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After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Europe began to be in constant warfare. The kingdoms lacked trade, a common language, and cultural diffusion. This started the Middle Ages.

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He was the emperor from 527 to 565. He expanded trade and made Justinian's Code. It codified Roman law and provided the basis for Western European law codes.

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The red is Muhammad it is when they started. The orange was added by the first four caliphs after Muhammad died. The pink is when the empire was in its prime under the Umayyad Caliphs.

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The Muslims were expanding fast and they had gone north from Spain. When they got there they were met with the Franks. The Franks stopped the expansion of Islam to Europe.

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He was Martel's grandson and used military power to expand the Franks territory. The pope crowned Charlemagne which led to the pope getting political power. Most of Western Europe was in this empire.

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It came around the 11th century. It traded gold from the savanna and salt from the Sahara Dessert. Most of the trade was Trans-Saharan.

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It is the separation of eastern Orthodox and western Catholic churches. There were political and social differences between west and east. The Catholic church thought the pope was god's representation on earth while the Orthodox church thought it was the Emperor which led to the pope getting excommunicated.

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They were religious wars between the Christians and the Muslims that lasted over 200 years. People agree to go to war due to they believed it grants salvation and an entrance to heaven. The crusade's goal was to capture Jerusalem and the holy lands.

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The city was attacked and weakened in the Fourth Crusade. The Ottoman Turks to over. They renamed it to Istanbul and it became the capital of the Ottoman Empire.

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Baghdad was taken over by the Mongols. They destroyed most of the irrigation system. Canals were cut by the military and many died or fled.

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It became rich off of gold. The leader of it was Mansa Musa who made it grow to twice the size of Ghana. Timbuktu became the center of trade.

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He was the leader of Mali. He was a Muslim. He made Timbuktu the center of trade and ordered mosque and universities to be built.

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The Bubonic Plague originated from the Gobi Desert. It killed 1/3 of Western Europe's population. It ended up leading to the renisonse.

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After Mali declined, people left and formed a new civilization around the Niger River. There were two leaders named Sunni Ali and Askia Muhammad. They got taken over by the Moroccans, they had guns.