumed polymers, including PET and HDPE, comes out ahead of chemical processes, in terms of economics and environmental impact, on one cycle.

But there are quality implications, with many plastics being "downcycled", and material losses including in the form of microplastics, which get washed into watercourses.

And even PET, which in theory can be mechanically recycled many times, isn't. In Europe, just 17% of PET bottles put on the market end up as recycled content in new bottles. Far more ends up in textiles, which will not be recycled. Consultancy Eunomia estimates the recycled content of PET bottles could improve to 75% with greater use of deposit return schemes, encouraging manufacturers to switch to clear PET, and by making closed loop recycling a priority.

The industry has been investing in so-called "advanced recycling" techniques of pyrolysis and gasification, which use high temperature and pressure. These require large amounts of energy and emit greenhouse gases and pollutants, while the output typically doesn't get used to make new plastics. The NREL researchers assessed them as having 10-100 times the economic and environmental impact of virgin polymer production.

In May, seven chemicals companies in the World Economic Forum's Low-Carbon Emitting Technologies initiative - BASF, Covestro, Dow, Mitsubishi Chemical, SABIC, Solvay and LyondellBasell - signed an agreement with the Dutch independent research organisation TNO to establish an R&D Hub for Plastic Waste Processing. The hub will focus on developing new technologies for waste processing with a lower CO2 footprint and greater levels of plastic waste recycling.

U.S.-based PureCycle will be producing resin at its polypropylene recycling plant in Ohio. PureCycle/Handout vie REUTERS

The most promising chemical recycling processes are only now coming out of the lab. But "there's no one technology to rule them all. All of them have trade-offs, all of them might be good for one thing, but not so good for another," says NREL lead researcher Taylor Uekert. "We need to collaborate, to figure out how we can most optimally combine these technologies to tackle the problem."

Some solutions are emerging. In June, U.S.-based PureCycle was due to begin testing the first resin produced at its polypropylene recycling plant in Ohio. The first off taker will be Proctor & Gamble, whose scientists developed the solvent technology.

PureCycle estimates its process uses 79% less energy and will produce 35% fewer carbon emissions than for new polypropylene production. Its solvent is recovered and re-used. Crucially, the process doesn't break down the polymer chain, but just how many times the resin can be recycled depends on what happens in subsequent processing.

Two European firms are focused on returning PET to its original building blocks for repeated recycling from PET bottles or textiles without losses in quality. France-based Carbios has developed an enzyme process to break down the polymer and aims to have the first industrial scale plant in operation in 2025, with backing from Indorama Ventures, a recycled PET resin producer.

Carbios says its process results in a 51% reduction in carbon emissions compared with the manufacture of new PET. Dutch firm Ioniqa has built a 10,000 tonne plant to demonstrate its solvent technology, which turns all types of PET applications back into the monomers. It claims the process emits 75% less emissions than manufacturing PET from oil. Ioniqa is working on expanding its process to other plastics.

Recycling alone can't solve the plastics crisis. As UNEP's report makes clear, other necessary steps involve eliminating problematic and unnecessary plastics, as well as avoiding the use of plastics through re-use or refill models. Streamlining the types of plastics that remain would generate economies of scale as well as make sorting for recycling easier. That would also keep the carbon locked up if the industry is to meet its climate obligations.

This article is part of the latest issue of The Ethical Corporation magazine, unpacking the plastic waste epidemic. Download a free copy here

Opinions expressed are those of the author. They do not reflect the views of Reuters News, which, under the Trust Principles, is committed to integrity, independence, and freedom from bias. Ethical Corporation Magazine, a part of Reuters Professional, is owned by Thomson Reuters and operates independently of Reuters News.

Angeli Mehta is a science writer with a particular interest in the environment and sustainability. Previously, she produced programmes for BBC Current Affairs and has a research PHD. @AngeliMehta

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Chemicals of concern: Overhaul urgently needed to fix 'failed' plastic recycling systems

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Recycling is promoted as a solution to the plastics crisis engulfing humanity, but despite all the pledges to use more recycled material, it still only makes up a tiny fraction of the feedstock for plastics manufacture, and just 9% of plastics are ultimately recycled.

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https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-65296752

이 기사는 대기오염의 위험성에 대해 서술하고 있다. 대기오염은 현재 뿐만 아니라 미래의 우리에게 굉장히 부정적인 영향을 끼칠 수 있음을 강조한다. 이번 시간에 조원끼리 제품을 소각하는 과정에서 배출되는 미세먼지에 의한 대기오염에 초점을 맞추었는데, 자동차에서 나오는 매연가스, 공장에서 제품을 생산하면서 발생하는 연기 등 상당히 많은 요인들이 대기오염에 영향을 끼친다는 것을 알게 되었다. 그래서, 이를 해결하기 위한 내용들에 대해서도 자세히 조사해보고싶다는 생각이 들었다.

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Air pollution causes harm at all stages of life - report

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The study found exposure to certain particles can lead to miscarriages and stunt children’s growth.

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주사기와 의료 폐기물로 가득 찬 카라치의 클리프턴 해변
파키스탄 해변에서 우리가 볼 수 있었던 건 멋진 풍경 대신 사용된 주사기, 피의 병, 그리고 해안가를 뒤덮고 있는다른 의료 폐기물이었다. 우리는 심각한 부상을 당하는 것을 막기 위한 시간과의 경주를 해야하는 상황에 마주했다. 남부 도시 카라치에 있는 클리프톤 해변은 지역 주민들이 즐겨 찾는 곳이다. 하지만 폭우가 내린 후, 보통 황금빛 모래의 5킬로미터 중 4킬로미터는 쓰레기로 뒤덮였고, 유해한 의료 폐기물은 비닐봉지 사이에 숨겨져 있었다.

이를 해결하기 위해서는 의료물품을 재활용하거나 친환경적으로 만들도록 노력해야하고 의료폐기물 처리를 잘할 수 있도록 해야한다고 생각한다.

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It should have been a relaxing morning walk along one of Pakistan's most beloved beaches.

Instead, it became a race against time to prevent anyone being seriously hurt by the used syringes, vials of blood and other medical waste carpeting the shoreline.

"My first response was that I had to protect the people who go down to the beach," Shaniera Akram told the BBC. "It was very shocking."

Clifton Beach, in the southern city of Karachi, is a favourite with local residents. But following heavy rains, four of five kilometres of its usually golden sands had become covered in rubbish, with the hazardous medical waste hidden in between plastic bags.

The beach, Mrs Akram - who is married to Pakistani cricket legend Wasim Akram - quickly realised, was unsafe.

"I have walked on the beach every day for the last four years and I have never been scared until today," she tweeted as she shared pictures taken along the shore on Tuesday morning.

Within the space of 10 minutes, she added, she had counted "more than four dozen" syringes on the sand: "Clifton Beach, at this moment, is extremely dangerous and needs to be shut down."

"It was like a hospital had washed up on our beach," the Australian-born mother-of-three told the BBC. "This is the first time in my time here that I have heard of something like this."

Indeed, by all accounts, the medical waste's appearance is highly unusual. But Karachi - a city of more than 14 million people - has been struggling with accumulating waste for some time.

Another report, this time by news channel Al Jazeera, pointed to rubbish dumps near the city where waste was piled "several storeys high", while also showing how open sewers were flowing underneath a carpet of rubbish into the Arabian Sea - the same sea which laps Clifton Beach.

Jamil Ahmed Khan, parliamentary secretary for maritime affairs, went as far as to admit to Al Jazeera that the provincial government had "failed" to deal with the issue over the past decade.

But the medical waste is particularly shocking to Mohammad Moazzam Khan, who works as a technical adviser for the World Wildlife Fund.

"This has never happened before," Mr Khan said. "More than 20 years ago, when awareness about environment was not widespread, it wasn't unusual to find hospital waste dumped on general waste dumping spots.

"But then there were increasing controls, and hospital waste dumping got more organised."

Exactly where the medical waste strewn along Clifton Beach originated is unclear. Officials told the BBC that they did not know its origin. But Mr Khan believes he knows how it ended up there.

"It looks like the waste found on the beach basically came from such a dump which got washed into the sea due to the extraordinarily heavy rains that have hit Karachi during the last couple of weeks," he told the BBC.

At least for now, though, the medical waste on Clifton Beach is being properly dealt with. Officials in the city cordoned off the affected areas within hours of Mrs Akram's call for help on Twitter.

But she is hoping the shocking images - and the shocked response they elicited from her fellow Karachi residents - will prompt the authorities to act.

"People here have been in a state of fight or flight for many years, and we have missed out on this people in the west take for granted - things like waste management," she said.

"But we are getting there, one problem at a time. I am glad that I got the response that I did. I hope this becomes something positive. It's all just coming together - people are trying."

Additional reporting by the BBC's M Ilyas Khan

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Y.B Dr. Haji Hazland bin Abang Hipni, Deputy Minister for Energy and Environment Sustainability Sarawak representing The Right Honourable Datuk Patinggi Tan Sri (Dr) Abang Haji Abdul Rahman Zohari Bin Tun Datuk Haji Openg, Premier of Sarawak at the Official Launching of APGH 2024.

"In the Asia Pacific region, the demand for green hydrogen is expected to grow by 50% per year over the next decade. As such, there is a need to ramp up the development and construction of Green Hydrogen plants. Over the last year, it was announced that production volumes for Hydrogen has increased by more than 40% to 38 million tonnes p.a. of additional capacity, roughly half of what the world needs by 2030 to be on track to meet the net zero emissions commitment by 2050. Hence, there is a need to move the projects from feasibility to Front End Engineering Design or FEED stage, to construction phase and ultimately operations. I am happy to share that our hydrogen projects are currently in the FEED stage and the Final Investment Decision (FID) is planned for next year.

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Hong Kong, one of the world’s biggest buyers of Japanese fish, says it will ban seafood imports from 10 prefectures in the country if Tokyo presses ahead with its plan to release treated radioactive water from Fukushima into the sea.

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Tokyo Electric Power(Tepco)는 매일 100입방미터의 폐수를 생산한다. 현장의 탱크는 130만 입방미터를 담을 수 있다. 각각 삼중수소와 탄소 14라고 하는 방사성 형태의 수소와 탄소를 제외하고 대부분의 방사성 원소는 물에서 걸러졌다. 하지만 두 동위 원소는 물에서 분리하기 어렵다.

도쿄도는 해수와 혼합해 태평양으로 방류할 물은 안전 기준을 충족하는 삼중수소와 탄소 14 수준이라고 밝혔다. 전 세계의 원자력 발전소는 정기적으로 후쿠시마에서 처리된 물보다 삼중수소 수준이 높은 폐수를 방출한다.

그러나 IAEA의 조사 결과는 일본 대중과 주변국의 우려를 완화하는 데 거의 도움이 되지 않을 것이다.
또 지역 어업계도 자신들의 명예를 더 실추시킬 것이라며 격렬하게 반발하고 있다.

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Fukushima nuclear disaster: UN watchdog approves plan for water release

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Japan's plan to drain radioactive water into the Pacific has been opposed by China and South Korea.

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<플라스틱 위기를 해결하는 GROHE의 덜 플라스틱적인 계획> GROHE는 전세계 플라스틱 쓰레기 문제를 해결하기 위해 2018년에 완전한 플라스틱 프리 포장으로의 전환을 목표로 플라스틱 줄이기 이니셔티브 시작.GROHE의 블루 워터 시스템은 주방 수도꼭지에서 직접 증류수, 중간수 및 스파클링수를 제공하며 원하는 온도로 냉각 가능한 시스템. 이를 통해 1회용 플라스틱 병 800개를 연간 4인 가족이 절약. 또한 GROHE는 플라스틱 쓰레기로부터 해양을 보호하기 위한 독일 소셜 서비스인EVERWAVE를 지원하여 더 지속가능한 삶의 방식에 대한 인식을 높이기 위해 대중의 관심을 끈다.

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Bye, bye plastic: GROHE's less plastic initiative

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GROHE started the Less Plastic Initiative in 2018 to address the global plastic waste problem and aims to tackle the plastic waste problem from different angles

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[Exclusive] Foreign English teachers in Korea seek to launch first nationwide union

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A group of foreign English teachers employed across the private academy industry are seeking to launch the first nationwide union to represent their rights, organizers told The Korea Herald. Most new foreign English teachers, as well as Korean parents and students, are unaware of the labor abuses ra…

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Ryse Energy Raises $15 Million in Growth Capital Round Led by RWE Energy Transition Investments

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ABU DHABI,UAE, April 11, 2023 /PRNewswire/ -- Ryse Energy, a global leader in decentralized renewable energy systems having sold or installed more than 4,000 units for clients worldwide, announces it has raised a $15 million growth funding round. Ryse Energy Hybrid Renewable Energy Syste…

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미세먼지는 폐암 원인의 10%이상을 차지한다. 따라서 미세먼지가 폐암을 발생시키는 과정이 연구되었다. 사람이 PM 2.5 이하의 미세먼지를 들이마시면 우리 몸에서 화학적 경보 물질인 interleukin-1-beta 가 방출된다. 이는 염증을 일으키고 폐의 세포 활성을 촉진하는데, 이 과정에서 암 유발 가능성이 있는 DNA 돌연변이가 일어난 폐의 세포까지 활성을 촉진하게 된다. 미세먼지는 강력한 발암물질로, 반드시 다뤄져야 할 중요한 환경 오염 문제다.

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By James Gallagher
Health and science correspondent

Researchers say they have cracked how air pollution leads to cancer, in a discovery that completely transforms our understanding of how tumours arise.

The team at the Francis Crick Institute in London showed that rather than causing damage, air pollution was waking up old damaged cells.

One of the world's leading experts, Prof Charles Swanton, said the breakthrough marked a "new era".

And it may now be possible to develop drugs that stop cancers forming.

The findings could explain how hundreds of cancer-causing substances act on the body.

The classical view of cancer starts with a healthy cell. It acquires more and more mutations in its genetic code, or DNA, until it reaches a tipping point. Then it becomes a cancer and grows uncontrollably.

But there are problems with this idea: cancerous mutations are found in seemingly healthy tissue, and many substances known to cause cancer - including air pollution - don't seem to damage people's DNA.

So what is going on?

The researchers have produced evidence of a different idea. The damage is already there in our cell's DNA, picked up as we grow and age, but something needs to pull the trigger that actually makes it cancerous.

The discovery came from exploring why non-smokers get lung cancer. The overwhelming majority of lung cancers are caused by smoking but still, one in 10 cases in the UK is down to air pollution.

The Crick scientists focused on a form of pollution called particulate matter 2.5 (known as PM2.5), which is far smaller than the diameter of a human hair.

Through a series of detailed human and animal experiments they showed:

Places with higher levels of air pollution had more lung cancers not caused by smoking

Breathing in PM2.5 leads to the release of a chemical alarm - interleukin-1-beta - in the lungs

This causes inflammation and activates cells in the lungs to help repair any damage

But around one in every 600,000 cells in the lungs of a 50-year-old already contains potentially cancerous mutations

These are acquired as we age but appear completely healthy until they are activated by the chemical alarm and become cancerous

Crucially, the researchers were able to stop cancers forming in mice exposed to air pollution by using a drug that blocks the alarm signal.

The results are a double breakthrough, both for understanding the impact of air pollution and the fundamentals of how we get cancer.

Dr Emilia Lim, one of the Crick researchers, said people who had never smoked but developed lung cancer often had no idea why.

"To give them some clues about how this might work is really, really important," she said.

"It's super-important - 99% of people in the world live in places where air pollution exceeds the WHO guidelines so it really impacts all of us."

Rethinking cancer

But the results also showed mutations alone are not always enough to cause cancer. It can need an extra element.

Prof Swanton said this was the most exciting finding his lab had come across, as it "actually rethinks our understanding of how tumours are initiated". He said it would lead to a "new era" of molecular cancer prevention.

The idea of taking a cancer-blocking pill if you live in a heavily polluted area is not completely fanciful.

Doctors have already trialled an interleukin-1-beta drug in cardiovascular disease and found, by complete accident, they cut the risk of lung cancer.

The latest findings are being presented to scientists at a conference of the European Society for Medical Oncology.

Speaking to the BBC from the conference, Prof Swanton said: "Pollution is a lovely example, but there are going to be 200 other examples of this over the next 10 years."

And he said we needed to rethink how even smoking causes cancer - is it just the known DNA damage caused by the chemicals in tobacco or is the smoke causing inflammation, too?

Curiously, the idea that mutated DNA is not enough and cancers need another trigger to grow was first proposed by scientist Isaac Berenblum in 1947.

"Philosophically, it's fascinating. These incredible biologists have done this work 75 years ago and it's largely been ignored," said Dr Lim.

Michelle Mitchell, chief executive of Cancer Research UK, stressed that "smoking remains the biggest cause of lung cancer".

But she added: "Science, which takes years of painstaking work, is changing our thinking around how cancer develops. We now have a much better understanding of the driving forces behind lung cancer."

Follow James on Twitter.

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Air pollution cancer breakthrough will rewrite the rules

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By James Gallagher Health and science correspondent Researchers say they have cracked how air pollution leads to cancer, in a discovery that completely transforms our understanding of how tumours arise. The team at the Francis Crick Institute in London showed that rather than causing damage, air pollution was waking up old damaged cells.

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https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20230710000634&np=2&mp=1

에코프로의 주가는 종가 98만8000원보다 하락한 96만5000원에 마감됐다. 이날 장중 최고가인 101만원을 경신했다.

종가 기준 에코프로의 시가총액은 25조6900억원으로 거대 기술기업 카카오(22조1400억원), 네이버(31조6900억원)와 어깨를 나란히 했다. 카카오와 네이버는 모두 한국의 주요 거래소인 코스피에 상장되어 있습니다.

코스닥 상장 기업이 100만원대를 돌파한 것은 16년 만에 처음이다. 2007년 동일제강 주식은 110만원을 기록했다. 에코프로는 코스닥에서 5번째로 100만원 클럽에 가입했다.

에코프로 주가는 배터리 호황에 힘입어 1월 2일 11만원에서 4월 11일 76만9000원으로 급등했다.

지난 5월 에코프로 주가가 개인투자자들의 열풍에 힘입어 신고가를 경신하고 있을 때 일부 증권사에서는 주가가 과열됐다는 의견을 제시했고 결국 5월 15일 49만9000원까지 소폭 하락했다.

그러나 주가는 반등하며 지난달 70만원대, 이달 초 90만원대까지 올랐다. 주가는 국내 증권사 평균치인 목표주가 42만5000원의 2배 가까이 도달했다.

에코프로의 주가 급등은 배터리 업황에 대한 긍정적인 전망에 따른 것으로 보인다. 이달 초 발표된 테슬라의 2분기 생산 및 인도 수치는 지난해 2분기에 비해 인도가 83% 증가한 것으로 나타났다.

EcoPro는 또한 공매도자가 손실을 줄이기 위해 구제 금융을 실행하면서 주식 가격이 급격히 상승하는 공매도 압박에 빠질 수 있습니다.

공매도 남은 주식 수를 의미하는 에코프로의 공매도 이자는 10일 현재 1조2300억원으로 전체 시가총액의 4.92%에 이른다.

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EcoPro shares fly high on battery frenzy

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Shares of South Korean battery materials firm EcoPro rose to over 1 million won ($766.58) during trading hours Monday, surpassing a significant bar for a stock listed on Kosdaq. The stock price of EcoPro closed at 965,000 won, lower than its previous closing price of 988,000 won. It hit a record hig…

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일본은 태평양에 오염수를 방류하기 원한다.Tepco는 삼중수소와 탄소-14를 제외하고 대부분의 방사성 물질을 허용 가능한 안전 기준으로 줄이는 첨단 액체 처리 시스템(ALPS)을 통해 후쿠시마 물을 여과한다.
비평가들은 당분간 일본이 처리된 물을 탱크에 보관해야 한다고 말한다.그들은 이것이 새로운 처리 기술을 개발할 시간을 벌고 남은 방사능이 자연스럽게 줄어들게 한다고 주장한다.

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Japan's controversial plan to release treated waste water from the Fukushima nuclear plant into the Pacific Ocean has sparked anxiety and anger at home and abroad.

Since the 2011 tsunami which severely damaged the plant, more than a million tonnes of treated waste water has accumulated there. Japan began discharging it on 24 August, in a process that will take 30 years to complete.

Fishing industry groups in Japan and the wider region are also worried about their livelihoods, as they fear consumers will avoid buying seafood.

China has accused Japan of treating the ocean as its "private sewer", and criticised the IAEA of being "one-sided". While South Korea's government has said it has no objections to the plan, many of its citizens are opposed to it.

So what is Japan's plan and how exactly has it churned the waters?

Since the disaster, power plant company Tepco has been pumping in water to cool down the Fukushima nuclear reactors' fuel rods. This means every day the plant produces contaminated water, which is stored in massive tanks.

Releasing treated waste water into the ocean is a routine practice for nuclear plants - though critics have pointed out that the amount from Fukushima is on an unprecedented, far vaster scale.

Tepco filters the Fukushima water through its Advanced Liquid Processing System (ALPS), which reduces most radioactive substances to acceptable safety standards, apart from tritium and carbon-14.

Tritium and carbon-14 are, respectively, radioactive forms of hydrogen and carbon, and are difficult to separate from water. They are widely present in the natural environment, water and even in humans, as they are formed in the Earth's atmosphere and can enter the water cycle.

Both emit very low levels of radiation, but can pose a risk if consumed in large quantities.

The filtered water goes through another treatment, and is then diluted with seawater to reduce the remaining substances' concentrations, before it is released into the ocean via a 1km underground tunnel. Tepco will monitor the radioactivity of the processed water at various stages as well as the ocean water at the discharge site.

A system of emergency valves will ensure no undiluted waste water is accidentally released, says Tepco, and staff can also manually shut down the discharge quickly in case of a tsunami or earthquake.

Japan's government says the final level of tritium - about 1,500 becquerels per litre - is much safer than the level required by regulators for nuclear waste discharge, or by the World Health Organization for drinking water. Tepco has said the carbon-14 level would also meet standards.

Tepco and the Japanese government have conducted studies to show the discharged water will present little risk to humans and marine life.

Many scientists have also backed the plan.

Mark Foreman, an expert in nuclear chemistry with Chalmers University of Technology in Sweden, said the water would not make the sea much more radioactive than it already is.

He said the impact of the annual radiation doses from the discharge into the ocean were lower than dental x-rays or mammograms - even for those who eat a lot of seafood.

"The water released will be a drop in the ocean, both in terms of volume and radioactivity. There is no evidence that these extremely low levels of radioisotopes have a detrimental health effect," said molecular pathology expert Gerry Thomas.

What do critics say?

Critics say Japan should, for the time being, keep the treated water in the tanks. They argue this buys time to develop new processing technologies, and allow any remaining radioactivity to naturally reduce.

There are also some scientists who are uncomfortable with the plan. They say it requires more studies on how it would affect the ocean bed and marine life.

"We've seen an inadequate radiological, ecological impact assessment that makes us very concerned that Japan would not only be unable to detect what's getting into the water, sediment and organisms, but if it does, there is no recourse to remove it... there's no way to get the genie back in the bottle," marine biologist Robert Richmond, a professor with the University of Hawaii, told the BBC's Newsday programme.

Tatsujiro Suzuki, a nuclear engineering professor from Nagasaki University's Research Center for Nuclear Weapons Abolition, told the BBC the plan would "not necessarily lead to serious pollution or readily harm the public - if everything goes well".

But given that Tepco failed to prevent the 2011 disaster, he remains concerned about a potential accidental release of contaminated water, he said.

What have Japan's neighbours said?

China has been the most vocal, accusing Japan of violating "international moral and legal obligations" and "putting its selfish interests above the long-term wellbeing of the entire humanity".

The two countries currently have a prickly relationship, with Japan's recent military build-up, its closer relationship to the US and China's provocative moves around Taiwan raising tensions.

In contrast to China, Seoul - which has been keen to build ties with Japan - has soft-pedalled its concerns. It says it "respects" the IAEA's findings and has endorsed the plan.

But this approach has angered the South Korean public, 80% of whom are worried about the water release according to a recent poll.

"The government enforces a strong no-littering policy at sea... But now the government is not saying a word (to Japan) about the wastewater flowing into the ocean," Park Hee-jun, a South Korean fisherman told BBC Korean.

"Some of the officials say we should remain quiet if we don't want to make consumers even more anxious. I think that's nonsense."

Thousands have attended protests in Seoul calling for government action, as some shoppers fearing food supply disruptions have stockpiled salt and other necessities.

In response, South Korea's parliament passed a resolution in late June opposing the water release plan - though it is unclear what impact this would have on Japan's decision. Officials are also launching "intense inspections" of seafood, and are sticking to an existing ban of Japanese seafood imports from regions around the Fukushima plant.

To assuage the public's fears, prime minister Han Duck-soo said he would be willing to drink the Fukushima water to show it is safe, while one official said that only a small fraction of the discharge would end up in Korean waters.

Meanwhile the Pacific Islands Forum regional group has called the plan "another major nuclear contamination disaster", as several of its members are still dealing with the consequences of US nuclear testing.

How has Japan responded?

Japanese authorities and Tepco have launched extensive public education campaigns, and Prime Minister Fumio Kishida has promised "a high level of transparency".

Tepco has also promised to publish online real-time data on the water's radioactivity levels, on an online portal devoted to explaining the treatment and discharge processes in multiple languages.

Foreign delegations and media outlets, including the BBC, have been invited for tours of the processing facilities, and on the diplomatic front Tokyo has engaged in talks with its neighbours.

But the biggest vindication may lie with the IAEA report, released by the agency's chief Rafael Grossi while visiting Japan in July.

The report, which came after a two year investigation, found that Tepco and Japanese authorities were meeting international safety standards on several aspects including facilities, inspections and enforcement, environmental monitoring, and radioactivity assessments.

Mr Grossi said the plan would have a "negligible radiological impact on people and the environment".

Yet, Japan's decision to start discharging the Fukushima water has set the stage for an intensified showdown with its critics.

Additional reporting by Yuna Ku and Chika Nakayama.

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Fukushima: What are the concerns over waste water release?

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Japan wants to release Fukushima's waste water into the ocean - and a lot of people are not happy.

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플로리다 주에서 진행 중인 "플로리다 연안 탄력성" 프로그램에 관한 내용을 다루고 있습니다. 이 프로그램은 플로리다의 연안 생태계를 보호하고, 지속 가능한 관리 방안을 개발하기 위해 The Nature Conservancy가 주최하고 있습니다. 프로그램은 해안 침식, 해수면 상승, 폭풍 등의 기후 변화 영향을 완화하고, 연안 생태계의 회복력을 강화하기 위해 다양한 접근 방식을 사용하고 있습니다. 이를 위해 과학적 연구, 커뮤니티 교육, 협력 및 정책 개발 등을 통해 지속 가능한 미래를 구축하고 있습니다.

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This page was updated on January 13, 2021.

Climate change is an urgent problem everywhere, and its impacts are especially pressing for the nearly 14 million people who live in Florida's coastal counties. Rising sea levels and swelling storm surges threaten coastal communities with flooding and erosion, putting people and property at risk.

Natural infrastructure such as marshes, beaches, mangrove stands, coral reefs and oyster reefs can help protect Florida's coastline from such threats.

In Florida and beyond, TNC is protecting and restoring natural infrastructure to reduce the impact of coastal hazards related to climate change. Along with green and green-gray or hybrid infrastructure, these nature-based solutions can protect people and property while also providing wildlife habitat, recreational opportunities and economic benefits. By investing in nature-based solutions across Florida, TNC is demonstrating how local and state governments and key stakeholders can provide a win-win solution for coastal resilience on an even greater scale.

The Power of Natural Infrastructure

There are two equally important facets of climate action: climate mitigation and climate adaptation. Climate mitigation efforts focus on lowering carbon emissions and transitioning to renewable energy. These mitigation activities will continue to play a critical role in slowing the pace of climate change. Yet mitigation alone is not enough. Climate adaptation efforts are vital to reduce the threats posed by sea level rise, storm surge, flooding and coastal erosion brought on by climate change.

Typically, coastal regions are planning to adapt to rising sea levels and increasing storm surges with traditional solutions such as seawalls and breakwaters. But this gray infrastructure is expensive and carbon intensive. By contrast, nature-based solutions which includes natural, green, and hybrid infrastructure offer multiple benefits. In many cases, hybrid infrastructure is being used to provide greater long-term resilience and more cost-effective outcomes than we could achieve with traditional solutions alone.

We now have substantial evidence that natural ecosystems can protect the coastline and, in some cases, reduce storm surge beyond the capabilities of gray infrastructure. TNC scientists have found that in some regions, a healthy coral reef can reduce 97 percent of a wave's energy before it hits the shore. And just 100 meters (328 feet) of mangrove trees can reduce wave height by 66 percent. A recent study, funded in part by TNC, found that mangroves in Florida protected approximately 625,000 people and prevented $1.5 billion in direct flood damages during Hurricane Irma in 2017.

In addition to coastal protection, natural ecosystems and nature-based solutions supply a host of other benefits, including improved water quality, recreational space and healthier fisheries. Trees and other green infrastructure also capture and store carbon, while providing critical habitat for Florida's native flora and fauna.

Putting Nature to Work in Urban Spaces

Coastal cities face some of the greatest risks from climate change. South Florida's urban communities are among the most at-risk metropolitan regions in the United States. Infrastructure, homes, businesses and natural areas from Key West to Palm Beach lie at or near sea level, making them especially vulnerable to rising sea levels. Many parts of South Florida are already feeling the impacts of climate change, in the form of excessively hot days, king tides, sunny-day flooding and even changes in the migratory patterns of birds. Yet even in this heavily populated urban environment, nature has a role to play in creating resilient cities.

Morningside Park

To demonstrate the value of nature-based solutions, TNC is working with the City of Miami to restore and enhance the waterfront of Morningside Park, a busy historic park on the shores of Biscayne Bay. The park and surrounding neighborhoods were established before modern stormwater conveyance and detention design standards. Now, extreme high tides are eating away at the shoreline and heavy rainfall events are inundating ball fields and the surrounding community. With support from the Chubb Charitable Foundation, the Morningside Park Coastal Resilience Project will use a living shoreline to reduce flood risk to the park and nearby residents. This new green and hybrid infrastructure demonstration project will likely include restoration of mangroves and intertidal wetlands, the creation of elevated or upland earthen berms (natural barriers) planted with native vegetation, and the installation of limestone rip-rap to reduce wave energy as well as modern stormwater control structures to compliment drainage improvements for the park and surrounding neighborhood. The project will enhance the beauty and resilience of Morningside Park. Meanwhile, it is expected to provide significant savings in avoided losses by protecting homes and businesses from future flooding during tropical storms and hurricanes. This demonstration project will benefit the City of Miami, and we hope it will influence policy and also serve as a model for other urban areas to follow as they must adapt to climate change.

Brittany Bay Park

Not far from Morningside Park, TNC is collaborating with the City of Miami Beach on the Brittany Bay Park Living Shoreline, Overlook and Park Renovation Project, with support from Florida Power & Light Company through its charitable arm the NextERA Energy Foundation. The city recently completed improvements to the existing seawall and bulkheads, and this project will go a step further toward adaptation, creating a living shoreline to further enhance habitat value and the park's resilience to high tides and storm surge. With our conservation partners, we will establish an intertidal basin for mangroves and plant native vegetation and trees along the shoreline and throughout the park. This innovative project demonstrates how nature-based solutions can enhance gray infrastructure to create space for nature in heavily urbanized areas and further protect against climate-related hazards.

Palm Beach Resilient Island

Natural and green infrastructure can be combined with gray to shore up vulnerable coastlines. But these nature-based solutions can also be combined with one another to create even more resilient systems. With support from the Batchelor Foundation and the Carrier Corporation, TNC is collaborating with Palm Beach County to restore and protect a small remnant island in Lake Worth Lagoon by arranging several nature-based solutions that have been successfully implemented in other nearby coastal restoration sites. Oyster reefs improve water quality and mangroves store carbon and provide important nursery habitat for fish and other aquatic organisms. In Lake Worth Lagoon, they may also protect against erosion that impacts upland areas including shorebird nesting habitat.

Mangroves are vulnerable to boat wakes and other hydrologic disturbances, however. To protect them, this demonstration project will minimize the use of limestone rip-rap and instead make use of oyster reefs. These will serve as a natural breakwater to reduce wave energy so that planted mangroves will become established, stabilize intertidal sediments, and limit erosion of upland areas of the island. It's the first time this layered approach for nature-based solutions has been tested in South Florida. If it's successful, it is a model that could be replicated throughout the Lake Worth lagoon and other areas to protect both natural habitat as well as homes, businesses and other built environments from destructive waves, storm surges, and rising seas.

Leading the Way to Coastal Resilience

Natural infrastructure plays a key role in protecting coastal areas in less urban locales as well. Projects such as our coral reef restoration work along Florida's Atlantic coast and our oyster restoration projects in the Gulf of Mexico are advancing the science of nature-based solutions, while also supporting critical wildlife habitat. We are also developing innovative modeling tools to help inform decision-making for climate adaptation, such as our coastal defense app, hosted on our coastal resilience website. And we continue to protect more natural spaces to ensure that nature can keep contributing to a resilient coast.

In addition to our work on the ground, TNC is taking a leadership role to advance nature-based solutions in Florida. We are an active participant in the Southeast Florida Regional Climate Change Compact, a four-county initiative established to coordinate climate mitigation and adaptation activities across Broward, Miami-Dade, Monroe, and Palm Beach Counties. As part of this engagement, we led the Compact's Shoreline Resilience Working Group, which focuses on identifying and promoting healthy natural systems, engineered living shorelines and hybrid approaches to increase coastal resilience in southeast Florida and the Florida Keys.

TNC in Florida is partnering with Deltares USA to create a suite of regional resources to support the development of a coastal resilience Greenprint for areas of Florida most impacted by climate change. The Greenprint will establish natural and nature-based strategies to protect vulnerable communities from the threats of storm surge and sea level rise. Through this effort, we'll also identify a pipeline of nature-based solutions that will provide the greatest return on investment.

Climate change is already altering Florida and its coastline. To manage present threats and adapt for the future, we must use all of the tools at our disposal in order to create a more resilient coastal ecosystem for Floridians-and nature-based solutions belong at the top of that list.

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Coastal Resilience: nature-based solutions can help protect Florida's coastline.

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This page was updated on January 13, 2021. Climate change is an urgent problem everywhere, and its impacts are especially pressing for the nearly 14 million people who live in Florida's coastal counties. Rising sea levels and swelling storm surges threaten coastal communities with flooding and erosion, putting people and property at risk.

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대기오염은 새로운 담배라고 여기고 있고 단순한 호흡 행동이 일년에 7백만 명의 사람들을 죽이고 수십억 명의 사람들에게 더 해를 끼치고 있다고 경고하고 있다. 대기오염이 미치는 영향을 설명하고 대기오염이 지금까지 심해지고 있다는 심각성을 드러내고 있다.

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Air pollution is the 'new tobacco', warns WHO head

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Exclusive: Simple act of breathing is killing 7 million people a year and harming billions more, but 'a smog of complacency pervades the planet', says Dr Tedros Adhanom

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미세한 입자는 사람의 호흡기를 손상시키고 뇌에 축적되어 사람들을 응급실로 보낼 수 있다. 이는 치매와 인지력 저히와 관련이 있고 노인들은 특히 PM2.5에 취약한 거으로 보였다. 대기오염은 사망률을 높이고 기대수명을 낮추기 때문에 인간의 건강을 위해서라도 대기 오염을 해결해야 한다.

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Air pollution worsened in the United States in 2017 and 2018, new data shows, a reversal after years of sustained improvement with significant implications for public health.

In 2018 alone, eroding air quality was linked to nearly 10,000 additional deaths in the U.S. relative to the 2016 benchmark, the year in which small-particle pollution reached a two-decade low, according to researchers at Carnegie Mellon University.

The study focuses on fine-particle air pollution, known as PM2.5, which is of particular concern to regulators and public health experts because its microscopic size means it can be inhaled and absorbed into the bloodstream. Its ill effects are only now starting to be fully understood - the Environmental Protection Agency didn't even have a regulatory standard for it until 1997.

Fine particles can damage a person's respiratory system, accumulate in the brain and send people to the emergency room. The elderly appear to be especially susceptible to PM2.5, which has been linked to dementia and cognitive decline. And the data shows that many of the pollutant's effects occur at levels well below current regulatory thresholds.

Overall, concentrations of the pollutant have risen about 5.5 percent since 2016, and the Carnegie Mellon researchers identified several reasons for this, including rising natural gas use and people doing more driving. The corresponding rise in emissions from those sources more than offsets the falling levels being realized by the decline in coal being burned by electricity-generating plants in the United States.

An increase in wildfires is another factor because they release large amounts of smoke and fine particles into the atmosphere. Big fires, particularly in California in 2018, played a role in driving up total national air pollution. Removing those fires from the analysis lessens the increase in pollution in 2017 and 2018 but doesn't eliminate it, the researchers write.

A final potential driver of rising pollution is the rollback of regulatory enforcement by the Environmental Protection Agency. Clean Air Act enforcement actions fell in the first two years of the Trump administration, although the researchers note that the trend toward lax enforcement started well before 2017.

Last year, EPA Administrator Andrew Wheeler disbanded the expert academic panel that reviewed and advised the agency on its standards for small-particle air pollution. In its place, the administration has hired consultants with links to the fossil fuel, pharmaceutical and tobacco industries. The disbanded academic panel convened independently this year and is calling on the agency to impose stricter regulations to combat the pollutants.

One thing that's clear at the moment is the effect that rising pollution is having on mortality and life expectancy. Using commonly accepted formulas for translating air pollution exposure to death rates, the Carnegie Mellon researchers estimate that in 2018, nearly 10,000 lives would have been saved had pollution levels remained at their 2016 numbers. Nearly 43 percent of those additional deaths would have happened in California, largely because of the wildfires there. Back-of-the-envelope calculations suggest the Camp Fire alone caused more than 1,400 deaths due to air pollution exposure.

Our understanding of the health effects of air pollution has risen dramatically in the past five or 10 years, largely because of an alarming series of findings on the harm caused by pollutant exposure. Given the recent findings, the Carnegie Mellon researchers say, the decline in federal enforcement "is concerning in light of the increases in air pollution" that have occurred since 2016.

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Air pollution is getting worse, and data show more people are dying

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Air pollution worsened in the United States in 2017 and 2018, new data shows, a reversal after years of sustained improvement with significant implications for public health. In 2018 alone, eroding air quality was linked to nearly 10,000 additional deaths in the U.S.

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https://emag.medicalexpo.com/plastic-waste-in-healthcare-finding-solutions/
현대 의료에서 끊임없이 증가하는 의료 플라스틱 폐시물 문제를 해결하기 위해 재사용 재활용이 중요하다

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Plastics have long been essential to modern healthcare and now Covid-19 has exacerbated the already major issue of how to deal with all the medical waste.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), tens of thousands of tonnes of additional medical waste have been generated by the Covid-19 response, with much of it containing single-use plastic. The soaring production of personal protection equipment (PPE), as well as testing kits and vaccine packaging and containers, has put additional strain on healthcare waste management systems. But what is the solution when saving lives is paramount?

The Healthcare Plastics Recycling Council (HPRC) is working tirelessly to improve the recyclability of plastic products and packaging within healthcare. With members from the manufacturing, healthcare and recycling industries, it engages in pioneering projects designed to help boost plastics recycling in hospitals.

According to Communication Director Alison Bryant, the HPRC also works to enable a circular model, where healthcare plastic waste can be used to create new healthcare packaging and products. She observed:

"Modern healthcare would not be possible without the use of plastic. It has proved to be one of the few versatile materials that has been able to adapt along with the dynamic nature of the healthcare industry, delivering benefits that include sterility, quality, durability, and most significantly, patient and healthcare worker safety.

However, despite the many benefits, there are also unintended environmental consequences with single-use plastics and packaging in healthcare, namely the waste they create."

Identifying Recycling Barriers

Areas generating the most plastic waste include operating theaters, ambulatory surgery, cardiac cath labs and interventional radiology, pre- and post-anesthesia, pharmacy and radiology. But why is this waste not being recycled?

Covid-19 has exacerbated the already major issue of how to deal with all the medical waste. (Credit: HPRC)

Product design features inhibit recyclability, hospital staff lack training and there is limited space and infrastructure within hospitals to aggregate recyclable materials, according to the HPRC. Furthermore, recycler demand and availability to collect materials varies greatly by geography. Alison Bryant said:

"HPRC is unique in its focus on the identification of plastics recycling barriers and solution development along the entire value chain. We seek to affect plastics recycling from healthcare product design and manufacturing through product use, disposal and recycling."

The organization researches and evaluates advanced recycling technologies and their suitability for healthcare plastics. It has launched a guide, Hospicycle, to help hospitals navigate the process of activating a plastics recycling program. She added:

"With sustainability becoming an increasing priority, healthcare organizations are determined to do more to address this plastic waste challenge."

Strategic Action

One hospital tackling the issue head-on is US-based Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC), one of Harvard Medical School's teaching hospitals. Avery Palardy, Sustainability Program Manager, explained:

"As an academic medical center, single-use plastic is a part of every element of our operations, from our research laboratories and cafeterias and kitchens to our outpatient and patient care. It enters our facilities in the form of secondary and primary packaging as well as a part of the equipment and supplies that we require in these areas.

Healthcare operating rooms are estimated to generate 20 to 30% of our total waste and a substantial portion of this is plastic."

Operating room plastic sorting bags. (Credit: HPRC)

But, she continued:

"In healthcare, not all plastic is bad, in many scenarios it is absolutely necessary given its durable, lightweight, and able to provide a sterile and safe environment for delivering extraordinary patient care. For us, the focus on plastic waste then becomes about identifying opportunities for reduction of unnecessary plastic and partnering with the recycling industry to develop the technology to recycle healthcare plastics."

The hospital has a Zero Waste by 2030 goal and is already implementing its strategic action plan by focusing on redesign and reuse, as well as reducing, recycling, innovation and market development. Examples include evaluating opportunities to reduce plastic by switching to alternative reusable or reprocessable products. It has also pursued partnerships with vendors and distributors to ensure that they are focused on reducing secondary packaging.

She said:

"In the operating rooms, we have a Greening the Operating Room (OR) Working Group with representatives from anesthesia, perioperative, central processing, clinical engineering, and the post-anaesthesia care unit. They are dedicated to addressing the sustainability of our ORs, including the unnecessary plastic use. Their efforts have included identifying processes that lead to unnecessary use of supplies."

Trays (Credit: HPRC)

Sterilization wraps (Credit: HPRC)

The hospital has a Green Labs Working Group that identifies which laboratory plastics and materials can be recycled and then expands collections across facilities. She added:

"Additionally, they've identified and promoted vendors that have takeback programs for Styrofoam coolers, pipette tip boxes, and other common laboratory plastics that our researchers can utilize."

A Growing Problem

According to Ms. Bryant, with sustainability becoming an increasing priority, healthcare organizations are determined to do more to address these plastic waste challenges. She stressed:

"Plastics are an essential part of healthcare and there is a legitimate need for single-use plastics, primarily to prevent infectious diseases. But research shows that plastic use in healthcare is only going to continue to grow into the foreseeable future, as global healthcare becomes more complex and urgent."

Asuron packaging (Credit: HPRC)

She added:

"Healthcare, as an industry, holds tight to the philosophy of 'do no harm'-it is in the business of health and healing people. So, when hospitals are sending billions of pounds of plastic waste to landfill or incineration, this is contradictory to the 'do no harm' mantra.

Therefore, finding environmentally friendly solutions to the plastic waste issue has a direct impact on human health-and is something that HPRC members are committed to driving forward, using recycling as an important tool."

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Plastic Waste in Healthcare: Finding Solutions - MedicalExpo e-Magazine

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Plastics have long been essential to modern healthcare and now Covid-19 has exacerbated the major issue of how to deal with the medical waste.

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오염을 흡수하기 위한 거대한 이끼 필터가 헤리포드의 혼잡한 교통 지역에 설치되고 있다. 지역 당국에 따르면, 이끼는 미세먼지와 입자를 흡수하고 대사하는 자연적인 능력 때문에 사용되고 있다고 한다. 이 계획은 헤리포드에서 "더 깨끗한 공기를 향한 작지만 중요한 한 걸음"이라고 생각된다.

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Air pollution results in more than 36,000 people in the UK dying each year, and the scheme is another "small but significant step towards cleaner air" in Hereford, councillor John Harrington, cabinet member for infrastructure and transport, said.

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Hereford: Moss filters to suck up city centre pollution

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Each filter in Hereford is designed to capture as much CO2 as 28 trees, the council says.

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Primary metal industries emit air pollution-causing fine particles most: govt data

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환경부에 의하면 금속 산업이 한 해동안 62,000톤의 대기 오염 물질을 방출하여 미세먼지 공급원 목록에서 1위를 차지했다고 한다. 상업 및 공공기관에서 47%, 먼지 산란이 38%, 산불 및 기타 화재가 16%의 미세먼지 배출량을 차지하였다.

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Primary metal industries, including steel manufacturing and cement, were the largest source of air pollution-causing fine particles among industries as of 2015, government data showed Thursday.

The data, submitted by the environment ministry to ruling party lawmaker Shin Chang-hyun, said the industries topped the list of fine particle sources by emitting 62,000 tons of the air pollutant.

The power generation industry came next with 37,000 tons, trailed by the industries of shipbuilding and construction machinery with 32,300 tons, diesel-powered cargo trucks with 22,809 tons and the petrochemical industry with 21,690 tons.

During the reported year, combustion in boilers at buildings of commercial and public institutions showed the biggest growth rate of fine particle emissions at 47.9 percent, followed by dust scattering in construction sites at 38.1 percent, and mountain fires and other blazes at 16.3 percent.

The taxi and van industries saw their emissions of fine particles fall 23 percent and 17 percent, respectively, from a year ago. The decline is attributed to the disposal of decrepit vehicles in the industries. (Yonhap)

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Primary metal industries emit air pollution-causing fine particles most: govt data

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Primary metal industries, including steel manufacturing and cement, were the largest source of air pollution-causing fine particles among industries as of 2015, government data showed Thursday.The data, submitted by the environment ministry to ruling party lawmaker Shin Chang-hyun, said the industries topped the list of fine particle sources by emitting 62,000 tons of the air pollutant.

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이 기사는, 블록파워(BlockPower)라는 기업이 건물 에너지 소비를 줄이고 탄소 배출량을 감소시키기 위한 프로그램을 만들고 있다는 내용이다. 블록파워는 인공지능과 데이터 분석을 사용하여 건물의 에너지 소비량을 추적하고, 에너지 절약 및 탄소 배출량 감소를 목표로 하고 있다. 이를 위해 블록파워는 건물 소유자와 함께 일하고, 뉴욕시와 같은 대도시 지역에서 많은 건물에서 적극적으로 도입되고 있다. 블록파워의 목표는 미국의 건물 연간 탄소 배출량의 10%를 감소 시키는 것이다.

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The clean energy company turning city blocks greener | CNN Business

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BlocPower, a Brooklyn-based clean energy company, is bringing eco-friendly, all-electric heating and cooling systems to older buildings in lower income communities, with the goal of reducing carbon footprints and energy bills.

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기사:https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/sea-level-rise-1
내용요약:기후 변화로 인한 해수면 상승 문제와 그로 인한 지구 환경에 대한 영향을 이야기합니다. 전문가들은 탄소 배출을 줄이는 것과 지속 가능한 해안 개발을 통해 해수면 상승의 영향을 줄일 수 있다고 합니다. 이를 통해 지구 환경과 인간 사회에 좋은 영향을 미칠 것이라고 기대하며, 미래에 대비한 적절한 대응 전략을 마련하는 것이 중요하다고 강조합니다.

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As humans continue to pour greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, oceans have tempered the effect. The world's seas have absorbed more than 90 percent of the heat from these gases, but it's taking a toll on our oceans: 2021 set a new record for ocean heating.

Rising seas is one of those climate change effects. Average sea levels have swelled over 8 inches (about 23 cm) since 1880, with about three of those inches gained in the last 25 years. Every year, the sea rises another .13 inches (3.2 mm.) Research published in February 2022 shows that sea level rise is accelerating and projected to rise by a foot by 2050.

That translates into as much sea level rise in the next 30 years as occurred over the last century, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Rick Spinrad, the NOAA administrator, called the findings "historic," and warned that the projected rise will occur even if carbon emissions are drastically cut.

(How carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases contribute to climate change.)

In the United States, the most vulnerable populations live on the East and Gulf Coasts, where damaging flooding is predicted to occur 10 times more often in 2050 than it does today. The acceleration of sea level rise along these coasts is "unprecedented in at least 120 years," according to a study published in April 2023.

Here's what you need to know about the causes-and consequences-of sea level rise.

Causes of sea level rise

The change in sea levels is linked to three primary factors, all induced by ongoing global climate change:

Thermal expansion: When water heats up, it expands. About half of the sea-level rise over the past 25 years is attributable to warmer oceans simply occupying more space.

Melting glaciers: Large ice formations such as mountain glaciers naturally melt a bit each summer. In the winter, snows, primarily from evaporated seawater, are generally sufficient to balance out the melting. Recently, though, persistently higher temperatures caused by global warming have led to greater-than-average summer melting as well as diminished snowfall due to later winters and earlier springs. That creates an imbalance between runoff and ocean evaporation, causing sea levels to rise.

Loss of Greenland and Antarctica's ice sheets: As with mountain glaciers, increased heat is causing the massive ice sheets that cover Greenland and Antarctica to melt more quickly. Scientists also believe that meltwater from above and seawater from below is seeping beneath Greenland's ice sheets, effectively lubricating ice streams and causing them to move more quickly into the sea. While melting in West Antarctica has drawn considerable focus from scientists, especially with the 2017 break in the Larsen C ice shelf, glaciers in East Antarctica are also showing signs of destabilizing.

Consequences

When sea levels rise as rapidly as they have been, even a small increase can have devastating effects on coastal habitats farther inland, it can cause destructive erosion, wetland flooding, aquifer and agricultural soil contamination with salt, and lost habitat for fish, birds, and plants.

(Here's how warming oceans affects wildlife and storm systems.)

Higher sea levels are coinciding with more dangerous hurricanes and typhoons that move more slowly and drop more rain, contributing to more powerful storm surges that can strip away everything in their path. One study found that between 1963 and 2012, almost half of all deaths from Atlantic hurricanes were caused by storm surges.

Already, flooding in low-lying coastal areas is forcing people to migrate to higher ground, and millions more are vulnerable from flood risk and other climate change effects. The prospect of higher coastal water levels threatens basic services such as Internet access, since much of the underlying communications infrastructure lies in the path of rising seas.

Adapting to the threat

As a result of these risks, many coastal cities are already planning adaptation measures to cope with the long-term prospects of higher sea levels, often at considerable cost. Building seawalls, rethinking roads, and planting mangroves or other vegetation to absorb water are all being undertaken.

In Jakarta, a $40 billion project will aim to protect the city with an 80-foot-high seawall. Rotterdam, home to the Global Center on Adaptation, has offered a model to other cities seeking to combat flooding and land loss. The Dutch city has built barriers, drainage, and innovative architectural features such as a "water square" with temporary ponds.

Of course, communities vulnerable to rising seas can only go so far in holding back the tide. In the Marshall Islands, where rising sea levels are forcing a choice between relocating or building up the land, residents will need help from other nations if they decide to undertake the expensive latter option.

How high will it go?

Most predictions say the warming of the planet will continue and is likely to accelerate, causing the oceans to keep rising. This means hundreds of coastal cities face flooding. But forecasting how much and how soon seas will rise remains an area of ongoing research.

A special report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change says we can expect the oceans to rise between 10 and 30 inches (26 to 77 centimeters) by 2100 with temperatures warming 1.5 °C. That's enough to seriously affect many of the cities along the U.S. East Coast. Another analysis based on NASA and European data skewed toward the higher end of that range, predicting a rise of 26 inches (65 centimeters) by the end of this century if the current trajectory continues.

If all the ice that currently exists on Earth in glaciers and sheets melted it would raise sea level by 216 feet. That could cause entire states and even some countries to disappear under the waves, from Florida to Bangladesh. That's not a scenario scientists think is likely, and it would probably take many centuries, but it could eventually happen if the world keeps burning fossil fuels indiscriminately.

In the meantime, scientists keep refining their models of sea-level changes. They also point out that the extent to which countries work together to limit release of more greenhouse gases may have a significant impact on how quickly seas rise, and how much.

Editor's Note: This story was originally published on February 19, 2019. It has been updated with new data.

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Seas are predicted to rise a foot by 2050, regardless of how much global carbon emissions can be reduced. Why is this happening, and what can we do to adapt?

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그리노베이션

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5조 프로토타입-판플랫

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5조 프로토타입-판플랫

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프로토타입 : 햇빛에 분해되는 재료를 소개하는 소개 포스터 만들기

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프로토타입 : 햇빛에 분해되는 재료를 소개하는 소개 포스터 만들기

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방사능 거름망은 방사능 입자를 제거하기 위해 사용되는 장치입니다. 이 거름망은 방사능이 오염된 공기나 물을 정화하고, 방사능 물질을 포획하여 환경 오염을 최소화합니다. 방사능 거름망은 일반적으로 다음과 같은 방식으로 작동합니다:

1. 필터링: 방사능 거름망은 특수한 필터를 사용하여 공기나 물 중의 방사능 입자를 포획합니다. 이 필터는 미세한 구조로 되어 있어, 방사능 입자를 집적하고 제거하는 역할을 합니다.

2. 흡착: 방사능 거름망은 특정 물질을 이용하여 방사능을 흡착하는 방식을 사용할 수도 있습니다. 흡착제는 방사능 입자와 상호작용하여 그들을표면에 포획하고 분리합니다.

3. 분리: 거름망은 방사능 입자를 제거한 후, 정화된 공기나 물을 다시 방출합니다. 이 과정에서 방사능 입자는 거름망에 캡처되어 안전하게 처리됩니다.

방사능 거름망은 핵 발전소, 방사능 처리 시설, 방사능 오염 지역 등에서 사용됩니다. 이 장치는 방사능 오염을 제어하고 인체에 미치는 영향을 최소화하는 데 도움을 줍니다.

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미리캔버스로 판넬형식의 결과물 제작

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공모전 안내 책자, 파스타 빨대 만들

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공모전 안내 책자, 파스타 빨대 만들기

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https://www.go.kr

공공데이터포털

https://kiss.kstudy.com

한국정보학술원

https://www.bigkinds.or.kr

빅카인즈

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https://www.seeic.kr/index.do

학교 환경교육정보센터

https://www.greenpeace.org/korea/

그린피스

https://www.wwfkorea.or.kr/

세계자연기금

www.k-erc.or.kr

E순환거버넌스

http://kfem.or.kr/

환경운동연합

http://www.me.go.kr/home/web/main.do

환경부

https://www.kei.re.kr

한국환경연구원(한국환경정책평가연구원)

# data[].attributes.body
www.theguardian.com

가디언

www.nytimes.com

뉴욕타임즈

www.washingtonpost.com

워싱턴포스트

www.bbc.com/news

BBC뉴스

www.reuters.com

로이터

www.usatoday.com

USA투데이